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Review

Multifunctional Aromatic Carboxylic Acids as Versatile Building Blocks for Hydrothermal Design of Coordination Polymers

by
Jinzhong Gu
1,*,
Min Wen
1,
Xiaoxiao Liang
1,
Zifa Shi
1,
Marina V. Kirillova
2 and
Alexander M. Kirillov
2,*
1
Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
2
Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2018, 8(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8020083
Submission received: 15 January 2018 / Revised: 28 January 2018 / Accepted: 29 January 2018 / Published: 3 February 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Design and Properties of Coordination Polymers)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Selected recent examples of coordination polymers (CPs) or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed from different multifunctional carboxylic acids with phenyl-pyridine or biphenyl cores have been discussed. Despite being still little explored in crystal engineering research, such types of semi-rigid, thermally stable, multifunctional and versatile carboxylic acid building blocks have become very promising toward the hydrothermal synthesis of metal-organic architectures possessing distinct structural features, topologies, and functional properties. Thus, the main aim of this mini-review has been to motivate further research toward the synthesis and application of coordination polymers assembled from polycarboxylic acids with phenyl-pyridine or biphenyl cores. The importance of different reaction parameters and hydrothermal conditions on the generation and structural types of CPs or MOFs has also been highlighted. The influence of the type of main di- or tricarboxylate ligand, nature of metal node, stoichiometry and molar ratio of reagents, temperature, and presence of auxiliary ligands or templates has been showcased. Selected examples of highly porous or luminescent CPs, compounds with unusual magnetic properties, and frameworks for selective sensing applications have been described.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction and Scope

In recent years, various crystalline metal-organic architectures (MOAs) including coordination polymers (CPs) or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been an object of very intense research that spans from the fields of crystal design and engineering to chemistry of functional materials [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. In particular, a very interesting research direction concerns the search for new and versatile organic building blocks that can be applied for the design of unusual metal-organic architectures with desirable structural features and notable functional properties [16,17,18,19]. Despite considerable progress achieved in this field, the assembly of coordination polymers or metal-organic frameworks in a predictable way is often a difficult task. This is mainly because the assembly of such compounds can depend on various factors, such as the nature and coordination properties of metal nodes [20,21], connectivity and type of organic building blocks [22,23,24], reaction conditions and stoichiometry [25,26], and effects of templates [27,28,29] or supporting ligands [30,31].
A high diversity of aromatic polycarboxylic acids has been extensively applied as multifunctional building blocks in designing novel metal-organic networks [32,33]. Among such building blocks, flexible ligands containing biphenyl and phenyl-pyridine cores with a varying number and position of carboxylic groups as well as distinct locations of N-pyridyl functionality have attracted a special interest [34,35]. It can be justified by a possibility of two adjacent phenyl and/or pyridine rings to rotate around the C–C single bond and thus conform to a coordination environment of metal nodes. Besides, the presence of several carboxylic groups with a varying degree of deprotonation in addition to an optional N-pyridyl functionality can provide multiple and distinct coordination sites, thus leading to different coordination fashions and resulting in the assembly of structurally distinct coordination polymers [36,37,38]. Furthermore, depending on a deprotonation degree and crystal packing arrangement, these aromatic polycarboxylate ligands can behave as good H-bond acceptors and donors, thus furnishing an extra stabilization of metal-organic structures and facilitating their crystallization.
Hence, the main objective of the present work consists in highlighting selected recent examples of coordination polymers that were hydrothermally assembled from a series of multifunctional carboxylic acids with phenyl-pyridine or biphenyl cores (Scheme 1). These carboxylic acids are still very poorly explored toward the design of CPs or MOFs, but can constitute an interesting type of semi-rigid, thermally stable, multifunctional, and versatile building blocks in crystal engineering research. Thus, the present study briefly discusses the general aspects of hydrothermal synthesis of selected coordination polymers derived from the aromatic carboxylic acids shown in Scheme 1. Some of them represent isomeric biphenyl tricarboxylate blocks (H3bptc and H3btc), while other are isomeric phenyl-pyridine tricarboxylate blocks (H3cptc, H3dcppa, and H3cpta). The study also highlights the influence of various parameters (main ligand type, metal node, molar ratio and stoichiometry, temperature, presence of auxiliary ligand or template) on structural diversity of the obtained products. For selected examples of CPs, functional properties and applications are also highlighted.

2. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Diversity of Coordination Polymers

2.1. Advantages of Hydrothermal Synthesis

Hydrothermal synthesis is commonly applied toward the design of metal-organic networks [39,40,41] and refers to the synthesis and crystallization of coordination compounds that occur under hydrothermal conditions, typically in a hermetically sealed aqueous solution at elevated temperatures and pressures. The hydrothermal synthesis features a number of important advantages over other common methods for preparing CPs, namely: (i) high reactivity of reactants and unique synthetic conditions in terms of a combination of pressures and temperatures; (ii) growth of good quality single crystals (Figure 1) or microcrystalline phases with no need for additional work-up and purification; (iii) possible control of solution or interface reactions, formation of metastable and unique structures that cannot be generated by other methods; (iv) use of water as a green organic-solvent-free reaction medium that can also aid crystallization by supplying labile H2O ligands to complete coordination environment of metal nodes; and (v) relative simplicity of the equipment.
For coordination polymers driven by multifunctional carboxylic acids with phenyl-pyridine or biphenyl cores (Scheme 1), typical synthetic procedure begins with mixing, in water at ambient temperature and under constant stirring, a metal nitrate or chloride salt, a main carboxylic acid building block, and an auxiliary ligand (optional) [42,43,44]. The obtained mixture is then treated with sodium hydroxide as a typical base to adjust the solution pH value in the range of 5–7. Then, the reaction mixture is sealed in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave and subjected to the hydrothermal treatment at 80–210 °C for 2 or 3 days in an oven, followed by gradual cooling to ambient temperature at a rate of 10 °C/h (Figure 2). The autoclaves are opened after being kept at ambient temperature for 24 h. The obtained crystalline solids are filtered off and washed (optional) or isolated manually to furnish a coordination polymer product (Figure 1).

2.2. Effect of Building Block Type

The type of the main carboxylic acid ligand (Scheme 1) is one of the structure-defining factors during the hydrothermal synthesis of CPs. Selected examples of different metal-organic networks that were obtained under similar reaction conditions are summarized in Table 1. For example, the use of different dicarboxylic acids (H2cpna, H2cppa, or H2bpydc) as main building blocks and 1,10-phenanthroline as an auxiliary ligand led to the generation of distinct manganese(II) derivatives 1−3 (Figure 3), the structures of which range from a 1D ladder [Mn(µ3-cpna)(phen)(H2O)]n (1) and 1D zigzag chain [Mn(µ-cppa)(phen)(H2O)]n (2) to a 3D MOF [Mn(µ4-bpydc)(phen)]n (3). The use of a cobalt(II) metal source in combination with the isomeric H2cpna or H2cppa ligands and 2,2′-bipyridyl resulted in the assembly of a 2D metal-organic layer [Co(µ3-cpna)(2,2′-bpy)(H2O)]n (4) or a 1D zigzag chain {[Co(µ-cppa)(2,2′-bpy)(H2O)]·H2O}n (5). Similar structure-defining influence of tricarboxylic acid building blocks can be observed in other zinc(II) (6, 7) and manganese(II) (8, 9) coordination compounds (Table 1).

2.3. Effect of Metal Source

The type of metal node also plays an important structure-defining role in the hydrothermal generation of coordination polymers. This is primarily associated with different coordination behavior and ligand affinity of distinct metal centers, their charges and ionic radii. Selected examples of CPs assembled under identical reaction conditions but using different metal sources are collected in Table 2. In particular, an interesting series of compounds 14−16 can be built from H3btc and phen ligands by using different metal(II) chlorides, namely a 1D chain{[Cd(µ3-Hbtc)(phen)(H2O)]·H2O}n (14), a 3D MOF [Pb3(µ4-Hbtc)2(phen)]n (15), and a 0D monomer [Ni(Hbtc)2(phen)2(H2O)]·2H2O (16). Notably, despite the diversity of these structures, they all feature a monoprotonated tricarboxylic acid block, Hbtc2−.
Apart from the nature of metal, the type of anion in a starting metal salt can also influence the resulting structure. For example, samarium(III) coordination polymers {[Sm(Hcpna)(µ4-cpna)(phen)]2·H2O}n (3D net, 17) and {[Sm(Hcpna)(µ4-cpna)(phen)]2·2H2O}n (1D chain, 18) were obtained under exactly the same conditions but using Sm(III) nitrate or chloride, respectively. MOF 17 reveals a very intricate structure, wherein the Sm2 dimeric units are linked by the µ4-cpna2− ligands forming a dodecanuclear Sm12 macrocycle (Figure 4a) that adopts a chair conformation. These Sm12 units are then connected with six adjacent rings by corner-forming 2D layer motifs (Figure 4b), which are further linked by the coordination interaction with the cpna2− blocks to furnish a very complex 3D framework (Figure 4c).

2.4. Effect of Reagents Molar Ratio

In the synthesis of CPs, a proportion between metal node and main carboxylate ligand can be easily modified, what can cause a change of the coordination number of metal ions and affect the resulting structure. In addition, change of the molar ratio between main building block and alkali metal hydroxide used as a pH-regulator can result in a partial or full deprotonation of polycarboxylic acid ligand. As shown in Table 3, both 3D MOFs {[Co3(μ4-btc)2(μ-H2O)2(py)4(H2O)2]·(py)2}n (19) and {[Co3.5(μ6-btc)2(μ3-OH)(py)2(H2O)3]·H2O}n (20) were obtained under exactly the same conditions, except using a slightly different molar ratio between CoCl2∙6H2O and H3btc (1.5:1 for 19 and 1.77:1 for 20). However, these products feature very different structures and topologies (Figure 5). The structures of product pairs 21/22 and 23/24 (Table 3) also differ significantly on varying the NaOH:H2cppa and NaOH:H3bptc molar ratios, respectively. In these cases, an excess of sodium hydroxide leads to a complete deprotonation of H2cppa in 22 or a generation of additional μ3-OH linkers in 24, thus making these structures more complicated in comparison with their counterparts assembled using a lower amount of NaOH.

2.5. Effect of Reaction Temperature

The reaction temperature during the synthesis of metal-organic networks also has a significant impact on the final product structure. As illustrated in Table 4, compounds {[Co2(µ3-pyip)2(DMF)]·(solv)}n (25) and {[Co(µ3-pyip)]·2DMF}n (26) were synthesized from exactly the same reaction mixtures but at different temperatures, 80 and 120 °C, respectively. These 3D MOFs feature distinct structures (Figure 6).

2.6. Effect of Auxiliary Ligand

The presence of an additional auxiliary ligand also plays an important role in the hydrothermal synthesis of CPs, especially by facilitating product crystallization. Introduction of a common auxiliary N,N-donor ligand such as 2,2′-bipyridine of 1,10-phenanthroline usually changes the coordination environment of metal centers, thus resulting in the generation of different structures (Table 5). For example, the reaction of a cobalt(II) salt with H2cppa with no auxiliary ligand leads to a 2D coordination polymer [Co(μ3-cppa)(H2O)2]n (27), whereas simpler 1D zigzag chain products {[Co(μ-cppa)(2,2′-bpy)(H2O)]·H2O}n (28) and [Co(μ-cppa)(phen)(H2O)]n (29) are generated in the presence of 2,2′-bpy or phen, respectively. Similarly, structurally distinct CPs {[Nd(µ-Hcpna)2(µ-cpna)2(H2O)2]·3H2O}n (34) and {[Nd(µ-Hcpna)2(µ4-cpna)2(phen)]·2H2O}n (35) (Figure 7) were prepared under the same synthetic conditions except the introduction of phen in 35. As can be seen from various examples collected in Table 5, the use of the N,N-donor auxiliary ligands tends to facilitate the formation of CPs with a lower dimensionality if compared to the systems without an auxiliary ligand. However, rather complex 3D MOF {[Cd3(µ5-btc)2(phen)2(H2O)]·H2O}n (31) can also be generated in the presence of the auxiliary ligand (Table 5).

2.7. Effect of Template

Template-assisted synthesis of CPs has attracted a special attention as a promising approach toward tunable architectures or structures that might be difficult to access by routine synthetic methods [47,53,54]. Various inorganic ions or organic molecules can be used as templating agents in the hydrothermal synthesis of coordination polymers. In particular, 4,4′-bipyridine acts not only as a common linker in CPs but is frequently applied as a template. Selected pairs of structurally distinct coordination polymers obtained with or without template are summarized in Table 6. For example, although compounds {[Ni3(µ4-dcppa)2(H2O)6]·2H2O}n (42) and {[Ni3(µ5-dcppa)2(H2O)6]·2H2O}n (43) were prepared under similar reaction conditions except using 4,4′-bipy as a templating agent in 43, they feature structures of different dimensionality and topology (Figure 8).

2.8. Effect of Two Main Ligands

Although a substantial number of coordination polymers incorporating various kinds of carboxylate ligands has been reported [56], the examples of heteroleptic networks constructed from a combination of two kinds of biphenyl or phenyl-pyridine carboxylate building blocks (Scheme 1) are barely known. It is primarily caused by different solubility of such ligands, distinct coordination modes and charges, as well as ligand competition for metal node during the hydrothermal synthesis and crystallization. The latter factor may often lead to the formation of a mixture of simpler products containing only one main building block rather than more complex products comprising both carboxylate ligands. The competition between two main carboxylate building blocks for metal nodes can be even more pronounced when the reaction mixture also contains an additional auxiliary ligand along with water as a solvent and frequent terminal ligand source. The effect of two different types of biphenyl carboxylate moieties on the structure of the resulting metal-organic network remains poorly studied. Notable examples of CPs combining two kinds of biphenyl carboxylate blocks include a 2D network [Cd2(µ5-cpic)2(µ-bpdc)0.5(phen)2]n (45) and a 3D MOF [Co2(µ7-btc)2(µ-bpydc)0.5(py)3]n (47) that feature distinct structures and topologies in comparison with their counterparts {[Cd2(µ4-cpic)(µ3-OH)(phen)2]·2H2O}n (44) and {[Co3(µ4-btc)2(µ-H2O)2(py)4(H2O)2]·(py)2}n (46), respectively (Table 7, Figure 9).

3. Selected Functional Properties and Applications

3.1. Highly Porous MOFs

Some coordination polymers based on multifunctional carboxylic acids with phenyl-pyridine or biphenyl cores possess the highly porous structures and excellent stability (Table 8). These properties make these materials rather promising for exploring CO2 capture and gas storage applications. As illustrated in Table 8 and Figure 10, Zhao an co-workers synthesized a UiO type MOF derived from the H2bpydc block, [Zr6(µ3-O)4(OH)4(µ-bpydc)12] (50). This MOF exhibits high storage capacity for H2, CH4, and CO2, showing an unusual stepwise adsorption for liquid CO2 and solvents with a sequential filling mechanism on different adsorption sites. Other related MOFs with high porosity and interesting N2, H2, CO2 and/or CH4 uptake behavior include [Cu2(µ3-pyip)2(H2O)2]0.5[Cu(pyip)] (48), {[Cu(µ3-pyip)(H2O)2]·1.5DMF}n (49), and [Zn3(µ5-bpydc)2(HCOO)2]·H2O·DMF (51) (Table 8).

3.2. Highly Luminescent Materials

MOFs based on the europium(III) and terbium(III) nodes are highly luminescent compounds. As illustrated in Table 9 and Figure 11, an interesting example concerns a Tb MOF [Tb(µ4-bpydc)(µ3-HCOO)]n (53) derived from the H2bpydc building block. It features a remarkable temperature-dependent photoluminescence. At 298 K, under UV excitation, compound 53 glows red-orange, whereas at 77 K it emits a green light. Another example concerns a Eu(III) derivative [Eu2(µ4-pyip)3(H2O)4]n·2nDMF·3nH2O (52) that is capable of emitting different colors ranging from yellow to red and orange.

3.3. Compounds with Unusual Magnetic Properties

Some coordination polymers derived from multifunctional carboxylic acids with phenyl-pyridine or biphenyl cores can exhibit unusual magnetic properties. Selected examples are highlighted in Table 10. In particular, Du and co-workers assembled a 3D MOF, {[Dy2(µ4-pyip)3(H2O)4]·2DMF·3H2O}n (54), using H2pyip as a building block. This compound possesses the pcu topology and exhibits a slow magnetization relaxation behavior (Figure 12). Other notable examples of magnetic CPs include a nickel(II) derivative [Ni3(µ5-pyip)2(µ-HCOO)2(H2O)2]n (55) with a long-range magnetic ordering as well as the dysprosium(III) [Dy(µ5-bptc)(phen)(H2O)]n (56) and {[Dy3Co2(µ4-bpydc)5(µ3-Hbpydc)(H2O)5](ClO4)2}n (57) frameworks with a slow magnetization relaxation behavior.

3.4. Selective Sensing Materials

It is known that some fluorescent MOF materials are sensitive to the presence or absence of guest solvent molecules. As illustrated in Table 11 and Figure 13, Wen and co-workers reported a 3D MOF based on the H2pyip ligand, [Zn(µ3-pyip)(bimb)·(H2O)]n (58). This MOF exhibits the first report of a MOF material as a promising luminescent probe for detecting pesticides. This compound is also unique by allowing a detection of both pesticides and solvent molecules simultaneously. Other examples of sensing MOFs are shown in Table 11.

4. Conclusions and Outlook

In this mini-review, we featured selected recent examples of coordination polymers (CPs) or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that were constructed from various multifunctional carboxylic acids with phenyl-pyridine or biphenyl cores (Scheme 1). Despite being still little explored, these types of semi-rigid, thermally stable, and versatile building blocks appear to be very promising for the hydrothermal synthesis of metal-organic networks with different structural characteristics, topologies, and functional properties. The present work also highlighted an importance of different reaction parameters and conditions on the assembly and structural diversity of coordination polymers. The effects of the type of main carboxylate ligand, kind of metal node, stoichiometry and molar ratio of reagents, temperature, presence or absence of auxiliary ligands or templates were showcased. In addition, some examples of highly porous MOFs, notable luminescent materials, compounds with unusual magnetic properties, and frameworks for selective sensing applications were described.
We believe the application of multifunctional carboxylic acids containing phenyl-pyridine or biphenyl cores toward the design of coordination polymers will be continued, leading to new series of coordination compounds and derived materials with fascinating structural features and notable functional properties. Future research might focus on: (A) widening the family of multicarboxylate building blocks to new members with additional functional groups; (B) diversifying the types of metal nodes; (C) assembling heterometallic metal-organic architectures; (D) optimizing the conditions of the hydrothermal synthesis and crystallization; (E) predicting the structural and topological characteristics; and (F) broadening the types of possible applications of the obtained coordination polymers.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project 21572086). AMK and MVK acknowledge the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal (UID/QUI/00100/2013, IF/01395/2013/CP1163/CT005).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

0Dzero-dimensional
1Done-dimensional
2Dtwo-dimensional
3Dthree-dimensional
CPcoordination polymer
MOFmetal-organic framework
H2cpna5-(2′-carboxylphenyl)-nicotinic acid
H2pyip5-(4-pyridyl)-isophthalic acid
H2cppa4-(3-carboxyphenyl)-picolinic acid
H2bpydc2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-dicarboxylic acid
H3bptcbiphenyl-2,5,3′-tricarboxylic acid
H3btcbiphenyl-2,4,4′-tricarboxylic acid
H3cpic4-(5-carboxypyridin-2-yl)-isophthalic acid
H3cptc2-(4-carboxypyridin-3-yl)-terephthalic acid
H3dcppa5-(6-carboxypyridin-3-yl)-isophthalic acid
H3cpta2-(5-carboxypyridin-2-yl)-terephthalic acid
pypyridine
phen1,10-phenanthroline
2,2′-bpy2,2′-bipyridine
4,4′-bpy4,4′-bipyridine
H2biim2,2′-biimidazole
H2bpdc4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid
bimb4,4′-bis(1-imidazolyl)biphenyl

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Crystals 08 00083 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Ten selected multifunctional carboxylic acids used as building blocks for the design of CPs or MOFs.
Scheme 1. Ten selected multifunctional carboxylic acids used as building blocks for the design of CPs or MOFs.
Crystals 08 00083 sch001
Crystals 08 00083 g001 550
Figure 1. Images showing examples of single crystals of Ni (a), Cd (b), and Cu (c) coordination polymers generated hydrothermally.
Figure 1. Images showing examples of single crystals of Ni (a), Cd (b), and Cu (c) coordination polymers generated hydrothermally.
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Crystals 08 00083 g002 550
Figure 2. Images of the Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclaves (a) and an oven with temperature control (b) typically applied for the hydrothermal generation of CPs.
Figure 2. Images of the Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclaves (a) and an oven with temperature control (b) typically applied for the hydrothermal generation of CPs.
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Crystals 08 00083 g003 550
Figure 3. (a) 1D ladder chain in 1. (b) 1D zigzag chain in 2. (c) 3D metal-organic framework in 3. Adapted from [42,44,45].
Figure 3. (a) 1D ladder chain in 1. (b) 1D zigzag chain in 2. (c) 3D metal-organic framework in 3. Adapted from [42,44,45].
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Crystals 08 00083 g004 550
Figure 4. Structural fragments of MOF 17. (a) Hexagonal Sm12 macrocycle; green balls are Sm2 units. (b) Interconnection of hexagonal macrocycles into a 2D layer motif; green balls are Sm2 units. (c) 3D metal-organic framework. Adapted from [43].
Figure 4. Structural fragments of MOF 17. (a) Hexagonal Sm12 macrocycle; green balls are Sm2 units. (b) Interconnection of hexagonal macrocycles into a 2D layer motif; green balls are Sm2 units. (c) 3D metal-organic framework. Adapted from [43].
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Crystals 08 00083 g005 550
Figure 5. Topological representation of underlying 3D nets: (a) ant (anatase) net in 19; (b) topologically unique net in 20 with the point symbol of (42.6)4(42.84)(46.64.814.104). Adapted from [50].
Figure 5. Topological representation of underlying 3D nets: (a) ant (anatase) net in 19; (b) topologically unique net in 20 with the point symbol of (42.6)4(42.84)(46.64.814.104). Adapted from [50].
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Crystals 08 00083 g006 550
Figure 6. 3D metal-organic frameworks of 25 (a) and 26 (b). Adapted from [52].
Figure 6. 3D metal-organic frameworks of 25 (a) and 26 (b). Adapted from [52].
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Crystals 08 00083 g007 550
Figure 7. (a) 2D metal-organic layer in 34. (b) 1D double chain in 35. Adapted from [42].
Figure 7. (a) 2D metal-organic layer in 34. (b) 1D double chain in 35. Adapted from [42].
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Crystals 08 00083 g008 550
Figure 8. Topological representation of underlying nets: (a) 2D layer with 3,4L83 topology in 42; (b) 3D framework with tcs topology in 43. Adapted from [47].
Figure 8. Topological representation of underlying nets: (a) 2D layer with 3,4L83 topology in 42; (b) 3D framework with tcs topology in 43. Adapted from [47].
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Crystals 08 00083 g009 550
Figure 9. Topological representation of underlying nets: (a) 2D layer with 3,4L33 topology in 44; (b) trinodal 3,3,5-connected 2D layer in 45 with the unique topology and point symbol of (4.62)(43)(44.64.82). Adapted from [57].
Figure 9. Topological representation of underlying nets: (a) 2D layer with 3,4L33 topology in 44; (b) trinodal 3,3,5-connected 2D layer in 45 with the unique topology and point symbol of (4.62)(43)(44.64.82). Adapted from [57].
Crystals 08 00083 g009
Crystals 08 00083 g010a 550Crystals 08 00083 g010b 550
Figure 10. (a) 3D metal-organic framework of 50. (b–e) Adsorption isotherms of 50 for (b) N2, (c) H2 and D2 (inset), (d) CO2, and (e) CH4. Adapted from [61].
Figure 10. (a) 3D metal-organic framework of 50. (b–e) Adsorption isotherms of 50 for (b) N2, (c) H2 and D2 (inset), (d) CO2, and (e) CH4. Adapted from [61].
Crystals 08 00083 g010aCrystals 08 00083 g010b
Crystals 08 00083 g011 550
Figure 11. (a) 3D metal-organic framework of 53; (b) temperature-dependent red-orange (top, 298 K) or green (bottom, 77 K) emission under UV excitation. Adapted from [64].
Figure 11. (a) 3D metal-organic framework of 53; (b) temperature-dependent red-orange (top, 298 K) or green (bottom, 77 K) emission under UV excitation. Adapted from [64].
Crystals 08 00083 g011
Crystals 08 00083 g012 550
Figure 12. (a) 3D metal-organic framework of 54. (b,c) Ac susceptibility of 54 measured in zero dc fields and plotted as χ′T vs. T (b) and χ′′ vs. T (c). Adapted from [63].
Figure 12. (a) 3D metal-organic framework of 54. (b,c) Ac susceptibility of 54 measured in zero dc fields and plotted as χ′T vs. T (b) and χ′′ vs. T (c). Adapted from [63].
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Crystals 08 00083 g013 550
Figure 13. (a) 3D metal-organic framework of 58. (b,c) Photoluminescence intensities of 58 introduced to (b) various pure solvents or (c) different pesticides (1 × 10−3 M in DMF); λex = 290 nm. Adapted from [68].
Figure 13. (a) 3D metal-organic framework of 58. (b,c) Photoluminescence intensities of 58 introduced to (b) various pure solvents or (c) different pesticides (1 × 10−3 M in DMF); λex = 290 nm. Adapted from [68].
Crystals 08 00083 g013
Table
Table 1. Selected examples of coordination polymers (CPs) showing an effect of main carboxylate ligand on product structure.
Table 1. Selected examples of coordination polymers (CPs) showing an effect of main carboxylate ligand on product structure.
CompoundFormulaLigandStructureReference
1[Mn(µ3-cpna)(phen)(H2O)]nH2cpna1D ladder chain[42]
2[Mn(µ-cppa)(phen)(H2O)]nH2cppa1D zigzag chain[44]
3[Mn(µ4-bpydc)(phen)]nH2bpydc3D MOF[45]
4[Co(µ3-cpna)(2,2′-bpy)(H2O)]nH2cpna2D layer[42]
5{[Co(µ-cppa)(2,2′-bpy)(H2O)]·H2O}nH2cppa1D zigzag chain[44]
6[Zn3(µ3-cptc)2(H2O)6]nH3cptc1D ladder chain[46]
7{[Zn3(µ5-dcppa)2(H2O)4]·2H2O}nH3dcppa3D MOF[47]
8[Mn(µ-Hdcppa)(phen)(H2O)]2·2H2OH3dcppa0D dimer[47]
9{[Mn(µ4-Hcpta)(phen)]·4H2O}nH3cpta3D MOF[48]
Table
Table 2. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of metal source on product structure.
Table 2. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of metal source on product structure.
CompoundFormulaMetal SourceStructureReference
10[Co(μ-cppa)(phen)(H2O)]nCoCl2·6H2O1D zigzag chain[44]
11{[Cd3(μ3-cppa)3(phen)2]·4H2O}nCdCl2·H2O3D MOF[44]
12{[Y2(µ4-cpna)3(phen)2(H2O)]·H2O}nY(NO3)3·6H2O3D MOF[43]
13[Tm(µ3-cpna)(phen)(NO3)]nTm(NO3)3·6H2O1D double chain[43]
14{[Cd(µ3-Hbtc)(phen)(H2O)]·H2O}nCdCl2·H2O1D chain[49]
15[Pb3(µ4-Hbtc)2(phen)]nPbCl23D MOF[49]
16[Ni(Hbtc)2(phen)2(H2O)]·2H2ONiCl2·6H2O0D monomer[50]
17{[Sm(Hcpna)(µ4-cpna)(phen)]2·H2O}nSm(NO3)3·6H2O3D MOF[43]
18{[Sm(Hcpna)(µ4-cpna)(phen)]2·2H2O}nSmCl3·6H2O1D chain[43]
Table
Table 3. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of reagents molar ratio on product structure.
Table 3. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of reagents molar ratio on product structure.
CompoundFormulaMolar RatioStructureReference
19{[Co3(μ4-btc)2(μ-H2O)2(py)4(H2O)2]·(py)2}nCoCl2:H3btc = 1.5:13D MOF[50]
20{[Co3.5(μ6-btc)2(μ3-OH)(py)2(H2O)3]·H2O}nCoCl2:H3btc = 1.77:13D MOF[50]
21[Ni(Hcppa)2(H2O)2]·2H2ONaOH:H2cppa = 1:10D monomer[44]
22[Ni(μ3-cppa)(H2O)2]nNaOH:H2cppa = 2:12D layer[44]
23{[Zn3(µ6-bptc)2(H2O)4]·H2O}nNaOH:H3bptc = 3:13D MOF[51]
24[Zn5(μ3-OH)4(µ6-bptc)2(H2O)2]nNaOH:H3bptc = 5:13D MOF[51]
Table
Table 4. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of reaction temperature on product structure.
Table 4. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of reaction temperature on product structure.
CompoundFormulaTemperature (°C)StructureReference
25{[Co2(µ3-pyip)2(DMF)]·(solv)}n803D MOF[52]
26{[Co(µ3-pyip)]·2DMF}n1203D MOF[52]
Table
Table 5. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of auxiliary ligand on product structure.
Table 5. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of auxiliary ligand on product structure.
CompoundFormulaAuxiliary LigandStructureReference
27[Co(μ3-cppa)(H2O)2]nno2D network[44]
28{[Co(μ-cppa)(2,2′-bpy)(H2O)]·H2O}n2,2′-bpy1D zigzag chain[44]
29[Co(μ-cppa)(phen)(H2O)]nphen1D zigzag chain[44]
30{[Cd3(µ6-btc)2(H2O)5]·4H2O}nno3D MOF[49]
31{[Cd3(µ5-btc)2(phen)2(H2O)]·H2O}nphen3D MOF[49]
32[Mn(µ3-cpna)(2,2′-bpy)(H2O)]n2,2′-bpy2D layer[42]
33[Mn(µ3-cpna)(phen)(H2O)]nphen1D ladder chain[42]
34{[Nd(µ-Hcpna)2(µ-cpna)2(H2O)2]·3H2O}nno2D layer[42]
35{[Nd(µ-Hcpna)2(µ4-cpna)2(phen)]·2H2O}nphen1D double chain[42]
Table
Table 6. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of template on product structure.
Table 6. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of template on product structure.
CompoundFormulaTemplateStructureReference
36{[Mn2(µ3-pyip)2(H2O)4]·5H2O}nno2D layer[55]
37[Mn3(µ5-pyip)2(µ-HCOO)2(H2O)2]n4,4′-bpy2D layer[55]
38[Co(µ3-pyip)(EtOH)(H2O)]nno2D layer[55]
39{[Co(µ4-pyip)(H2O)]·H2O}ncyanoacetic acid2D double layer[55]
40{[Mn3(µ4-dcppa)2(H2O)6]·3H2O}nno2D layer[47]
41{[Mn3(µ5-dcppa)2(H2O)6]·4H2O}n4,4′-bpy3D MOF[47]
42{[Ni3(µ4-dcppa)2(H2O)6]·2H2O}nno2D layer[47]
43{[Ni3(µ5-dcppa)2(H2O)6]·2H2O}n4,4′-bpy3D MOF[47]
Table
Table 7. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of two main carboxylate ligands on product structure.
Table 7. Selected examples of CPs showing an effect of two main carboxylate ligands on product structure.
CompoundFormulaMain LigandStructureReference
44{[Cd2(µ4-cpic)(µ3-OH)(phen)2]·2H2O}nH3cpic2D layer[57]
45[Cd2(µ5-cpic)2(µ-bpdc)0.5(phen)2]nH3cpic, H2bpdc2D layer[57]
46{[Co3(µ4-btc)2(µ-H2O)2(py)4(H2O)2]·(py)2}nH3btc3D MOF[50]
47[Co2(µ7-btc)2(µ-bpydc)0.5(py)3]nH3btc, H2bpydc3D MOF[58]
Table
Table 8. Selected examples of highly porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).
Table 8. Selected examples of highly porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).
CompoundFormulaPorosityApplications in Gas Uptake or SeparationReference
48[Cu2(µ3-pyip)2(H2O)2]0.5[Cu(pyip)]60.8%N2, H2, CO2[59]
49{[Cu(µ3-pyip)]·2H2O·1.5DMF}n54.0%N2, H2, CO2[60]
50[Zr6(µ3-O)4(OH)4(µ-bpydc)12]68.5%N2, H2, CO2, CH4[61]
51[Zn3(µ5-bpydc)2(HCOO)2]·H2O·DMF64.3%N2, CO2, CH4[62]
Table
Table 9. Selected examples of highly luminescent MOFs.
Table 9. Selected examples of highly luminescent MOFs.
CompoundFormulaλem (nm)ColorReference
52[Eu2(µ4-pyip)3(H2O)4]n·2nDMF·3nH2O255–365yellow to red and then to orange[63]
53[Tb(µ4-bpydc)(µ3-HCOO)]n614, 541red-orange (298 K), green (77 K)[64]
Table
Table 10. Selected examples of CPs with unusual magnetic properties.
Table 10. Selected examples of CPs with unusual magnetic properties.
CompoundFormulaMagnetic BehaviorHighlightReference
54{[Dy2(µ4-pyip)3(H2O)4]·2DMF·3H2O}nweak ferromagneticslow magnetization relaxation behavior[63]
55[Ni3(µ5-pyip)2(µ-HCOO)2(H2O)2]nweak ferromagneticlong-range magnetic ordering[65]
56[Dy(µ5-bptc)(phen)(H2O)]nantiferromagneticslow magnetization relaxation behavior[66]
57{[Dy3Co2(µ4-bpydc)5(µ3-Hbpydc)(H2O)5](ClO4)2·11H2O}nantiferromagneticslow magnetization relaxation behavior[67]
Table
Table 11. Selected examples of MOFs with selective sensing behavior.
Table 11. Selected examples of MOFs with selective sensing behavior.
CompoundFormulaStructureAnalyteReference
58[Zn(µ3-pyip)(bimb)·(H2O)]n3D MOFacetone, pesticides[68]
59[Zr6(µ3-O)4(OH)4(µ4-bpydc)12]n3D MOFFe3+ ions[69]
60[Eu2(µ4-bpydc)3(H2O)3]n·nDMF3D MOFCu2+ ions[69]

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Gu, J.; Wen, M.; Liang, X.; Shi, Z.; Kirillova, M.V.; Kirillov, A.M. Multifunctional Aromatic Carboxylic Acids as Versatile Building Blocks for Hydrothermal Design of Coordination Polymers. Crystals 2018, 8, 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8020083

AMA Style

Gu J, Wen M, Liang X, Shi Z, Kirillova MV, Kirillov AM. Multifunctional Aromatic Carboxylic Acids as Versatile Building Blocks for Hydrothermal Design of Coordination Polymers. Crystals. 2018; 8(2):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8020083

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gu, Jinzhong, Min Wen, Xiaoxiao Liang, Zifa Shi, Marina V. Kirillova, and Alexander M. Kirillov. 2018. "Multifunctional Aromatic Carboxylic Acids as Versatile Building Blocks for Hydrothermal Design of Coordination Polymers" Crystals 8, no. 2: 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8020083

APA Style

Gu, J., Wen, M., Liang, X., Shi, Z., Kirillova, M. V., & Kirillov, A. M. (2018). Multifunctional Aromatic Carboxylic Acids as Versatile Building Blocks for Hydrothermal Design of Coordination Polymers. Crystals, 8(2), 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8020083

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