Next Article in Journal
Novel Strategies for the Bioavailability Augmentation and Efficacy Improvement of Natural Products in Oral Cancer
Next Article in Special Issue
Advances in Molecular Pathophysiology and Targeted Therapy for Cushing’s Disease
Previous Article in Journal
The CAPRA&PDE4D5/7/9 Prognostic Model Is Significantly Associated with Adverse Post-Surgical Pathology Outcomes
Previous Article in Special Issue
Transcriptomic Profiles of Normal Pituitary Cells and Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cancers
Volume 15
Issue 1
10.3390/cancers15010267
cancers-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

The Prognostic-Based Approach in Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNET): Tertiary Reference Center, Single Senior Surgeon, and Long-Term Follow-Up

by
Abel Ferrés
1,*,
Luís Reyes
1,
Alberto Di Somma
1,2,
Thomaz Topczewski
1,
Alejandra Mosteiro
1,
Giulia Guizzardi
1,
Andrea De Rosa
3,
Irene Halperin
2,4,
Felicia Hanzu
2,4,
Mireia Mora
2,4,
Isam Alobid
2,5,
Iban Aldecoa
2,6,
Núria Bargalló
2,7 and
Joaquim Enseñat
1,2
1
Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
2
Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
3
Department of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
4
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
5
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
6
Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
7
Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2023, 15(1), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010267
Submission received: 23 November 2022 / Revised: 25 December 2022 / Accepted: 27 December 2022 / Published: 30 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pituitary Tumors: Molecular Insights, Diagnosis, and Targeted Therapy)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) are characterized to present a heterogeneous behavior, and growth hormone (GH)-secreting PitNET is not an exception. Promptly determining which patients are affected by more aggressive tumors is essential to guide the optimal postoperative decision-making process [prognostic-based approach]. In this study, the authors determined younger age, higher preoperative GH and- or IGF-1 levels, group 2b of the clinicopathological classification, Knosp’s grade IV, MRI T2-weighted tumor hyperintensity, and sparsely granulated cytokeratin expression pattern are related to worse postoperative outcomes in long-term follow-up patients affected with GH-secreting PitNET.

Abstract

Postoperative deserved outcomes in acromegalic patients are to normalize serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), reduce the tumoral mass effect, improve systemic comorbidities, and reverse metabolic alterations. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) are characterized to present a heterogeneous behavior, and growth hormone (GH)-secreting PitNET is not an exception. Promptly determining which patients are affected by more aggressive tumors is essential to guide the optimal postoperative decision-making process [prognostic-based approach]. From 2006 to 2019, 394 patients affected by PitNET were intervened via endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach by the same senior surgeon. A total of 44 patients that met the criteria to be diagnosed as acromegalic and were followed up at least for 24 months (median of 66 months (26–156) were included in the present study. Multiple predictive variables [age, gender, preoperative GH and IGF-1 levels, maximal tumor diameter, Hardy’s and Knosp’s grade, MRI. T2-weighted tumor intensity, cytokeratin expression pattern, and clinicopathological classification] were evaluated through uni- and multivariate statistical analysis. Sparse probability of long-term remission was related to younger age, higher preoperative GH and- or IGF-1, group 2b of the clinicopathological classification, and sparsely granulated cytokeratin expression pattern. Augmented recurrence risk was related to elevated preoperative GH levels, tumor MRI T2-weighted hyperintensity, and sparsely granulated cytokeratin expression pattern. Finally, elevated risk for reintervention was related to group 2b of the clinicopathological classification, Knosp’s grade IV, and tumor MRI T2-weighted hyperintensity. In this study, the authors determined younger age, higher preoperative GH and- or IGF-1 levels, group 2b of the clinicopathological classification, Knosp’s grade IV, MRI T2-weighted tumor hyperintensity and sparsely granulated cytokeratin expression pattern are related to worse postoperative outcomes in long-term follow-up patients affected with GH-secreting PitNET.

1. Introduction

Acromegaly (ACM) due to growth hormone (GH) secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) is initially treated surgically if not contraindicated [1]. Therapeutic goals in patients with ACM are to lower the serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations within the normal range for the patient’s age and gender with or without suppressing GH (growth hormone) nadir to <1.0 ng/L following an oral load of 75 g glucose (oral glucose tolerance test: OGTT), control tumor size to reduce mass effects, improve systemic comorbidities and symptoms, and reverse metabolic alterations [2]. When IGF-1 concentrations return to typical, soft tissue overgrowth and related symptoms progressively reduce, and metabolic alterations such as diabetes mellitus improve, returning life expectancy to that of the general population [3,4].
Deleterious effects of elevated IGF-1 levels and heterogeneous behavior of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) in general, and GH-secreting PitNET in particular, make it indispensable to determine which prognostic factors are of significant utility. Several postoperative outcome predictors have been described in the literature as intended to predict progression, recurrence, and response to medical treatment [1]. It is noticed that younger age [5,6,7,8], female gender [7,9], elevated preoperative GH [3,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18], augmented IGF-1 levels [8,9,12,14,19,20,21,22,23,24], higher Hardy’s grade [3,25,26], higher Knosp’s grade [5,8,9,11,13,14,21,24,27,28,29,30,31,32], higher maximal tumor diameter [9,15,29,33,34,35,36,37,38,39], tumor T2-hyperintensity [40,41,42,43,44], sparsely granulated cytokeratin expression pattern [45,46], elevated Ki-67 [6], and p53 expression [6,47] may be related with poor postsurgical results in terms of hormonal control, recurrence, and response to adjuvant medical treatment.
Special mention of the prognostic clinicopathological PitNET classification described by Trouillas et al. [48,49] must be made because it integrates multiple of the previously described predictive factors, thus facilitating the follow-up decision-making process.
The reduction in life expectancy associated with the heterogenic behavior inherent in PitNET makes an accurate prognostic-based approach in acromegalic patients indispensable. Identifying in which cases long-term disease control will be or not be accomplished after surgical treatment is paramount in defining the best follow-up decision-making process. Concerning the previous statement, there are few publications [27,50,51,52] evaluating the value of predictors in long-term follow-up (>24 months), making it difficult to determine in which subgroup of patients’ initial postsurgical results will be durable.
Our study aims to determine which prognostic variables help predict long-term postoperative outcomes to guide in conceiving the most accurate management of acromegaly. Particular emphasis on evaluating the long-term predictive utility of the tumor T2 intensity and cytokeratin distribution pattern will be provided in this study due to the sparse literature on the subject. In addition, further validation of the prognostic value of the clinicopathological PitNET classification will be presented.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Population

The PitNET database of the Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain, was queried to identify all patients with ACM operated via an endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) between 2006 to 2019. From this database, constituted of 394 endoscopic resected PitNET, 44 patients affected by GH-secreting PitNET were identified and retrospectively included in the study. In all cases, the same senior surgeon performed the surgical procedure, and a strictly long-term follow-up of at least 24 months was accomplished. No medical treatment [somatostatin analogs] was administered before surgery. Patients with incomplete recorded clinical data, or subjects who received previous pituitary surgery, or radiotherapy, were excluded (n = 4). ACM was diagnosed using the standard criteria based on consensus guidelines: IGF-1 above the normal upper limit for age and gender and/or failure to suppress GH nadir to <1.0 ng/mL following OGTT [1], in association with the identification of the causative PitNET on MRI, and histological confirmation of the resected tumor. Remission criteria were also based on the same consensus guidelines and were defined as the last IGF-1 levels [measured at least 12 weeks after surgery] within the normal range for age and gender. GH nadir levels were also determined because these provide valuable information regarding normalizing the mortality risk when <1 μg/L [1]. In patients achieving remission without GH nadir control [<1 μg/L], GH nadir following OGTT was determined because the absence of GH nadir suppression [≤0.14 µg/L] is related to long-term remission [53]. Recurrence was defined as IGF-1 above the normal upper limit for age and gender once remission was previously achieved. The laboratory methods used to evaluate IGF-1 and GH levels were IMMULITE® 20,000 IGF-1 and 2000/2500 GH, respectively [Siemens, Berlin, Germany]. Variables registered included demographic characteristics, tumor size, hormonal and metabolic parameters, PitNET classification, radiologic and histopathologic features, surgical complications, and follow-up time. This study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by Barcelona’s Clínic hospital ethical board. According to legislation, participant informed consent was unnecessary because of the study’s retrospective nature, anonymized recorded clinical data, and the impossibility of identifying participants directly or through identifiers in study results.

2.2. Preoperative Evaluation

The preoperative clinical and biochemical evaluations were cautiously performed employing standard methods. Hormonal profiles include basal GH, IGF-1, GH suppression after OGTT, and other pituitary axis hormones (PRL, TSH, and free T4; ACTH and cortisol, FSH/LH, and estradiol/testosterone). The radiologic evaluation was performed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Sequences obtained were T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) spin-echo (SE) with and without contrast, dynamic contrast MRI T1WI fast turbo spin-echo (FSE), T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). An expert neuroradiologist evaluated all imaging studies and redacted a detailed report. Cavernous sinus invasion was stratified using Knosp’s grading system [54], sphenoid sinus invasion and suprasellar extension were stratified using Hardy’s grading system [55], and T2 intensity of GH PitNET were visually classified as follows: tumors appearing equally or less intense than temporal lobe’s white matter were classified as hypointense, tumors appearing the same or brighter than temporal lobe’s gray matter were classified as hyperintense, and tumors’ intensity between both previous described were classified as isointense [43] (Figure 1).

2.3. Surgical Technique

MRI-based optic stereotactic navigation (Stealth Station, Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MI, USA) was used in selected cases. The procedure was visualized with a 4 mm 0° endoscope (Karl Storz Endoscopy, Tuttlingen, Germany) attached to a high-definition (1080p) endoscopy camera (A3, Karl Storz Endoscopy) and monitor. A binostril approach was used in every case. The principal senior surgeon holds the camera during the procedure and is assisted by a second surgeon. If necessary, thirty-degree scopes were utilized at the end of the procedure to inspect the cavernous walls and suprasellar cistern for residual tumor [56,57,58,59,60,61,62].

2.4. Postoperative Evaluation

Steroids were routinely administered postoperatively, and diuresis was strictly quantified. Desmopressin was administered if necessary. Patients were discharged on the second day postoperatively if there were no complications. IGF-1 and GH nadir levels were performed 3–6 months after surgery. GH nadir suppression after OGTT was realized in patients who achieved recurrence [normal IGF-1 levels] without GH nadir levels normalization. After that, for patients in remission [normal IGF-1 levels], IGF-1 was assessed yearly. IGF-1 was checked at 3 month intervals for patients not in remission until it was achieved spontaneously or with medical therapy. Imaging follow-up evaluation using MRI was obtained 3 months after surgery in all cases. After that, a new MRI was performed to determine if the best treatment would be surgical, medical, or combined in case of recurrence of suspicion or insufficient response to the treatment. The resection rate was calculated using a volumetric comparison between the initial and follow-up MRI through a 1.5 T scanner (Siemens) through a semiautomatic region of interest (ROI) analysis with Iplan cranial v.3.0 software (Brainlab®, Feldkirchen, Germany).
A minimum postoperative follow-up of 24 months was accomplished in all patients included in the study.
As part of the anatomopathological evaluation of the specimen, the cytokeratin staining pattern was studied to differentiate between sparsely and densely granulated PitNET. All analyses were performed by an expert neuropathologist using anti-CAM 5.2 antibodies. GH-secreting PitNETs were classified as sparsely granulated if a cytokeratin dot pattern (fibrous bodies) was identified and densely granulated if a perinuclear pattern was detected. Fibrous bodies may be present in a percentage of densely granulated GH-secreting PitNET. In such cases, the absence of cadherin-E permits the classification of the specimen in the sparsely granulated group [63,64,65,66]. Nowadays, no transitional/intermediate forms are contemplated.
Finally, patients were classified into five groups depending on the tumor’s invasiveness and proliferation using PitNET clinicopathological classification described by Trouillas et al. [48,49]: Invasion was defined as histological and/or radiological (using magnetic resonance imaging; MRI) signs of cavernous or sphenoid sinus invasion. Proliferation was considered in the presence of at least two of three of the following criteria: Ki67 >1% (Bouin-Hollande fixative) or ≥ 3% (formalin fixative), mitoses > 2/10 high-power field, and- or P53 positivity (>10 strongly positive nuclei/10 high-power field). Group 1 corresponds to non-invasive tumors (1a: non-invasive and non-proliferative, 1b: non-invasive and proliferative), group 2 corresponds to invasive tumors (2a: invasive and non-proliferative, 2b: invasive and proliferative), and group 3 corresponds to pituitary carcinomas.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

A descriptive analysis was initially performed and presented using absolute and relative frequencies for categoric variables and median and range for continuous variables. IGF-1 levels have been included in the statistical analyses using the percentage of the normal upper limit of the age-adjusted normal range (%ULN IGF-1). Univariate analysis was calculated using the chi-square test, and multivariate analysis was calculated using logistic regression. Results from the univariate analysis are presented using Relative Risk (RR), its confidence interval, and statistical significance (p-value). Results from the multivariate analysis are presented through Relative Risk (RR) and statistical significance (p-value). All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics v.25.0 for Windows.

3. Results

From 2006 to 2019, 394 patients affected by PitNET were intervened via endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach by the same senior surgeon. A total of 44 patients that met the criteria to be diagnosed as acromegalic and were followed up at least for 24 months (median of 66 months (26–156) were included in the present study (Figure 2).
The participants’ median age at diagnosis was 50 (30–80) and participants were more frequently men (26; 59.1%). Tumors were more commonly macroadenomas (≥10 mm of maximum diameter) with or without minimal cavernous sinus invasion; Knosp’s grade 0 or I (17; 38.6% and 10; 22.7%, respectively), and without suprasellar expansion or sellar floor invasion. Lesions were principally iso- or hyperintense (21; 47.7% and 19; 43.2%, respectively) in T2-weighted M.R.I., slightly more frequently densely granulated when evaluating cytokeratin expression pattern (24; 54.5%) and primarily categorized in groups 1a and 2a (26; 59.1 and 12; 27.3%, respectively) in the clinicopathological classification. The resection rate was more than 90% of the lesion in 42 (95.4%) cases, and, from them, gross total resection (>99%) was achieved in 29 (65.9%) cases. The long-term postoperative remission was accomplished in 31 (70.5%) patients. Adjuvant therapy with somatostatin receptor analogs was administrated in 8 (18.2%) cases, 13 (29.5%) patients presented recurrence after surgery, and 5 (11.4%) were reoperated. The summary of the patient’s characteristics is presented in Table 1.
Initially, a univariate (Table 2 and Table 3) analysis is presented. The PitNET clinicopathological classification, cytokeratin expression pattern, and intensity in T2-weighted M.R.I. were analyzed for long-term IGF-1 normalization (long-term postoperative remission), recurrence, and need for reintervention.
First, the authors evaluated the predictive applicability of the clinicopathological classification. Group 2a was related to a diminished probability for long-term IGF-1 normalization (RR = 0.1333 (0.092–0.629), p = 0.45). In addition, group 2b was associated with a low probability of achieving long-term IGF-1 normalization (RR = 0.065 (0.006–0.660), p = 0.015), and significant recurrence risk (RR = 4.875 (2.628–9.042), p = 0.001).
Regarding MRI and T2-weighted intensity, hyperintense lesions were related to a reduced probability for IGF-1 normalization (RR = 0.091 (0.017–0.494), p = 0.045), elevated risk for recurrence (RR = 13.444 (2.470–73.192), p = 0.001), and a significant need for reintervention (RR = 1.941 (1.291–12.950) p = 0.046.
Finally, when analyzing cytokeratin expression pattern, sparsely granulated was related to a reduced probability for IGF-1 normalization (RR = 0.036 (0.004–0.317), p = 0.01), augmented recurrence risk (RR = 34.5 (3.850–350.158), p = 0.01), and significant need for reintervention (RR = 1.333 (1.035–1.717), p = 0.014). On the contrary, the densely granulated pattern was related to an augmented probability for IGF-1 normalization (RR = 28.111 (3.154–250.516), p = 0.01), a minor recurrence risk (RR = 0.029 (0.003–0.260), p = 0.01), and a reduced need for reintervention (RR = 0.750 (0.582–0.966), p = 0.014).
Afterward, a multivariate analysis was realized, including the previously evaluated variables in addition to others widely evaluated in the literature: age, gender, preoperative GH and IGF-1 levels, maximal tumor diameter, Hardy’s grade, and Knosp’s grade. The results were as follows:
Younger age was associated with a low probability of achieving long-term IGF-1 normalization (RR = 0.320 (0.125–0.780); (p = 0.034); higher preoperative GH levels were related to a minor chance of achieving IGF-1 normalization (RR = 1.506 (1.205–4.606); (p = 0.045) and increased recurrence risk (RR = 1.700 (1.129–3.808); (p = 0.043); higher preoperative IGF-1 levels were associated with little probability of postoperative IGF-1 normalization (RR = 1.490 (1.140–3.650); (p = 0.024); PitNET clinicopathological classification was related to sparse probability to achieve long-term remission and elevated need for reintervention in favor of group 2b (RR = 0.080 (0.020–0.120); p= 0.028 and RR = 2.890 (2.120–4.460); p = 0.001, respectively); Knosp’s classification was related to a significant need for reintervention in favor of group IV (RR = 4.360; (3.405–8.230); p = 0.011); hyperintense lesions in T2-weighted M.R.I. classification were associated with an augmented recurrence risk and reintervention (RR = 8.704 (4.800–14.350); p = 0.026 and RR = 1.145 (1.032–2.445); p = 0.03, respectively); cytokeratin expression pattern was related to significant recurrence risk and sparse probability for long-term IGF-1 normalization for the sparsely granulated group (RR = 10.433 (9.321–15.433); p = 0.002 and RR = 0.200 (0.045–0.776); p = 0.042, respectively) (Table 4).

4. Discussion

Postoperative outcomes are variable among patients affected by GH-secreting PitNET because of the behavioral heterogenicity of the tumor. An exhaustive evaluation of predictive variables is paramount to deciding the best follow-up strategy (prognostic-based approach). Several prognostic factors have been widely analyzed in the literature, but in only a few studies has long-term follow-up of the participants been accomplished. Furthermore, variables such as tumor intensity in T2-weighted M.R.I. and cytokeratin expression pattern have been poorly studied for clinically relevant outcomes such as long-term remission, recurrence, and reintervention.
In the present study, MRI. T2 hyperintense tumors were associated with a reduced probability for long-term remission, elevated recurrence risk, and a significant need for reintervention. From them, augmented recurrence risk and augmented demand for reintervention were consistently detected in the multivariate analysis. Our results are concordant with those published in the literature. It has been described that MRI-T2 hypointense tumors may present better short and long-term response profiles to first-line somatostatin analogs when compared with iso- or hyperintense lesions [40,42,43,67,68]. Although not yet implemented in our institution, immunohistochemical evaluation of the SSTR2 receptor may be useful to further recognize non-responders to first-line somatostatin analogs, especially in hyperintense T2-MRI GH-secreting PitNET intending to accurately guide postoperative medical treatment in case of necessity directly to second-line somatostatin analogs [pasireotide] [69]. Nowadays, high-performance monoclonal anti-SSTRs antibodies and well-established immunohistochemical protocols are available in the literature [69,70,71]. GH-secreting PitNET harboring moderate to strong membranous SSTR2 expression evaluated using an immunoreactive score (IRS) system with the cutoff punctuation ≥ 5 is reported to have a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 91% in predicting hormonal control with first-line generation somatostatin analogs [71].
Sparsely granulated GH PitNET has been classically considered to present more aggressive behavior due to first-line somatostatin analogs resistance, increased invasiveness, and a tendency to early recurrence [55]. Our results are harmonious with those described in scientific publications. Sparsely-granulated GH PitNET was associated with a reduced probability of achieving long-term remission associated with augmented recurrence and reintervention risks. After multivariate analysis, the reduced probability of accomplishing long-term remission and elevated recurrence risk persisted as valuable predictive variables. On the contrary, densely-granulated GH PitNET presented antagonistic results. Previously predictive statements justified closer postoperative IGF-1 monitoring, precocious evaluation of SSTR2 expression if adjuvant medical treatment is needed, and prompt implementation of other postoperative therapeutic lines if necessary (pegvisomant, reintervention, radiotherapy, and temozolomide at last).
Because the clinicopathological classification proposed by Trouillas et al. [48,49] has been an essential contribution to the prognostic assessment of patients affected by PitNET, one of the author’s objectives was to contribute to further validation of it in this cohort of patients. It is an exciting classification as it integrates multiple predictive variables assessed independently in other publications. Its integration simplifies the decision-making process to achieve the best prognostic-based approach for treating patients affected by GH-secreting PitNET.
Our results went in the same direction as those previously presented in the original article. Especially proliferation, more than only invasion, plays an essential role in GH PitNET aggressiveness, which is traduced in a low probability of achieving long-term remission and higher recurrence risk. This aggressive profile was objectively determined for group 2. Specifically, groups 2a and 2b showed a reduced chance of achieving long-term postoperative remission, and in addition, group 2b presented an elevated recurrence risk. After multivariate analysis, the same prognostic value was maintained for group 2b but not for group 2a. Close follow-up is highly recommended for patients in group 2, particularly for those in group 2b. It is not anecdotic the necessity for radiation therapy because of failure of reintervention and adjuvant medical treatment [72]. Furthermore, there is a high risk of failure of all previously adjuvant therapies mentioned, thus resulting in the necessity to initiate temozolomide [66]
To obtain a complete evaluation of the usefulness of the prognostic factors in acromegaly, those classically studied in the literature were included in the multivariate analysis. Among them, especially younger individuals with elevated preoperative GH or IGF-1 levels and extensive cavernous sinus invasion may present worse postoperative outcomes, thus implying closer long-term follow-up.
Optimizing the prognostic-based approach for patients affected by GH-secreting PitNET requires an accurate evaluation of the utility of different predictive variables that permit prompt application of the appropriate postoperative follow-up strategy to control this chronically progressive disease and return our patient’s life expectancy and quality to that of the general population.

Study Limitations

The retrospective nature of the study may limit bias control. The relatively small sample size due to the disease’s low prevalence and incidence may challenge the finding of subtle differences, especially between groups of the clinicopathological classification. Despite limitations, univariate and multivariate analyses of the different prognostic variables were correctly carried out.

5. Conclusions

Younger age, higher preoperative GH and- or IGF-1 levels, group 2b of the clinicopathological classification, Knosp’s grade IV, MRI. T2-weighted tumor hyperintensity and sparsely granulated cytokeratin expression pattern are related to worse postoperative outcomes in long-term follow-up patients affected with GH-secreting PitNET.

Author Contributions

A.F., A.D.S., L.R. and J.E. developed conceptualization. A.F., A.D.S., T.T., A.M., L.R. and J.E. developed methodology, investigation, writing the original draft, review, and editing. G.G., A.D.R., I.H., F.H., M.M., I.A. (Iban Aldecoa), I.A. (Isam Alobid) and N.B. contributed to the investigation, review, and editing. A.D.S., L.R. and J.E. contributed to supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (CIF-G-08431137; 07.11.2022).

Informed Consent Statement

This study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by Barcelona’s Clínic hospital ethical board. According to legislation, participant informed consent was not necessary to be obtained because of the study’s retrospective nature, anonymized recorded clinical data, and the impossibility of identifying participants directly or through identifiers in study results.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships construed as potential conflict of interest.

References

  1. Katznelson, L.; Laws, E.R.; Melmed, S.; Molitch, M.E.; Murad, M.H.; Utz, A.; Wass, J.A.H. Acromegaly: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 99, 3933–3951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Melmed, S. Acromegaly Pathogenesis and Treatment. J. Clin. Investig. 2009, 119, 3189–3202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Abosch, A.; Tyrrell, J.B.; Lamborn, K.R.; Hannegan, L.T.; Applebury, C.B.; Wilson, C.B. Transsphenoidal Microsurgery for Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas: Initial Outcome and Long-Term Results. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83, 3411–3418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Swearingen, B.; Barker, F.G.; Katznelson, L.; Miller, B.M.; Grinspoon, S.; Klibanski, A.; Moayeri, N.; Black, P.M.; Zervas, N.T. Long-Term Mortality after Transsphenoidal Surgery and Adjunctive Therapy for Acromegaly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83, 3419–3426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Taghvaei, M.; Sadrehosseini, S.M.; Ardakani, J.B.; Nakhjavani, M.; Zeinalizadeh, M. Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Growth Hormone–Secreting Pituitary Adenomas: Endocrinologic Outcome in 68 Patients. World Neurosurg. 2018, 117, e259–e268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Haliloglu, O.; Kuruoglu, E.; Ozkaya, H.M.; Keskin, F.E.; Gunaldi, O.; Oz, B.; Gazioglu, N.; Kadioglu, P.; Tanriover, N. Multidisciplinary Approach for Acromegaly: A Single Tertiary Center’s Experience. World Neurosurg. 2016, 88, 270–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Park, S.H.; Ku, C.R.; Moon, J.H.; Kim, E.H.; Kim, S.H.; Lee, E.J. Age- and Sex-Specific Differences as Predictors of Surgical Remission Among Patients With Acromegaly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018, 103, 909–916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Sun, H.; Brzana, J.; Yedinak, C.G.; Gultekin, S.H.; Delashaw, J.B.; Fleseriu, M. Factors Associated with Biochemical Remission after Microscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Acromegaly. J. Neurol. Surg. B Skull Base 2014, 75, 47–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Starke, R.M.; Raper, D.M.S.; Payne, S.C.; Vance, M.L.; Oldfield, E.H.; Jane, J.A. Endoscopic vs Microsurgical Transsphenoidal Surgery for Acromegaly: Outcomes in a Concurrent Series of Patients Using Modern Criteria For Remission. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 98, 3190–3198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Minniti, G.; Jaffrain-Rea, M.L.; Esposito, V.; Santoro, A.; Tamburrano, G.; Cantore, G. Evolving Criteria for Post-Operative Biochemical Remission of Acromegaly: Can We Achieve a Definitive Cure? An Audit of Surgical Results on a Large Series and a Review of the Literature. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2003, 10, 611–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Albarel, F.; Castinetti, F.; Morange, I.; Conte-Devolx, B.; Gaudart, J.; Dufour, H.; Brue, T. Outcome of Multimodal Therapy in Operated Acromegalic Patients, a Study in 115 Patients. Clin. Endocrinol. 2013, 78, 263–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Sala, E.; Ferrante, E.; Locatelli, M.; Rampini, P.; Mantovani, G.; Giavoli, C.; Filopanti, M.; Verrua, E.; Malchiodi, E.; Carrabba, G.; et al. Diagnostic Features and Outcome of Surgical Therapy of Acromegalic Patients: Experience of the Last Three Decades. Hormones 2014, 13, 95–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Kim, M.S.; Jang, H.D.; Kim, O.L. Surgical Results of Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma. J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc. 2009, 45, 271–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Jane, J.A.; Starke, R.M.; Elzoghby, M.A.; Reames, D.L.; Payne, S.C.; Thorner, M.O.; Marshall, J.C.; Laws, E.R.; Vance, M.L. Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Acromegaly: Remission Using Modern Criteria, Complications, and Predictors of Outcome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96, 2732–2740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Sarkar, S.; Rajaratnam, S.; Chacko, G.; Chacko, A.G. Endocrinological Outcomes Following Endoscopic and Microscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery in 113 Patients with Acromegaly. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2014, 126, 190–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Wang, Q.; Guo, X.; Gao, L.; Wang, Z.; Deng, K.; Lian, W.; Wang, R.; Zhu, H.; Xing, B. Surgical Outcome of Growth Hormone–Secreting Pituitary Adenoma with Empty Sella Using a New Classification. World Neurosurg. 2017, 105, 651–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Kaltsas, G.A.; Isidori, A.M.; Florakis, D.; Trainer, P.J.; Camacho-Hubner, C.; Afshar, F.; Sabin, I.; Jenkins, J.P.; Chew, S.L.; Monson, J.P.; et al. Predictors of the Outcome of Surgical Treatment in Acromegaly and the Value of the Mean Growth Hormone Day Curve in Assessing Postoperative Disease Activity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001, 86, 1645–1652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Kreutzer, J.; Vance, M.L.; Lopes, M.B.S.; Laws, E.R. Surgical Management of GH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas: An Outcome Study Using Modern Remission Criteria. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001, 86, 4072–4077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Dutta, P.; Korbonits, M.; Sachdeva, N.; Gupta, P.; Srinivasan, A.; Devgun, J.S.; Bajaj, A.; Mukherjee, K.K. Can Immediate Postoperative Random Growth Hormone Levels Predict Long-Term Cure in Patients with Acromegaly? Neurol. India 2016, 64, 252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Hazer, D.B.; Işik, S.; Berker, D.; Güler, S.; Gürlek, A.; Ÿucel, T.; Berker, M. Treatment of Acromegaly by Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery: Surgical Experience in 214 Cases and Cure Rates According to Current Consensus Criteria: Clinical Article. J. Neurosurg. 2013, 119, 1467–1477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Fan, Y.; Jiang, S.; Hua, M.; Feng, S.; Feng, M.; Wang, R. Machine Learning-Based Radiomics Predicts Radiotherapeutic Response in Patients With Acromegaly. Front. Endocrinol. 2019, 10, 588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Anthony, J.R.; Alwahab, U.A.; Kanakiya, N.K.; Pontell, D.M.; Veledar, E.; Oyesiku, N.M.; Ioachimescu, A.G. Significant Elevation of Growth Hormone Level Impacts Surgical Outcomes in Acromegaly. Endocr. Pract. 2015, 21, 1001–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Almeida, J.P.; Ruiz-Treviño, A.S.; Liang, B.; Omay, S.B.; Shetty, S.R.; Chen, Y.N.; Anand, V.K.; Grover, K.; Christos, P.; Schwartz, T.H. Reoperation for Growth Hormone–Secreting Pituitary Adenomas: Report on an Endonasal Endoscopic Series with a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature. J. Neurosurg. 2017, 129, 404–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Asha, M.J.; Takami, H.; Velasquez, C.; Oswari, S.; Almeida, J.P.; Zadeh, G.; Gentili, F. Long-Term Outcomes of Transsphenoidal Surgery for Management of Growth Hormone-Secreting Adenomas: Single-Center Results. J. Neurosurg. 2019, 133, 1360–1370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Tindall, G.T.; Oyesiku, N.M.; Watts, N.B.; Clark, R.V.; Christy, J.H.; Adams, D.A. Transsphenoidal Adenomectomy for Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas in Acromegaly: Outcome Analysis and Determinants of Failure. J. Neurosurg. 1993, 78, 205–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Ku, C.R.; Kim, E.H.; Oh, M.C.; Lee, E.J.; Kim, S.H. Surgical and Endocrinological Outcomes in the Treatment of Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas According to the Shift of Surgical Paradigm. Neurosurgery 2012, 71, ons192–ons203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Babu, H.; Ortega, A.; Nuno, M.; Dehghan, A.; Schweitzer, A.; Bonert, H.V.; Carmichael, J.D.; Cooper, O.; Melmed, S.; Mamelak, A.N. Long-Term Endocrine Outcomes Following Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery for Acromegaly and Associated Prognostic Factors. Neurosurgery 2017, 81, 357–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Campbell, P.G.; Kenning, E.; Andrews, D.W.; Yadla, S.; Rosen, M.; Evans, J.J. Outcomes after a Purely Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Resection of Growth Hormone–Secreting Pituitary Adenomas. Neurosurg. Focus 2010, 29, E5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Kim, J.H.; Hur, K.Y.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, J.H.; Se, Y.B.; Kim, H.I.; Lee, S.H.; Nam, D.H.; Kim, S.Y.; Kim, K.W.; et al. Outcome of Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Acromegaly. World Neurosurg. 2017, 104, 272–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Nishioka, H.; Fukuhara, N.; Yamaguchi-Okada, M.; Takeshita, A.; Takeuchi, Y.; Yamada, S. Pitfalls in Early Biochemical Evaluation after Transsphenoidal Surgery in Patients with Acromegaly. Endocr. J. 2017, 64, 1073–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Shirvani, M.; Motiei-Langroudi, R. Transsphenoidal Surgery for Growth Hormone–Secreting Pituitary Adenomas in 130 Patients. World Neurosurg. 2014, 81, 125–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Buliman, A.; Tataranu, L.G.; Ciubotaru, V.; Cazac, T.L.; Dumitrache, C. The Multimodal Management of GH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas: Predictive Factors, Strategies and Outcomes. J. Med. Life 2016, 9, 187. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  33. Sheaves, R.; Jenkins, P.; Blackburn, P.; Huneidi, A.H.; Afshar, F.; Medbak, S.; Grossman, A.B.; Besser, G.M.; Wass, J.A.H. Outcome of Transsphenoidal Surgery for Acromegaly Using Strict Criteria for Surgical Cure. Clin. Endocrinol. 1996, 45, 407–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Freda, P.U.; Wardlaw, S.L.; Post, K.D. Long-Term Endocrinological Follow-up Evaluation in 115 Patients Who Underwent Transsphenoidal Surgery for Acromegaly. J. Neurosurg. 1998, 89, 353–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  35. Ahmed, S.; Elsheikh, M.; Stratton, I.M.; Page, R.C.L.; Adams, C.B.T.; Wass, J.A.H. Outcome of Transphenoidal Surgery for Acromegaly and Its Relationship to Surgical Experience. Clin. Endocrinol. 1999, 50, 561–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Anik, I.; Cabuk, B.; Gokbel, A.; Selek, A.; Cetinarslan, B.; Anik, Y.; Ceylan, S. Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Approach for Acromegaly with Remission Rates in 401 Patients: 2010 Consensus Criteria. World Neurosurg. 2017, 108, 278–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Leopoldo, C.M.d.S.; Leopoldo, F.M.d.S.; Santos, A.R.L.d.; Veiga, J.C.E.; Lima Junior, J.V.; Scalissi, N.M.; Lazarini, P.R.; Dolci, R.L.L. Long Term Follow-up of Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas Submitted to Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 2017, 75, 301–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Esposito, F.; Cappabianca, P.; del Basso De Caro, M.; Cavallo, L.M.; Rinaldi, C.; de Divitiis, E. Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Removal of an Intra-Suprasellar Schwannoma Mimicking a Pituitary Adenoma. Minim. Invasive Neurosurg. 2004, 47, 230–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Dusek, T.; Kastelan, D.; Melada, A.; Baretic, M.; Skoric Polovina, T.; Perkovic, Z.; Giljevic, Z.; Jelcic, J.; Paladino, J.; Aganovic, I.; et al. Clinical Features and Therapeutic Outcomes of Patients with Acromegaly: Single-Center Experience. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2011, 34, e382–e385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Heck, A.; Emblem, K.E.; Casar-Borota, O.; Bollerslev, J.; Ringstad, G. Quantitative Analyses of T2-Weighted M.R.I. as a Potential Marker for Response to Somatostatin Analogs in Newly Diagnosed Acromegaly. Endocrine 2015, 52, 333–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Shen, M.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, W.; Wang, M.; Zhu, J.; Ma, Z.; He, W.; Li, S.; Shou, X.; Li, Y.; et al. Predictive Value of T2 Relative Signal Intensity for Response to Somatostatin Analogs in Newly Diagnosed Acromegaly. Neuroradiology 2016, 58, 1057–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Potorac, I.; Petrossians, P.; Daly, A.F.; Alexopoulou, O.; Borot, S.; Sahnoun-Fathallah, M.; Castinetti, F.; Devuyst, F.; Jaffrain-Rea, M.L.; Briet, C.; et al. T2-Weighted MRI Signal Predicts Hormone and Tumor Responses to Somatostatin Analogs in Acromegaly. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2016, 23, 871–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Heck, A.; Ringstad, G.; Fougner, S.L.; Casar-Borota, O.; Nome, T.; Ramm-Pettersen, J.; Bollerslev, J. Intensity of Pituitary Adenoma on T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts the Response to Octreotide Treatment in Newly Diagnosed Acromegaly. Clin. Endocrinol. 2012, 77, 72–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Puig-Domingo, M.; Resmini, E.; Gomez-Anson, B.; Nicolau, J.; Mora, M.; Palomera, E.; Martí, C.; Halperin, I.; Webb, S.M. Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Predictor of Response to Somatostatin Analogs in Acromegaly after Surgical Failure. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010, 95, 4973–4978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  45. Kiseljak-Vassiliades, K.; Carlson, N.E.; Borges, M.T.; Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B.K.; Lillehei, K.O.; Kerr, J.M.; Wierman, M.E. Growth Hormone Tumor Histological Subtypes Predict Response to Surgical and Medical Therapy. Endocrine 2014, 49, 231–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  46. Bakhtiar, Y.; Hirano, H.; Arita, K.; Yunoue, S.; Fujio, S.; Tominaga, A.; Sakoguchi, T.; Sugiyama, K.; Kurisu, K.; Yasufuku-Takano, J.; et al. Relationship between Cytokeratin Staining Patterns and Clinico-Pathological Features in Somatotropinomae. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2010, 163, 531–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Sarkar, S.; Chacko, A.G.; Chacko, G. An Analysis of Granulation Patterns, MIB-1 Proliferation Indices and P53 Expression in 101 Patients with Acromegaly. Acta Neurochir. 2014, 156, 2221–2230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Trouillas, J.; Roy, P.; Sturm, N.; Dantony, E.; Cortet-Rudelli, C.; Brue, T.; Cornelius, A.; Dufour, H.; Jouanneau, E.; François, P.; et al. A New Prognostic Clinicopathological Classification of Pituitary Adenomas: A Multicentric Case-Control Study of 410 Patients with 8 Years Post-Operative Follow-Up. Acta Neuropathol. 2013, 126, 123–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Trouillas, J.; Jaffrain-Rea, M.L.; Vasiljevic, A.; Raverot, G.; Roncaroli, F.; Villa, C.C. How to Classify Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNET)s in 2020. Cancers 2020, 12, 514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  50. Swanson, A.A.; Erickson, D.; Donegan, D.M.; Jenkins, S.M.; van Gompel, J.J.; Atkinson, J.L.D.; Erickson, B.J.; Giannini, C. Clinical, Biological, Radiological, and Pathological Comparison of Sparsely and Densely Granulated Somatotroph Adenomas: A Single Center Experience from a Cohort of 131 Patients with Acromegaly. Pituitary 2021, 24, 192–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Diri, H.; Ozaslan, E.; Kurtsoy, A.; Tucer, B.; Simsek, Y.; Ozturk, F.; Durak, A.C.; Bayram, F. Prognostic Factors Obtained from Long-Term Follow-up of Pituitary Adenomas and Other Sellar Tumors. Turk. Neurosurg. 2014, 24, 679–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Diri, H.; Ozaslan, E.; Kurtsoy, A.; Bayram, F. A Single-Center Observational Study Assessing the Predictive Factors Associated with the Prognosis of Acromegaly. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 2020, 55, 101342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Freda, P.U.; Bruce, J.N.; Reyes-Vidal, C.; Singh, S.; DeLeon, Y.; Jin, Z.; Khandji, A.G.; Cremers, S.; Post, K.D. Prognostic Value of Nadir GH Levels for Long-Term Biochemical Remission or Recurrence in Surgically Treated Acromegaly. Pituitary 2021, 24, 170–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Micko, A.S.G.; Wöhrer, A.; Wolfsberger, S.; Knosp, E. Invasion of the Cavernous Sinus Space in Pituitary Adenomas: Endoscopic Verification and Its Correlation with an MRI-Based Classification. J. Neurosurg. 2015, 122, 803–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  55. Chatzellis, E.; Alexandraki, K.I.; Androulakis, I.I.; Kaltsas, G. Aggressive Pituitary Tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2015, 101, 87–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Cusimano, M.D.; Fenton, R.S. The Technique for Endoscopic Pituitary Tumor Removal. Neurosurg. Focus 1996, 1, E3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Carrau, R.L.; Jho, H.D.; Ko, Y. Transnasal-Transsphenoidal Endoscopic Surgery of the Pituitary Gland. Laryngoscope 1996, 106, 914–918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Cappabianca, P.; Cavallo, L.M.; Colao, A.; Del Basso De Caro, M.; Esposito, F.; Cirillo, S.; Lombardi, G.; De Divitiis, E. Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach: Outcome Analysis of 100 Consecutive Procedures. Minim. Invasive Neurosurg. 2002, 45, 193–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Yadav, Y.R.; Sachdev, S.; Parihar, V.; Namdev, H.; Bhatele, P.R. Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-Sphenoid Surgery of Pituitary Adenoma. J. Neurosci. Rural. Pr. 2012, 3, 328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Frank, G.; Pasquini, E.; Farneti, G.; Mazzatenta, D.; Sciarretta, V.; Grasso, V.; Fustini, M.F. The Endoscopic versus the Traditional Approach in Pituitary Surgery. Neuroendocrinology 2006, 83, 240–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Dehdashti, A.R.; Ganna, A.; Witterick, I.; Gentili, F. Expanded Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Anterior Cranial Base and Suprasellar Lesions: Indications and Limitations. Neurosurgery 2009, 64, 677–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  62. De Divitiis, E.; Cappabianca, P.; Cavallo, L.M.; Laws, E.R.; Post, K.D.; Mayberg, M.R.; Ciric, I.S.; Heilman, C.B.; Kryzanski, J.T. Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Approach: Adaptability of the Procedure to Different Sellar Lesions. Neurosurgery 2002, 51, 699–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Qian, Z.R.; Sano, T.; Yoshimoto, K.; Asa, S.L.; Yamada, S.; Mizusawa, N.; Kudo, E. Tumor-Specific Downregulation and Methylation of the CDH13 (H-Cadherin) and CDH1 (E-Cadherin) Genes Correlate with Aggressiveness of Human Pituitary Adenomas. Mod. Pathol. 2007, 20, 1269–1277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  64. Xu, B.; Sano, T.; Yoshimoto, K.; Yamada, S. Downregulation of E-Cadherin and Its Undercoat Proteins in Pituitary Growth Hormone Cell Adenomas with Prominent Fibrous Bodies. Endocr. Pathol. 2002, 13, 341–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  65. Turner, H.; Sana, T.; Rang, Q.Z.; Kagawa, N.; Yamada, S. Down-Regulation of E-Cadherin and Catenins in Human Pituitary Growth Hormone-Producing Adenomas. Front. Horm. Res. 2004, 32, 127–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Asa, S.L.; Mete, O. Cytokeratin Profiles in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors. Hum. Pathol. 2021, 107, 87–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Potorac, I.; Beckers, A.; Bonneville, J.F. T2-Weighted MRI Signal Intensity as a Predictor of Hormonal and Tumoral Responses to Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Acromegaly: A Perspective. Pituitary 2017, 20, 116–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Fernandez-Rodriguez, E.; Casanueva, F.F.; Bernabeu, I. Update on Prognostic Factors in Acromegaly: Is a Risk Score Possible? Pituitary 2015, 18, 431–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Chinezu, L.; Vasiljevic, A.; Jouanneau, E.; François, P.; Borda, A.; Trouillas, J.; Raverot, G. Expression of Somatostatin Receptors, SSTR2A and SSTR5, in 108 Endocrine Pituitary Tumors Using Immunohistochemical Detection with New Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Hum. Pathol. 2014, 45, 71–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Casar-Borota, O.; Heck, A.; Schulz, S.; Nesland, J.M.; Ramm-Pettersen, J.; Lekva, T.; Alafuzoff, I.; Bollerslev, J. Expression of SSTR2a, but Not of SSTRs 1, 3, or 5 in Somatotroph Adenomas Assessed by Monoclonal Antibodies Was Reduced by Octreotide and Correlated with the Acute and Long-Term Effects of Octreotide. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 98, E1730–E1739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Gatto, F.; Feelders, R.A.; van der Pas, R.; Kros, J.M.; Waaijers, M.; Sprij-Mooij, D.; Neggers, S.J.C.M.M.; van der Lelij, A.J.; Minuto, F.; Lamberts, S.W.J.; et al. Immunoreactivity Score Using an Anti-Sst2A Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Strongly Predicts the Biochemical Response to Adjuvant Treatment with Somatostatin Analogs in Acromegaly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 98, E66–E71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  72. Loeffler, J.S.; Shih, H.A. Radiation Therapy in the Management of Pituitary Adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96, 1992–2003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cancers 15 00267 g001 550
Figure 1. Examples of GH PitNET T2-weighted M.R.I. intensity classification. From left to right: Hypointense, isointense, and hyperintense.
Figure 1. Examples of GH PitNET T2-weighted M.R.I. intensity classification. From left to right: Hypointense, isointense, and hyperintense.
Cancers 15 00267 g001
Cancers 15 00267 g002 550
Figure 2. Inclusion criteria flow-chart. PitNET: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. EEA: Endoscopic endonasal approach.
Figure 2. Inclusion criteria flow-chart. PitNET: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. EEA: Endoscopic endonasal approach.
Cancers 15 00267 g002
Table
Table 1. Patient’s characteristics.
Table 1. Patient’s characteristics.
CharacteristicsAll Patients (n = 44)
Age (years)
Median50
Range30–80
Gender n, (%)
Male26 (59.1)
Female18 (40.9)
Tumor size n, (%)
Microadenoma (<10 mm)10 (22.7)
Macroadenoma (≥10 mm)34 (77.3)
Hardy’s classification
Sellar invasion n, (%)
00
I7 (15.9)
II26 (59.1)
III3 (6.8)
IV8 (18.2)
Suprasellar/cavernous sinus invasion n, (%)
No25 (56.8)
A8 (18.2)
B6 (13.6)
C0
D0
E5 (11.4)
Knosp’s classification n, (%)
017 (38.6)
I10 (22.7)
II6 (13.6)
IIIA3 (6.8)
IIIB2 (4.5)
IV5 (11.4)
Preoperative GH levels (ng/mL)
Median4.18
Range0.8–54
Preoperative IGF-1 levels (ng/mL)
Median701
Range200–1456
%ULN IGF-1290.56
T2-weighted M.R.I. intensity n, (%)
Hypointense4 (9.1)
Isointense21 (47.7)
Hyperintense19 (43.2)
Cytokeratin expression pattern n (%)
Densely granulated24 (54.5)
Sparsely granulated20 (45.5)
Ki-67 (%)
Median1
Range1–6
p53 expression n (%)5 (10.9)
Mitoses (number)
Median1
Range1–6
Preoperative campimetry n, (%)
Normal40 (90.9)
Bitemporal hemianopsia3 (6.8)
PitNET classification n, (%)
1a26 (59.1)
1b1 (2.3)
2a12 (27.3)
2b5 (11.4)
30
Hospital length of stay (days)
Median2
Range1–15
Resection rate n, (%)
Gross total resection (>99%)29 (65.9)
Subtotal resection (90–99%)13 (29.5)
Partial resection (<90%)2 (4.5)
Long-term remission (IGF-1 normalization) n, (%)
Yes31 (70.5)
No13 (29.5)
Adjuvant therapy (first-line somatostatin receptor analogs) n, (%)
Yes8 (18.2)
No36 (81.2)
Recurrence n, (%)
Yes13 (29.5)
No31 (70.5)
Need for reintervention n, (%)
Yes5 (11.4)
No 39 (88.6)
Follow-up campimetry n, (%)
Improvement1 (2.3%)
Unchanged43 (99.7%)
Follow-up time (months)
Median66
Range26–156
Ki-67 expression was evaluated in formalin fixative. Positivity for p53 expression was considered if the specimen presented >10 strongly positive nuclei/10 high-power field. The number of mitoses was evaluated in the high-power field. Cavernous sinus invasion was determined either if founded histologically and/or radiologically.
Table
Table 2. Univariate analysis is presented. Each subgroup of the predictive variable clinicopathological classification is presented according to its statistically significant relation to the outcome variables (remission, recurrence, and reintervention) through Relative Risk and p-Value.
Table 2. Univariate analysis is presented. Each subgroup of the predictive variable clinicopathological classification is presented according to its statistically significant relation to the outcome variables (remission, recurrence, and reintervention) through Relative Risk and p-Value.
Predictive VariableSubgroupOutcome VariableRelative Risk (RR)p-Value
Clinicopathological
classification		1aLong-term remission2.67 (0.874–1.999)0.137
Recurrence0.298 (0.077–1.145)0.072
Reintervention0.417 (0.062–2.791)0.325
1bLong-term remission1.387 (1.152–1.671)0.427
Recurrence1.433 (1.177–1.745)1
Reintervention1.132 (1.015–1.261)1
2aLong-term remission0.1333 (0.092–0.629)0.45
Recurrence0.733 (0.163–3.304)0.733
Reintervention1.933 (0.281-13.295)0.417
2bLong-term remission0.065 (0.006–0.660)0.015
Recurrence4.875 (2.628–9.042)0.001
Reintervention2.188 (0.194–24.679)0.47
Table
Table 3. Univariate analysis is presented. Each subgroup of the predictive variables analyzed is presented according to its statistically significant relation to the outcome variables (remission, recurrence, and reintervention) through Relative Risk and p-Value.
Table 3. Univariate analysis is presented. Each subgroup of the predictive variables analyzed is presented according to its statistically significant relation to the outcome variables (remission, recurrence, and reintervention) through Relative Risk and p-Value.
Predictive VariableSubgroupOutcome VariableRelative Risk (RR)p-Value
MRI T2-weighted
intensity		HyperintensityLong-term remission0.091 (0.017–0.494)0.045
Recurrence13.444 (2.470–73.192)0.001
Reintervention 1.941 (1.291–12.950)0.046
Cytokeratin expression patternSparsely granulatedLong-term remission0.036 (0.004–0.317)0.01
Recurrence34.5 (3.850–350.158)0.01
Reintervention 1.333 (1.035–1.717)0.014
Densely granulatedLong-term remission28.111 (3.154–250.516)0.01
Recurrence0.029 (0.003–0.260)0.01
Reintervention 0.750 (0.582–0.966)0.014
Table
Table 4. Multivariate analysis is presented. Each subgroup of the predictive variable analyzed is presented according to its statistically significant relation to the outcome variables (remission, recurrence, and reintervention) through Relative Risk and p-Value.
Table 4. Multivariate analysis is presented. Each subgroup of the predictive variable analyzed is presented according to its statistically significant relation to the outcome variables (remission, recurrence, and reintervention) through Relative Risk and p-Value.
Predictive VariableSubgroupOutcome VariableRelative Risk (RR)p-Value
AGEYoungLong-term remission0.320 (0.125–0.780)0.034
Preoperative GHElevatedLong-term remission1.506 (1.205–4.606)0.045
Recurrence1.700 (1.129–3.808)0.043
Preoperative IGF-1ElevatedLong-term remission1.490 (1.140–3.650)0.024
Clinicopathological classification2bLong-term remission0.080 (0.020–0.120)0.028
Reintervention2.890 (2.120–4.460)0.001
Knosp’s classificationIVReintervention4.360; (3.405–8.230)0.011
MRI T2-weighted intensityHyperintensityRecurrence8.704 (4.800–14.350)0.026
Reintervention1.145 (1.032–2.445)0.03
Cytokeratin expression patternSparsely granulatedLong-term remission0.200 (0.045–0.776)0.042
Recurrence10.433 (9.321–15.433)0.002
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ferrés, A.; Reyes, L.; Di Somma, A.; Topczewski, T.; Mosteiro, A.; Guizzardi, G.; De Rosa, A.; Halperin, I.; Hanzu, F.; Mora, M.; et al. The Prognostic-Based Approach in Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNET): Tertiary Reference Center, Single Senior Surgeon, and Long-Term Follow-Up. Cancers 2023, 15, 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010267

AMA Style

Ferrés A, Reyes L, Di Somma A, Topczewski T, Mosteiro A, Guizzardi G, De Rosa A, Halperin I, Hanzu F, Mora M, et al. The Prognostic-Based Approach in Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNET): Tertiary Reference Center, Single Senior Surgeon, and Long-Term Follow-Up. Cancers. 2023; 15(1):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010267

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ferrés, Abel, Luís Reyes, Alberto Di Somma, Thomaz Topczewski, Alejandra Mosteiro, Giulia Guizzardi, Andrea De Rosa, Irene Halperin, Felicia Hanzu, Mireia Mora, and et al. 2023. "The Prognostic-Based Approach in Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNET): Tertiary Reference Center, Single Senior Surgeon, and Long-Term Follow-Up" Cancers 15, no. 1: 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010267

APA Style

Ferrés, A., Reyes, L., Di Somma, A., Topczewski, T., Mosteiro, A., Guizzardi, G., De Rosa, A., Halperin, I., Hanzu, F., Mora, M., Alobid, I., Aldecoa, I., Bargalló, N., & Enseñat, J. (2023). The Prognostic-Based Approach in Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNET): Tertiary Reference Center, Single Senior Surgeon, and Long-Term Follow-Up. Cancers, 15(1), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010267

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop