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Remote Sensing
Volume 17
Issue 3
10.3390/rs17030413
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Submerged and Buried Mesolithic Site off Svanemøllen Harbor, Copenhagen, Denmark: Acoustic Detection (Human-Altered Lithic Detection) and Verification by Means of Coring

by
Lars Ole Boldreel
1,*,
Ole Grøn
1,2,
Rostand Boumda Tayong
3,
Bo Madsen
4,
Ole Bennike
5 and
Morten Sparre Andersen
5
1
Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
2
Culture & Preservation, 9690 Fjerritslev, Denmark
3
Institute for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Environment (IRESE), University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
4
East Jutland Museum, 8900 Randers, Denmark
5
The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(3), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030413
Submission received: 19 November 2024 / Revised: 13 January 2025 / Accepted: 18 January 2025 / Published: 25 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Remote Sensing)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Teledyne Chirp III high-resolution seismic data were acquired over a three-year period at a water depth of 6.0–9.0 m, with a clear concentration of acoustic “haystack” features, in the dredged Svanemøllen Harbor, Copenhagen. The recordings show haystacks related to preserved shallow basins and rivers in the paleo-coastal setting. Eleven short vibrocores were retrieved below these pronounced haystacks and a sandy interval, underlain by clayey till and overlain by harbor mud, which represent the basin configuration. Two cores contained four pieces of knapped flint in the sandy interval (statistical density of around 230 pieces per square meter), while the remaining cores did not reach the desired depth. Finite Element (FE) modeling revealed that the small pieces of knapped flint were resonant and that the acoustic impedance of the flint was high. The Svanemøllen Harbor site is a hitherto unknown buried Stone Age site, and this is the first time ever that an unknown submerged, buried Stone Age site has been acoustically detected (using Teledyne Chirp III), verified by means of coring and modeled using FE modeling. The Innomar and Geopulse data acquired at the site did not register any haystacks. Due to the global sea level rise after the Last Glacial Maximum, a significant part of the world’s submerged Stone Age sites must be expected to be buried in seafloor sediments.
Keywords: submerged stone age site; knapped flint; high-resolution seismic; vibrocore; FE modeling submerged stone age site; knapped flint; high-resolution seismic; vibrocore; FE modeling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Boldreel, L.O.; Grøn, O.; Tayong, R.B.; Madsen, B.; Bennike, O.; Andersen, M.S. A Submerged and Buried Mesolithic Site off Svanemøllen Harbor, Copenhagen, Denmark: Acoustic Detection (Human-Altered Lithic Detection) and Verification by Means of Coring. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030413

AMA Style

Boldreel LO, Grøn O, Tayong RB, Madsen B, Bennike O, Andersen MS. A Submerged and Buried Mesolithic Site off Svanemøllen Harbor, Copenhagen, Denmark: Acoustic Detection (Human-Altered Lithic Detection) and Verification by Means of Coring. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(3):413. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030413

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boldreel, Lars Ole, Ole Grøn, Rostand Boumda Tayong, Bo Madsen, Ole Bennike, and Morten Sparre Andersen. 2025. "A Submerged and Buried Mesolithic Site off Svanemøllen Harbor, Copenhagen, Denmark: Acoustic Detection (Human-Altered Lithic Detection) and Verification by Means of Coring" Remote Sensing 17, no. 3: 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030413

APA Style

Boldreel, L. O., Grøn, O., Tayong, R. B., Madsen, B., Bennike, O., & Andersen, M. S. (2025). A Submerged and Buried Mesolithic Site off Svanemøllen Harbor, Copenhagen, Denmark: Acoustic Detection (Human-Altered Lithic Detection) and Verification by Means of Coring. Remote Sensing, 17(3), 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030413

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