A Novel Route for Agarooligosaccharide Production with the Neoagarooligosaccharide-Producing β-Agarase as Catalyst

Abstract

Enzymes are catalysts with high specificity. Different compounds could be produced by different enzymes. In case of agaro-oligosaccharides, agarooligosaccharide (AOS) can be produced by α-agarase through cleaving the α-1,3-glycosidic linkages of agarose, while neoagarooligosaccharide (NAOS) can be produced by β-agarase through cleaving the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages of agarose. However, in this study, we showed that β-agarase could also be used to produce AOSs with high purity and yield. The feasibility of our route was confirmed by agarotriose (A3) and agaropentaose (A5) formation from agaroheptaose (A7) and agarononoses (A9) catalyzed by β-agarase. Agarose was firstly liquesced by citric acid into a mixture of AOSs. The AOSs mixture was further catalyzed by β-agarase. When using the neoagarotetraose-forming β-agarase AgWH50B, agarotriose could be produced with the yield of 48%. When using neoagarotetraose, neoagarohexaose-forming β-agarase DagA, both agarotriose and agaropentaose could be produced with the yield of 14% and 13%, respectively. Our method can be used to produce other value-added agaro-oligosaccharides from agarose by different agarolytic enzymes.

1. Introduction

Agarose is a polysaccharide which is widely restricted to the red algae, and it is composed of D-galactose (D-gal) and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (L-AHG) with alternate β-1,4- and α-1,3-glycosidic linkages [1,2]. Agaro-oligosaccharides are originated from agarose and can be divided into agarooligosaccharide (AOS) and neoagarooligosaccharide (NAOS); the non-reducing end of AOS is D-gal while the NAOS taking the L-AHG as non-reducing end. In recent years, considerable studies demonstrated that AOSs possess a variety of physiological activities, such as prebiotic properties, antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition activity, anti-inflammatory effects, hepatoprotective effects and potential protective effects against neurotoxicity [3,4,5,6], which suggested that AOSs have the potential to be used for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Agaro-oligosaccharides can be produced by agarase, which is divided into α-agarase (EC 3.2.1.158) and β-agarase (EC 3.2.1.81) based on their cleavage actions [7,8]. α-Agarase could act on the α-1,3-glycosidic linkages of agarose to prepare even-numbered AOSs [9,10,11], while β-agarase could act on the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages of agarose to prepare even-numbered NAOSs, such as the β-agarase Aga16B, originating from Saccharophagus degradans 2-40T and can be used for obtaining neoagarotetraose (NA4) and neoagarohexaose (NA6) [12].

In this study, a novel route was established to produce AOSs by using the NAOS-producing β-agarase. More specifically, the citric acid hydrolysis was used to produce AOSs with high degrees of polymerization (DP). Furthermore, NA4-forming β-agarase AgWH50B from Agarivorans gilvus WH0801 (GenBank accession no. CP013021.1) or NA4, NA6-forming β-agarase DagA from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) was used to hydrolyse the AOSs with high DP for preparation of agarotriose (A3) or A3 and agaropentaose (A5) [13,14,15], respectively. More importantly, our route is also suitable for preparing odd-numbered AOSs with higher DP, such as A7, A9, and so on.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Feasibility of the Chemical-Biological Route

Our research route was shown in Figure 1. Under the mild acid condition, AOSs were predominantly produced because the α-1,3-glycosidic linkages of agarose were preferentially cleaved [8,16]. In previous reports, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and acetic acid were often used for obtaining AOSs from agarose or agar [17,18]. Citric acid, an organic acid that can be used in food industry [19], also can be used for AOSs production [3,20]. However, these produced AOSs have different DPs. As shown in step II of Figure 1, if β-agarase can act on the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages of the AOSs produced after liquefaction of agarose, an odd-numbered AOS could be cut off from the non-reducing end. Furthermore, because of the specificity of enzyme, the cut-off AOSs would have the same DP. Therefore, plenty of AOSs with special DP would be produced by a two-step chemical-biological reaction. To verify the feasibility of this route, the AgWH50B and DagA were used to act on A7, A9, respectively. Results showed that A3, NA4 and neoagarobiose (NA2) were generated from hydrolysis of A7 or A9 by AgWH50B; A3, A5, NA2 and NA4 were generated from hydrolysis of A7 or A9 by DagA (Figure 2a and Figure 3). According to the composition of A7 reaction products, we could speculate the reaction mechanism of AgWH50B towards A7. Obviously, AgWH50B could cleave β2 to create A3 and NA4, but it could cleave β3 as well in a small degree to create A5 and NA2, and A5 could be further degraded into A3 and NA2. The degradation of A9 has similar results. AgWH50B first cleaves β2 and β4 to create A3, NA6 and A7, NA2 separately. In addition, a slight cleavage towards β3 could create A5 and NA4. In the process of further reaction, A5 was degraded into A3 and NA2 while NA6 was degraded into NA4 and NA2. DagA could help us prepare A3 and A5 simultaneously. There exist two cutting sites of β2 and β3 to the same extent when using A7 as reaction substrate. Therefore, we could get A3, A5, NA2 and NA4 from the products. However, when we change the substrate to A9, DagA shows a preference towards β3 to create A5 and NA4; after that, DagA could cleave β2 in a relative weak way, which could create a small quantity of A3 and NA6. Furtherly, NA6 could be catalyzed to create NA4 and NA2 (Figure 2b). These results demonstrated that there is an easy and feasible method for odd-numbered AOSs’ production.

2.2. Preparation of A3, A5 by the Chemical-Biological Route

As shown in Figure 4, in the Step II of the chemical-biological route, the yield of A3 was increased with the enzyme amount raising from 0.244 U/mL to 1.950 U/mL. However, there is no significant increase of the yield of A3 when AgWH50B amount was improved to 2.925 U/mL. Therefore, 1.950 U/mL AgWH50B was chosen as the optimum enzyme amount for the preparation of A3. In addition, the yield of A3 and A5 from combining acidolysis with DagA catalysis was increased with the increase of enzyme amount during 0.0238–0.1900 U/mL DagA, and the yield increase of A3 and A5 was not obvious when using 0.2850 U/mL DagA. Therefore, 0.1900 U/mL DagA was chosen as the optimum enzyme amount for the preparation of A3 and A5. Furthermore, the processes of A3 or both A3 and A5 production were shown in Figure 5b,c, respectively. A3 was gradually produced during the enzymatic hydrolysis by AgWH50B. A volume of 85.50 ± 0.02 g/L A3 was obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis for 24 h in 10 mL reaction mixture, which means 0.855 ± 0.020 g A3 was produced from 1.5 g agarose. Moreover, A3 and A5 were gradually produced during enzymatic hydrolysis by DagA. A volume of 23.30 ± 2.01 g/L A3 and 22.80 ± 0.22 g/L A5 were obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis in 10 mL reaction mixture, which means 0.233 ± 0.020 g A3 and 0.228 ± 0.002 g A5 were produced from 1.5 g agarose. As shown in Figure 5a, there are no AOSs smaller than DP4 were produced after acidolysis by citric acid. After further enzymatic hydrolysis of the neutralized solution, a large amount of A3 was produced by AgWH50B, and A3 and A5 became the major components after catalysis by DagA. However, it showed that there still exist byproducts; therefore, removing these byproducts is important in the following step for the purification of A3 or A5.

2.3. Purification of A3, A5

To remove the byproducts of crude A3 solution prepared by AgWH50B or A3 and A5 solution prepared by DagA, the Bio-Gel P2 chromatography was used for purification [2,21]. Purified A3 prepared by AgWH50B and A3, A5 prepared by DagA were collected after purification process. The aliquots containing target oligosaccharides were identified by TLC and then freeze-dried to obtain oligosaccharides powder. In this way, 0.727 g A3 powder could be prepared by AgWH50B and 0.212 g A3, 0.206 g A5 powder could be prepared by DagA in total. This means that the yield of A3 prepared by AgWH50B was 48%, the yields of A3 and A5 prepared by DagA were 14% and 13%, respectively. Purified powders were dissolved with certain volume of ultrapure water, then analyzed by HPLC and ESI-MS. These results suggested that the purified A3 and A5 were acquired successfully (Figure 6). According to the results of HPLC, the amount of A3 prepared by AgWH50B was 0.700 g with a purity of 96.23%, and the amounts of A3 and A5 prepared by DagA were 0.203 g and 0.200 g with the purity of 95.89% and 97.09%, respectively.

AgWH50B is a NA4-forming β-agarase, which can act on the first β-1,4 bond from the non-reducing end of agarose. NA4 would be produced when the substrate was agarose; however, the A3 of the agarose’s non-reducing end was retained (Figure 7a). In our study, the agarose was liquefied by citric acid into AOSs because the α-1,3-glycosidic linkages of agarose were preferentially cleaved. Therefore, when AgWH50B acts on these AOSs, A3 would be cut off from the non-reducing end of each AOS with different PD (Figure 7b). This explains why A3 is dominant in the product mixture of the NA4-producing β-agarase AgWH50B, with using the liquefied agarose as substrate. Our work indicates that for an enzyme-catalyzing reaction, the chemical bond acted on by the enzyme is more essential than the usually regarded product of the enzyme.

In a previous study, a 33.2% yield of AOSs from agar acidolysis was reported [20]. Another report indicated that acidolysis with higher acid concentration generated smaller molecular weight products with higher yield. The product DP ranges and reaction yields for different treatments were: DP 2–22, 14.5% (0.1 M HCl); DP 2–16, 28.3% (0.2 M HCl); DP 1–14, 45, 6% (0.4 M HCl); and DP 1–6, 47.0% (0.8 M HCl). According to a recent report, 20.51% AOSs were produced through cellulase hydrolysis from 0.25% agarose; the AOSs produced by acidolysis were an extremely complex mixture [22]. Moreover, in our previous study, the β-agarase AgWH50B and a α-neoagarobiose hydrolase (NABH) AgWH117A were combined for obtaining pure A3 from 0.3% low-gelling-temperature agarose [23,24]. These results indicated the low yield of AOSs production and the complexity of separating products from acidolysis agarose or agar. In addition, preparation of pure AOS through single enzymatic hydrolysis is efficient only when the substrate concentration is very low, which then contributes to a low output. Compared with these studies, for the above problems, our study combined these two ways and then provided a specific and efficient method for preparation of pure AOSs, which is not only suitable for A3 and A5 but also can be used for preparation of odd-numbered AOSs with higher DP, as long as the suitable enzyme was used.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

Agarose for A3, A5 production was purchased from TsingKe (Beijing, China). Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) was used for expression of AgWH50B (GenBank accession no. KY417136) and DagA (GenBank accession no. CAA29257.1) with plasmid pET21a (+). The citric acid monohydrate for pretreating the agarose was ordered from Chinese Medicine Ltd (Qingdao, China). Yeast extract and tryptone used for medium were purchased from Oxoid (Basingstoke, England). A3, A5, A7, and A9 were obtained from Bz Oligo Biotech (Tsingtao, China).

3.2. Acidolysis

Agarose (15% w/v) was dissolved in 2.5% (w/v) citric acid monohydrate solutions with a total reaction mixture volume of 200 mL. The acidolysis process was performed at 90 °C and 0.5 MPa for 50 min using a Ldzx-50kbs vertical pressure steam sterilizer from Shenan Medical Apparatus Plant (Shanghai, China). After cooling down to room temperature, the reaction mixture was neutralized to pH 7.0 with 20% (w/v) sodium hydroxide.

3.3. Preparation of AgWH50B and DagA

The E. coli BL21(DE3) harboring pET21a (+)-agWH50B or pET21a (+)-dagA were cultured at Luria–Bertani (LB) medium (1% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract, and 1% NaCl), shaking at 37 °C and 200 rpm for 12 h [25]. Then, transfer to fermentation medium ZYP-5052 (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.2% MgSO4, 1.25% glycerol, 0.125% glucose, and 10% α-galactose), shaking (220 rpm) for 48 h at 20 °C. The cell was collected by centrifugation at 8000× g for 15 min at 4 °C, per 100 mL of fermentation broth was resuspended in 20 mL acid-base buffer (20 mM PBS buffer, pH 7.0) and subsequently disrupted for at a cycle for 30 minutes by Ultrasonic cell wall breaking instrument from Xinzhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Ningbo, China); the cycle program was on for 0.3 seconds and off for 0.3 seconds lasting for 30 min. The crude extracts were obtained by centrifugation at 8500× g for 15 min at 4 °C, then freeze-dried to get the crude enzyme powder. Powder (3 g) could be obtained per litre fermentation medium.

3.4. Enzyme Assay

The concentrations of reducing sugars were determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method [26]. One unit of enzymatic activity (U) was defined as the amount of enzyme that produced 1 μmol of reducing sugar per min by hydrolyzing agarose. The crude enzyme activity of AgWH50B and DagA were 0.195 U/mg and 0.019 U/mg, respectively. The amount of AgWH50B and DagA was optimized for the last reaction to prepare A3, A5. 0.244, 0.488, 0.975, 1.950, 2.925 U/mL AgWH50B, and 0.0238, 0.0475, 0.0950, 0.1900, 0.2850 U/mL DagA were used for the optimization with a 10 mL reaction volume at 40 °C for 12 h. All measurements were performed in triplicate.

3.5. Preparation of A3, A5

Taking the neutralized oligosaccharides solution obtained by acidolysis as the substrate, we prepared A3 and A3, A5 respectively from AgWH50B and DagA enzymolysis with a total volume of 10 mL at 40 °C for 24 h. At the same time, we optimized the enzyme amount of AgWH50B and DagA to realize producing target oligosaccharides with relative lower cost. After reaction, the reaction mixture was boiled for 10 min followed by centrifuging at 8500× g for 20 min to obtain crude sugar solution.

3.6. Purification of A3, A5

In order to obtain pure A3 and A5. The crude sugar solution from the part 2.4 was separated by Bio-Gel P2 chromatography column eluting by hyperpure water with the rate of 1 mL/min. Aliquots were sampled every 5 min; ingredient of every sample was determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC), the plates were eluted in a developing solvent composed of n-butanol/acetic acid/water (2:1:1, v:v:v). The spots were visualized by soaking in an ethanol solution containing 10% (v/v) H₂SO₄, then coloration by heating at 100 °C for 5 min. The purified samples were further analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a Superdex 30 increese 10/300 gel filtration column (GE Health, Marlborough, MA, USA) with 5 mM ammonium formate as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min; the detector was a refractive index detector (RID) (Agilent, USA) [27]. Furthermore, the molecular weight of each sample was determined using the ESI-MS method on microTOF-Q II equipment (Agilent, USA) in a negative mode with ion spray voltage of 4 kV and source temperature of 350 °C.

4. Conclusions

In summary, this study successfully employed a specific and efficient method for production of pure A3 and A5 with NAOS-producing β-agarase as catalyst. By using citric acid to produce AOSs with high DP and then NA4-forming β-agarase AgWH50B from A. gilvus WH0801 and NA4, NA6-forming β-agarase DagA from S. coelicolor A3(2) was used to hydrolyze the AOSs with high DP for preparation of A3 or both A3 and A5, respectively. Moreover, it is indicated that our method has potential for the production of odd-numbered AOSs with higher DP.