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Article

The Influence of Hydrothermal Temperature on Alumina Hydrate and Ammonioalunite Synthesis by Reaction Crystallization

by
Junkai Wang
,
Laishi Li
*,
Yusheng Wu
* and
Yuzheng Wang
School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2023, 13(5), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050763
Submission received: 10 April 2023 / Revised: 25 April 2023 / Accepted: 29 April 2023 / Published: 4 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystallization Process and Simulation Calculation)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
With the rapid development of the alumina industry and the shortage of bauxite, high-alumina coal fly ash (HACFA) has attracted more and more attention as a potential alternative alumina resource. In order to extract alumina from HACFA with newly developed technology, the investigation of the crucial step, the reaction between NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O, is necessary and valuable. Thermodynamic analyses have shown that four kinds of alumina hydrate (boehmite, diaspore, gibbsite, and bayerite) might be formed at 120–200 °C, and ammonioalunite might be formed at temperatures over 180 °C. A hydrothermal reaction crystallization method was applied to this reaction. The experimental results showed that boehmite (AlOOH) could be formed at 150 °C and 200 °C after 12 h and NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6, an unstable intermediate, is formed during the initial stage and transformed into boehmite, eventually. The higher temperature (200 °C) was more energetically favorable for the formation of NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6, and the crystallinity of the products was better. More importantly, the sheet-like structure of boehmite (AlOOH) could be formed at 150 °C after 24 h of reaction time. The SEM results proved that the sheet-like structures evolutionary process of boehmite.

1. Introduction

Alumina (Al2O3), one of the most important powder materials obtained from calcined alumina hydrates, has been applied in various fields such as in the development of heat-resistant, abrasion-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials [1,2]. The microscopic morphology of alumina powder is the same as one of its precursors, alumina hydrate [3]. Therefore, it is also necessary to research the synthesis of alumina hydrate. As an important alumina hydrate, boehmite is not only a precursor of alumina, but it also has wide applications in the context of catalysis, surfactants, and adsorbents due to its high surface area mesoporous structure [4,5].
It is well known that alumina is mainly extracted from bauxite; however, the shortage of bauxite is a growing problem in China. In recent years, the extraction of alumina from high-alumina coal fly ash (HACFA), which is the solid waste contained in aluminum resources, has stimulated great research interest [6,7,8]. A new process for alumina extraction was developed using HACFA as follows: (a) aluminum ammonium sulfate solutions containing impurities are firstly acquired via leaching HACFA and by using ammonium hydrogen sulfate solutions; (b) relatively pure solid aluminum ammonium sulfate is obtained via impurity removal by cooling crystallization; and (c) the alumina hydrate is prepared via the reaction of solid aluminum ammonium sulfate with ammonia (NH3·H2O). For aluminum resource extraction by leaching HACFA and ammonium hydrogen sulfate solutions, the preparation of alumina hydrate by reactive crystallization is a crucial step for controlling the morphology of alumina [9,10].
Hydrothermal methods can generate high-temperature and high-pressure environments, which can help insoluble or poorly soluble powders to achieve dissolution and recrystallization. The phase transformation and achievement of various microscopic morphologies can also be obtained using hydrothermal methods. Peng et al. [11] discovered that the different phase structures of MnO2 could be obtained using hydrothermal methods. As it is an important chemical synthesis method, reaction crystallization has been used widely in industrial fields. Moreover, hydrothermal reaction crystallization is a method through which crystallization takes place in hydrothermal reactors, and it allows one to obtain supersaturation via a coordination reaction [12]. Huang et al. [13] found that hierarchically boehmite and urchin-like hollow alumina microspheres with interconnected needle-like building blocks can be synthesized using hydrothermal methods. Therefore, the application of hydrothermal reaction crystallization to solid NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O as a new process for extracting alumina from HACFA could lead to new findings.
Regarding the crystalline structure of alumina hydrate, there are two major categories: Al(OH)3 (gibbsite and bayerite) and AlOOH (diaspore and boehmite) [14]. The preparation of alumina hydrate plays a decisive role in determining the quality and properties of Al2O3. The microscopic morphology of the alumina powder inherits the morphology of its precursor, aluminum hydroxide powder, due to the topological conversion between aluminum hydroxide and alumina. For the reaction crystallization between solid NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O, Ji et al. [15] revealed that pseudoboehmite was obtained through the reaction crystallization of a solution of ammonium aluminum sulfate [NH4Al(SO4)2 (aq)] and ammonia water [NH3·H2O (aq)]. Compared with liquid–liquid reactions, solid–liquid reactions represent a more energy-efficient option. In the liquid–liquid reaction, the solid NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O was first dissolved into a solution system and then reacted with ammonia to produce alumina hydrate.
In this paper, we focused on the reaction crystallization process between the solid NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O. A thermodynamic analysis was used to assess the feasibility of the reaction product at 120–200 °C. The samples were prepared at 150 °C and 200 °C with different reaction times. The phases of the samples were prepared at 150 °C and 200 °C, and the processes that led to the transformation to alumina hydrate and ammonioalunite products were investigated. Additionally, the morphology of the samples obtained at different reaction times was studied, and the evolution process that led to the creation of sheet-like boehmite structures was also investigated.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Chemicals and Materials

NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O were purchased from Tianjin Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent Co. LTD. (Tianjin, China)

2.2. Sample Preparation

In the hydrothermal (HT) synthesis process, 40 mL of 2.5% NH3·H2O solution and 5 g of solid NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O were added to a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave and kept at different temperatures (150 °C and 200 °C) for a certain time. The samples were collected by centrifugation and washed with distilled water several times. The samples were named as “HT- temperature-time” (e.g., HT-150-24 h means that the sample was kept at 150 °C for 24 h).

2.3. Sample Characterization

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were performed using a Rigaku SmartLab SE diffractometer equipped with a Cu Kα X-ray source and a 2θ range of 10°–80° with 5°/min. The morphology of the sample was monitored using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, TESCAN MIRA LMS). The surface areas and pore volumes of the samples were evaluated by nitrogen physisorption using a surface area and pore size analyzer (Gold APP Instruments V-Sorb 2008P, Beijing, China). The surface areas were estimated using the BET (Brunauer−Emmett−Teller) method and the pore volumes were determined by the BJH (Barrett−Joyner−Halenda) method.

3. Thermodynamic Analysis

In the standard state, the Van’t Hoff formula used was as follows [16]:
Δ G = Δ G 0 + RTlnJ
where ΔG0 is the Gibbs free energy change at the same temperature and standard pressure, R is the gas constant (8.3145 J·K−1·mol−1), T is the thermodynamic temperature (K), and J is the entropy in either reaction state.
When the reaction is in equilibrium, i.e., ΔG0 = 0, J is the equilibrium constant K (m/M) [17]:
Δ G T 0 = − RTlnK
The Gibbs equation of the reaction in the standard state is as follows [18]:
Δ G = Δ H   −   T Δ S
where ΔH is the enthalpy change in the standard state and ΔS is the entropy change in the standard state.
The reactions between the NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O solutions that may have occurred are as follows:
NH 4 Al ( SO 4 ) 2 + 3 NH 3 · H 2 O = AlOOH   ( boehmite ) + 2 ( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + H 2 O
NH 4 Al ( SO 4 ) 2 + 3 NH 3 · H 2 O = AlOOH   ( diaspore ) + 2 ( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + H 2 O
NH 4 Al ( SO 4 ) 2 + 3 NH 3 · H 2 O = Al ( OH ) 3   ( gibbsite ) + ( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4  
NH 4 Al ( SO 4 ) 2 + 3 NH 3 · H 2 O = Al ( OH ) 3   ( bayerite ) + ( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4  
In the reaction crystallization between NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O, the NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O solid is first dissolved into a solution system. Next, hydroxide is obtained by the Al3+ combining with the OH−. Due to the reaction crystallization that took place in the alkaline environment, the OH− could be effectively disassociated from the NH3·H2O solution. Neither NH4+ nor SO42− is involved in the main chemical reaction, and the reaction of Equations (4)–(7) can be written as follows:
Al 3 + + 3 OH − = AlOOH ( boehmite ) + H 2 O
Al 3 + + 3 OH − = AlOOH ( diaspore ) + H 2 O
Al 3 + + 3 OH − = Al ( OH ) 3   ( gibbsite )  
Al 3 + + 3 OH − = Al ( OH ) 3   ( bayerite )  
The following products may be produced during reaction crystallization: boehmite, diaspore, gibbsite, and bayerite. However, it is noted that alumina hydrate cannot be formed at a high temperature as reaction (12) may occur and ammonioalunite (NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6) is obtained when NH4+, Al3+, and SO42− exist simultaneously in the solution [19,20]. However, ammonioalunite is not a common compound. It has rarely been reported and little is known about its chemical and physical characteristics. According to our knowledge, there are only two papers about ammonioalunite. Wang et al. [20] revealed that an ammonioalunite with a hexagonal rose-like morphology was synthesized via a hydrothermal method at 165 °C, which used Al2(SO4)3·18H2O and urea as the raw materials and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the additive. Yang et al. [19] found that ammonioalunite can be obtained, via the hydrothermal synthesis method, in an ammonium aluminum sulfate solution without other raw materials at temperatures of over 180 °C. Additionally, the morphology of ammonioalunite is constituted by irregular particles. If reaction (12) happens in a reaction crystallization system between NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O, it will be the first time that ammonioalunite has been synthesized in the alkaline initial environment.
NH 4 + + 3 Al 3 + + 2 SO 4 2 − + 6 OH − = NH 4 Al 3 ( SO 4 ) 2 ( OH ) 6
In summary, it can be seen that there is a complexity to the reaction crystallization of alumina hydrate. In order to judge the reaction between NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O, thermodynamic analysis can be used as the first effective method; furthermore, the important thermodynamic parameters should be calculated, including ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS. These parameter values for the formation of alumina hydrate from NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O at 120 °C, 150 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C were calculated and are summarized in Table 1. It could be summarized that ΔGT0 in reactions (8)–(11) was negative at 120–200 °C; this indicates that these reactions were thermodynamically feasible and spontaneous in nature and that the values did not differ much at the same temperature [21]. In addition, the value of ΔGT0 for reactions (8)–(11) decreased with an increase in temperature. Additionally, the increased temperature could contribute to the appropriate formation of alumina hydrate. At 120 °C, the order of the ΔGT0 value was as follows: reaction (11) > reaction (8) > reaction (10) > reaction (9). At 200 °C, the order of the ΔGT0 value became as follows: reaction (11) > reaction (10) > reaction (8) > reaction (9).
For the synthesis of NH4Al(SO4)2(OH)6 in the H2O system, containing NH4+, Al3+, and SO42−, the related thermodynamic calculations were conducted by Yang [19], and the relationships between ΔGT0 and T in reaction (13) were explored. The results showed that a hydrothermal reaction condition of over 177 °C was required to obtain NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6. Reaction (12) was similar to reaction (13), while the only different reactant was OH− in reaction (12) when compared with H2O in reaction (13). Therefore, the values of ΔGT0 are close together and similar.
NH 4 + + 3 Al 3 + + 2 SO 4 2 − + 6 H 2 O = NH 4 Al 3 ( SO 4 ) 2 ( OH ) 6 + 6 H +
The negative ∆H for reactions (9) and (11) at 120–200 °C indicated that the reactions were exothermic, while the rest of the ∆H values were positive, which indicated that the reactions were endothermic [22]. The positive ΔS values suggested a degree of disorder in the system and ΔS increased with temperature; thus, the degree of disorder in the reaction system increased [23]. Additionally, all the theoretical possibilities and the feasibility of these reactions were illustrated by thermodynamic calculations, but the actual products could not be determined by thermodynamic data, requiring further investigation.
Previous work by our group indicated that boehmite would be produced by reaction crystallization between NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and NH3·H2O in a low-temperature and atmospheric pressure environment [24]. As one of the effective methods for controlling product morphology and phases, the change in hydrothermal temperature should be focused on. In this study, 150 °C and 200 °C were selected as the research temperatures, considering the reasons for forming the condition of NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. XRD Analysis

To determine the phase structure of the reactant and products, XRD analysis was used, and the patterns are presented in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3. As is shown in Figure 1, the XRD patterns of the NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O (starting solid) reactant corresponded with the standard XRD pattern (PDF No. 71-2203).
The XRD patterns of the hydrothermal samples at 150 °C with different reaction times (1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 20 h, 24 h, and 36 h) are shown in Figure 2. For the HT-150-1 h sample, only three small peaks at 17.6°, 29.5°, and 38.8° could be observed. The peaks at 17.6° and 29.5° were associated with NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 (PDF No. 42-1334) [19], and the peak at 38.8° was attributed to the characteristic peaks of boehmite (AlOOH) [6]. This indicated that the crystallized product was formed after 1 h with the fundamental amorphous phase. Additionally, there were no obvious diffraction peaks that could be observed; thus, the phase of the HT-150-1 h sample could not be accurately determined. For the HT-150-4 h sample, diffraction peaks at 17.6° and 29.5° could also be observed, and other diffraction peaks with smaller intensities and broader widths could be observed at 14.5°, 28.1°, 38.3°, 48.8°, 51.5°, 55.1°, 60.5°, 63.8°, 64.8°, 67.5°, and 72.1°, which were associated with the crystal structure of boehmite. This indicated that the phase of boehmite formed gradually in the HT-150-4 h sample. When the reaction time reached eight hours, diffraction peaks corresponding to NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 were barely observed, except for the small peaks at 17.6° and 29.5°. Additionally, the remaining peaks belonged to boehmite. With the reaction time extended to twelve hours, the peaks of NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 completely disappeared, and the intensity of the peaks corresponding to boehmite were enhanced, which indicated that good boehmite crystallinity was formed in the HT-150-12 h sample. Between the HT-150-16 h, HT-150-20 h, HT-150-24 h, and HT-150-36 h samples, the XRD patterns showed similar diffraction peaks, as is shown in Figure 2b. All the diffraction peaks corresponding to boehmite (PDF No. 21-1307) were found in the hydrothermal product. Noticeably, diffraction peaks assigned to NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 were observed in the HT-150-1 h and HT-150-4 h samples at 17.6° and 29.5°, which indicated that a decent amount of NH4Al3 (SO4)2(OH)6 could be formed at 150 °C.
Figure 3 shows the XRD patterns of the hydrothermal samples at 200 °C with different reaction times (1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, and 12 h). For the HT-200-1 h sample, diffraction peaks around 17.6°, 25.2°, 29.5°, 38.6°, 47.3°, and 51.9° were ascribed to the characteristic reflections of NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 [19]. This indicated that when the hydrothermal temperature reached 200 °C, the reaction product was not alumina hydrate but NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6. This was also the first time that the synthesis of NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 occurred under initial alkaline conditions. Noticeably, with prolonged reaction times, the transformation of phases for the hydrothermal sample at 200 °C took place. When the reaction time reached 12 h, the crystallized product was completely transformed into boehmite at a 150 °C reaction temperature. Additionally, the same condition occurred at a 200 °C hydrothermal temperature, where no NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 peak could be observed in the HT-200-12 h sample and diffraction peaks of boehmite with a good crystallinity were observed.
The XRD data indicated that the reaction product was boehmite, transformed from NH4Al(SO4)2(OH)6 with the increase in reaction time, which occurred regardless of whether the hydrothermal temperature was 150 °C or 200 °C. Therefore, NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 is an unstable intermediate. Combined with the results of Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, the solid phase transition that took place in this reaction system was as follows: NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O → NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 → AlOOH. In addition, the generation of NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O in the initial phase when the temperature increased from 150 °C to 200 °C was favored. Moreover, the crystallinity of the product (for both NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O and AlOOH) was also beneficial.
For this solution system—which contained NH4+, Al3+, SO42−, and OH- simultaneously—the formation of alumina hydrate or NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 has been previously reported; however, the transformations of these compounds have yet to be reported. It has been reported that rose-like ammonioalunite produced from Al2(SO4)3·18H2O and urea, with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the additive, is produced via the hydrothermal method at 165 °C and 4 h [20]. Nevertheless, boehmite (γ-AlOOH) hollow microspheres were synthesized from Al2(SO4)3·18H2O and urea, and the production of the amphiphilic block copolymer of poly-styrene-block-poly-hydroxyl-ethyl acrylate (PS-b-PHEA), as a structure-directing reagent, via hydrothermal synthesis at 150 °C and 24 h was also achieved [25]. In the two studies mentioned above, different products—(NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 and γ-AlOOH)—could be obtained from the same reactants (Al2(SO4)3·18H2O and urea) at a similar temperature. It is well known that the phase of the product is not affected by the template. Thus, this reflects the complicated nature of a solution system that contains NH4+, Al3+, SO42−, and OH- simultaneously. Significantly, it could be found that the synthesis time for NH4Al(SO4)2(OH)6 is lower than alumina hydrate, and that the synthesis time is relatively long for alumina hydrate when using the hydrothermal method. This was also consistent with our experimental results, although aluminum ammonium sulfate (NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O) was used as an aluminum source in our experiment. In addition, we have reason to believe that alumina hydrate with a specific morphology can be obtained as the reaction is extended.
NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 has potential application value in the fields of artificial gemstones, catalyst carriers, sewage treatment, corundum products, etc. [20,26]. However, alumina hydrate from CFA is a better choice for recycled aluminum resources because it is more energy efficient when compared to ammonioalunite. It is the most widespread and in demand application, as is the preparation of aluminum (Al) through the electrolytic reduction of alumina (Al2O3) and as Al2O3 is from the calcination of alumina hydrate. More synthetic paths would provide a more certain basis for its application, and the synthesis of it from CFA would provide a much greater variety.

4.2. SEM Analysis

Figure 4 shows the morphology of the HT-150-24 h sample. A large amount of the sheet-like structure, with distinguishable boundaries of boehmite (AlOOH), was observed in the HT-150-24 h sample. Additionally, the rose-like structures were composed of nanosheet building blocks, which were also unstable. It was reported that boehmite crystals prefer to grow into nano-flakes under weak, basic hydrothermal conditions, owing to their distinctly AlO6-octahedral-layered structure, which possesses a great deal of surface-located OH-groups [27,28]. The boehmite samples in the literature exhibit mainly flake-like structures that have a length of approximately 600 nm and a width of around 250 nm [28]. In our research, the boehmite sample exhibited mainly sheet-like morphologies with a length of around 1.6 µm and a width of approximately 0.5 µm. In order to investigate the evolutionary process of the sheet-like structure of the AlOOH crystals, SEM was performed on the whole samples at a hydrothermal temperature of 150 °C. Several representative pictures of this process are shown in Figure 5.
As is shown in Figure 5, structures of irregular morphology with coarse and loose surfaces appeared in the HT-150-1 h and HT-150-4 h samples. These samples had a certain pore-like structure, and the integrated granules could hardly be observed in the HT-150-1 h sample. In the beginning of the reactive crystallization process, along with the gradual hydrolysis of NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O, Al3+ and SO42− began to increase substantially, and NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 might thus be formed. Combined with the XRD results, certain NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 crystals were formed in the HT-150-1 h and HT-150-4 h samples. According to the reported literature, amorphous phase clusters form in the initial stage of the hydrothermal reaction; furthermore, the amorphous phase is unstable due to its higher solubility [29]. Additionally, its dissolved–recrystallized process and slow-phase transformation could have occurred in the amorphous phase as a more thermodynamically stable product could be obtained step by step. It can be inferred that boehmite is a more thermodynamically stable crystal when compared with NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6. In the HT-150-8 h sample, particles with lamellar- and strip-like structures can be simultaneously observed. Additionally, as the reaction progressed in the HT-150-20 h sample, the strip-like structure disappeared, and the particle with an extensive lamellar-like structure was formed. On the basis of the XRD results, boehmite was completely formed in the HT-150-12 h sample without NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6. Therefore, it could be suggested that the lamellar-like structure of the particle shown in Figure 6e is boehmite. When the reaction time reached 24 h, it was presumed that the sheet-like structure of boehmite appeared through a partial dissolution of particles with a lamellar-like structure. In conclusion, the morphology’s evolutionary process of boehmite was as follows: amorphous phase clusters → particles with lamellar-like and strip-like structures → particles with more lamellar-like structures → sheet-like structures. Additionally, as the reaction time continued to extend, no regular and special morphologies could be observed in the HT-150-36 h sample.

4.3. Energy Spectrum Analysis

The energy spectra of the HT-150-1 h, HT-150-4 h, and HT-150-16 h samples are presented in Figure 6. For the HT-150-1 h sample, the element wt% values of N, O, Al, and S were 0.51%, 54.36%, 43.04%, and 2.10%, respectively. It was confirmed that the minor quantities of the S and N elements were present in the HT-150-1 h sample, which further validated the little NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 crystals that formed in the HT-150-1 h sample. As the reaction progressed, the element wt% values of the N and S in the HT-150-16 h sample decreased gradually until they reached 0. Furthermore, the element wt% values of the O and Al were 41.60% and 58.4%, respectively. These findings were fully consistent with the XRD results.

4.4. BET Analysis

Figure 7 shows the N2 absorption–desorption isotherm and the pore-size distribution of the HT-150-16 h, HT-150-20 h, and HT-150-24 h samples. All the samples showed type IV isotherms, according to the BDDT classification, which implies that all the three samples belong to mesoporous materials. The isotherms of the three samples exhibited a typical H3 hysteresis loop as the closure points existed at a low P/P0 (P/P0 = 0.45). The BJH desorption pore-size distributions that were evaluated from the N2 desorption isotherm are presented in Figure 7b. It was evident that the desorption pore-size distributions of the three catalysts gathered at 10–100 nm. The HT-150-16 h and HT-150-20 h samples showed a wider distribution peak, which indicated that the HT-150-16 h and HT-150-20 h samples had a more abundant mesoporous structure when compared with the HT-150-24 h sample.
Table 2 lists the BET surface areas, pore volumes, and average pore size of the HT-150-16 h, HT-150-20 h, and HT-150-24 h samples. It can be seen that the HT-150-20 h sample possesses the largest specific surface area (88.317 m2/g) and pore volume (0.344 cm3/g). The specific surface area and pore volume were greater when compared with the HT-150-16 h sample. However, the BET surface areas, pore volume, and average pore size of the HT-150-24 h sample were 41.573 m2/g, 0.212 cm3/g, and 15.257 nm, respectively. This represented the smallest value among the three samples. Combined with the results of the SEM analysis, when the reaction time of 16 h was increased to 20 h, the specific surface area and pore volume were increased due to more lamellar-like structures appearing and the strip-like structure disappearing. Additionally, when the reaction time increased to 24 h, the particles with a great number of lamellar-like structures dissolved into sheet-like structures. The specific surface area decreased to 46.744 m2/g and the pore volume decreased to 0.132 cm3/g. The BET results provided supporting evidence for the process of the sheet-like-structured boehmite.

5. Conclusions

For the hydrothermal reaction crystallization process between a NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O solid and NH3·H2O, the thermodynamic analysis indicated that all four kinds of alumina hydrate (boehmite, diaspore, gibbsite, and bayerite) might be formed. The experimental and characterization results showed that boehmite (AlOOH) was formed at 150 °C and 200 °C after a 12 h reaction. Additionally, NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 was found to be an unstable intermediate; however, it did eventually transform into boehmite. This study represents the first time that NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 has been prepared under initial alkaline conditions. The higher temperature (200 °C) was more energetically favorable for the formation of NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6, and the crystallinity of the products (both NH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 and AlOOH) could be improved. Most importantly, however, it was found that the sheet-like structure of boehmite (AlOOH) can be formed at 150 °C and in 24 h. The SEM results prove the evolutionary process of boehmite with a sheet-like-structure.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.W. and L.L.; methodology, Y.W. (Yusheng Wu); formal analysis, J.W.; investigation, J.W.; resources, L.L. and Y.W. (Yusheng Wu); data curation, Y.W. (Yuzheng Wang); writing—original draft preparation, J.W.; writing—review and editing, L.L.; visualization, Y.W. (Yuzheng Wang); project administration, Y.W. (Yusheng Wu). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51974188) and the LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (No. XLYC2008014).

Institutional Review Board Statement

“Not applicable” for studies not involving humans or animals.

Data Availability Statement

The data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

We have no relevant financial interests to disclose. None of the authors have any financial or scientific conflicts of interest with respect to the research described in this manuscript.

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Crystals 13 00763 g001 550
Figure 1. XRD patterns of NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O (starting solid).
Figure 1. XRD patterns of NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O (starting solid).
Crystals 13 00763 g001
Crystals 13 00763 g002 550
Figure 2. XRD patterns of samples at 150 °C. (a) HT-150-1 h, HT-150-4 h, HT-150-8 h, and HT-150-12 h samples, and (b) HT-150-16 h, HT-150-20 h, HT-150-24 h, and HT-150-36 h samples.
Figure 2. XRD patterns of samples at 150 °C. (a) HT-150-1 h, HT-150-4 h, HT-150-8 h, and HT-150-12 h samples, and (b) HT-150-16 h, HT-150-20 h, HT-150-24 h, and HT-150-36 h samples.
Crystals 13 00763 g002
Crystals 13 00763 g003 550
Figure 3. XRD patterns of samples at 200 °C.
Figure 3. XRD patterns of samples at 200 °C.
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Crystals 13 00763 g004 550
Figure 4. SEM images of the HT-150-24 h sample.
Figure 4. SEM images of the HT-150-24 h sample.
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Crystals 13 00763 g005 550
Figure 5. SEM images of the different samples. (a): HT-150-1 h; (b): HT-150-4 h; (c,d): HT-150-8 h; and (e,f): HT-150-20 h.
Figure 5. SEM images of the different samples. (a): HT-150-1 h; (b): HT-150-4 h; (c,d): HT-150-8 h; and (e,f): HT-150-20 h.
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Crystals 13 00763 g006 550
Figure 6. The energy spectra of the samples. (a): HT-150-1 h; (b): HT-150-4 h; and (c): HT-150-16 h.
Figure 6. The energy spectra of the samples. (a): HT-150-1 h; (b): HT-150-4 h; and (c): HT-150-16 h.
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Crystals 13 00763 g007 550
Figure 7. N2 absorption–desorption results of the HT-150-16 h, HT-150-20 h, and HT-150-24 h samples. (a) N2 absorption–desorption isotherm; and (b) pore-size distributions.
Figure 7. N2 absorption–desorption results of the HT-150-16 h, HT-150-20 h, and HT-150-24 h samples. (a) N2 absorption–desorption isotherm; and (b) pore-size distributions.
Crystals 13 00763 g007
Table
Table 1. Thermodynamic calculations of reactions (8)–(11).
Table 1. Thermodynamic calculations of reactions (8)–(11).
T/°CΔH
/(KJ/mol)		ΔS/(J/K)ΔG
/(KJ/mol)		KLog(K)
Reaction (8)1203.188151.956−56.5542.757 × 103131.441
1508.558165.101−61.3054.628 × 103131.665
18015.431180.77−66.4851.169 × 103232.068
20021.146193.103−70.2212.742 × 103232.438
Reaction (9)120−1.001148.645−59.4441.116 × 103333.048
1504.314161.664−64.0941.277 × 103333.106
18011.132177.207−69.1702.305 × 103333.363
20016.81189.461−72.8344.414 × 103333.645
Reaction (10)1201.246138.819−53.3304.452 × 102929.649
1506.464151.589−57.6816.221 × 102929.794
18013.218166.987−62.4521.326 × 102930.123
20018.87179.185−65.9112.799 × 102930.447
Reaction (11)120−2.841138.507−57.2957.123 × 103131.853
1502.361151.24−61.6366.864 × 103131.837
1809.096166.592−66.3961.058 × 103232.025
20014.733178.757−69.8461.841 × 103232.265
Table
Table 2. Structural parameters of the samples.
Table 2. Structural parameters of the samples.
SamplesSBET (m2/g)Pore Volume (cm3/g)Average Pore Size (nm)
HT-150-16 h45.1100.25817.939
HT-150-20 h88.3170.34412.309
HT-150-24 h41.5730.21215.257
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Wang, J.; Li, L.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Y. The Influence of Hydrothermal Temperature on Alumina Hydrate and Ammonioalunite Synthesis by Reaction Crystallization. Crystals 2023, 13, 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050763

AMA Style

Wang J, Li L, Wu Y, Wang Y. The Influence of Hydrothermal Temperature on Alumina Hydrate and Ammonioalunite Synthesis by Reaction Crystallization. Crystals. 2023; 13(5):763. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050763

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Junkai, Laishi Li, Yusheng Wu, and Yuzheng Wang. 2023. "The Influence of Hydrothermal Temperature on Alumina Hydrate and Ammonioalunite Synthesis by Reaction Crystallization" Crystals 13, no. 5: 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050763

APA Style

Wang, J., Li, L., Wu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2023). The Influence of Hydrothermal Temperature on Alumina Hydrate and Ammonioalunite Synthesis by Reaction Crystallization. Crystals, 13(5), 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050763

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