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Article

An Unexpected Trinuclear Cobalt(II) Complex Based on a Half-Salamo-Like Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, Antimicrobial and Fluorescent Properties

by
Ruo-Yan Li
1,2,
Xiao-Xin An
3,
Juan-Li Wu
3,
You-Peng Zhang
1,* and
Wen-Kui Dong
3,*
1
School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2
PetroChina Lanzhou Huanqiu Petrochemical Engineering Company, Lanzhou 730060, China
3
School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2019, 9(8), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9080408
Submission received: 17 July 2019 / Revised: 31 July 2019 / Accepted: 2 August 2019 / Published: 6 August 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of Coordination Compounds)
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Abstract

:
An unexpected trinuclear Co(II) complex, [Co3(L2)2(μ-OAc)2(CH3OH)2]·2CH3OH (H2L2 = 4,4′-dibromo-2,2′-[ethylenedioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenol) constructed from a half-Salamo-based ligand (HL1 = 2-[O-(1-ethyloxyamide)]oxime-4-bromophenol) and Co(OAc)2·4H2O, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectra (IR), UV-Vis spectra, X-ray crystallography and Hirshfeld surface analysis. The Co(II) complex contains three Co(II) atoms, two completely deprotonated (L2)2− units, two bridged acetate molecules, two coordinated methanol molecules and two crystalline methanol molecules, and finally, a three-dimensional supramolecular structure with infinite extension was formed. Interestingly, during the formation of the Co(II) complex, the ligand changed from half-Salamo-like to a symmetrical single Salamo-like ligand due to the bonding interactions of the molecules. In addition, the antimicrobial activities of HL1 and its Co(II) complex were also investigated.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The Salen compound is a multifunctional tetradentate N2O2 chelating ligand in modern coordination chemistry and it is the most popular class of Schiff base ligands in this research field. Such ligands have multiple coordination sites and multiple selectivities to react with metal ions such as transition metal ions and rare earth metal ions [1,2]. Thus, a variety of complexes or polymers ranging from zero-dimensional to one-dimensional chain, two-dimensional and three-dimensional networks are obtained. As chemists continue to delve into the structures and properties of Salen-like metal complexes, the study of Salamo-like ligands and their complexes are also hot progress [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Therefore, such ligands and complexes have been successfully applied to functional materials [11,12,13], catalysts [14], biological fields [15,16,17,18,19], electrochemical research [20,21,22,23], magnetic materials [24,25,26,27,28], luminescences [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38], ion recognitions [39,40,41], supramolecular buildings [42,43,44,45,46] and other fields, and have great prospects for their research.
A new trinuclear Co(II) complex based on a half-Salamo-like ligand was synthesized and characterized structurally by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Herein, during the reaction of the ligand HL1 with the Co(II) ions to form an unexpected complex, the Co(II) ions does not bind to the half-Salamo-like ligand HL1 that is intended to be designed. Instead, it combined with a newly formed symmetric Salamo-like ligand H2L2 during the reaction to form an unexpected trinuclear Co(II) complex. It is worth mentioning that while studying the Hirshfeld surface analysis, the antibacterial activities were also studied.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials and Measurements

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (≥97.0%) was purchased from Meryer Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The other reagents and solvents were analytical grade reagents from Tianjin Chemical Reagent Factory and used as received. Melting points were measured by the use of a microscopic melting point apparatus made by the Beijing Taike Instrument Limited Company (Beijing, China) and the thermometer was uncorrected. Elemental analyses of metal element (Co) and non-metallic elements (C, H, and N) were measured by an atomic emission spectrometer (IRIS ER/S·WP-1 ICP) and automatic elemental detection analyzer (GmbH VariuoEL V3.00) from Berlin, Germany, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on a VERTEX 70 FT-IR spectrophotometer with samples prepared as KBr (500–4000 cm−1) from Bruker, Germany. UV-vis absorption spectra were measured on a UV-3900 spectrophotometer from Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan. Fluorescence spectra were recorded on a F-7000 FL 220-240V spectrophotometer from Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan. Hirshfeld surface analysis of the Co(II) complex was performed using the Crystal Explorer program [47]. X-ray single-crystal diffraction data was collected by a Bruker APEX-II CCD surface detecting diffractometer (Bruker, Germany), and Mo-Kα (λ = 0.71073 Å) ray radiation was monochromated with graphite.

2.2. Synthesis of HL1

2-[O-(1-ethyloxyamide)]oxime-4-bromophenol (HL1) was synthesized according to an analogous method reported earlier [48]. m.p.: 60−61 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.95 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 2H), 4.36 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 2H), 5.50 (brs, 2H), 6.87 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 9.88 (s, 1H). IR (KBr, cm−1): 3443 (s), 2993 (m), 2907 (m), 2815 (m), 1611 (s), 1492 (m), 1439 (s), 1393 (s), 1360 (s), 1320 (m), 1181 (m), 1036 (s), 950 (s), 897 (w), 778 (m), 706 (m), 665 (w). UV-Vis (CH3CH2OH), λmax (nm) (εmax): 265 and 322 nm (5.0 × 10−5 M). Anal. Calcd for C9H11BrN2O3 (%): C 39.29; H 4.03; N 10.18. Found: C 39.58; H 4.00; N 10.01.

2.3. Synthesis of the Co(II) Complex

An anhydrous methanol solution (2 mL) of cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate (4.98 mg, 0.020 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of HL1 (5.50 mg, 0.020 mmol) in dichloromethane solution (3 mL), the mixed solution color changed to reddish brown instantly, and stirred for about 10–15 min, then filtered and sealed with foil paper. As the mixture solution gradually diffused, several brown bulk crystals were obtained after two weeks in open atmosphere. The main reaction process of the Co(II) complex is given in Scheme 1. IR (KBr, cm−1): 3435 (s), 1605 (s), 1572 (m), 1468 (s), 1433 (m), 1403 (m), 1290 (m), 1178 (m), 1088 (w), 1042 (w), 951 (w), 930 (w), 828 (w), 789 (w), 704 (m), 646 (w), 531 (w). UV-Vis (CH3CH2OH), λmax (nm) (εmax): 372 nm (5.0 × 10−5 M). Anal. Calcd for [Co3(L2)2(μ-OAc)2(CH3OH)2]·2CH3OH (C40H46Br4Co3N4O16) (%): C 35.98; H 3.47; N 4.20; Co 13.24. Found: C 36.12; H 3.31; N 4.11; Co 13.08.

2.4. Crystal Structure of the Co(II) Complex

X-ray single crystal diffraction data of the Co(II) complex was collected by a Bruker APEX-II CCD surface-detecting diffractometer, and monochromatic Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) was carried out with a graphite monochromator. The data was corrected with Lp factor and empirical absorption correction. The crystal structure was analyzed by the SHELXTL program, and all non-hydrogen atoms were found by direct-distribution and Fourier difference analysis. The structure was subjected to full matrix minimum multiplication correction through all non-hydrogen atoms. Table 1 summarizes the details of data collection and refinements of the Co(II) complex. The Crystallography Data Center in Cambridge collected crystallographic data as supplemental publications, No. CCDC 1939557 for the Co(II) complex. The data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre and www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. IR Spectra

In Figure 1, infrared spectra show different bands of HL1 and the Co(II) complex in the range of 500–4000 cm−1. The O–H stretching frequency of HL1 appears at 3443 cm−1, and the peak of the Co(II) complex moves to lower frequency, which occurs at about 3435 cm−1. The O–H stretching vibration is caused by the presence of crystalline methanol molecules in the Co(II) complex. The ligand HL1 shows a characteristic C=N stretching band at 1611 cm−1, while the C=N stretching band of the Co(II) complex appears at 1605 cm−1. At the same time, the free ligand HL1 exhibits an Ar–O stretching frequency at 1181 cm−1, and that of the Co(II) complex appears at 1178 cm−1, and the Ar–O stretching frequency moving to low frequencies, indicating the formations of Co(II)–O bonds.

3.2. UV-Vis Spectra

The UV-visible absorption spectra of HL1 and the Co(II) complex (5.0 × 10−5 M, ethanol solution) were determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometer, as shown in Figure 2. It is obvious that the absorption peak of the Co(II) complex is significantly different from that of HL1. We can easily find out that the free ligand HL1 exhibits two characteristic absorption peaks at 265 and 322 nm, which can be attributed to the π–π* transitions [49]. The corresponding absorption peak of the Co(II) complex appear at 372 nm compared to the absorption peaks of the free ligand HL1. The absorption at 372 nm can be attributed to the n–π* charge transfer transition from the filled p–π orbital of the phenolic oxygen to the empty d orbital of the Co(II) ions, and indicates that the Co(II) ions and the ligand are successfully coordinated. In the UV-Vis titration experiment of the Co(II) complex, the absorbance at 265 and 322 nm gradually decreased and disappeared with the increase of Co2+ concentration (1.0 × 10−4 M, aqueous solution), while at 372 nm, a new absorption peak appears. This is a characteristic of Salamo-like complexes. When Co2+ was added to 1.5 equivalents, the absorption peak reaches the highest value. Spectral titration indicates that the ratio of displacement reaction was 1:1.5 ((L1)−:Co2+) (Figure 3).

3.3. Description of the Crystal Structure

The crystal structure of the Co(II) complex and coordination polyhedral map of Co(II) atoms of the Co(II) complex are shown in Figure 4, and the selected bond lengths and angles are given in Table 2. The X-ray crystal structure of the Co(II) complex shows that it crystallizes in the P-1 space group of the triclinic system, in which the Co(II) atoms are all in a twisted octahedral geometry. It is worth noting that a new symmetrical Salamo-like-based Co(II) complex [Co3(L2)2(μ-OAc)2(CH3OH)2]·2CH3OH was obtained instead of the half-Salamo-like Co(II) complex expected in advance. The results show that due to the catalysis of Co(II) ions [50,51], complexation leads to a N–O bond cleavage in HL1 (make the N–O–N cavity disappear), resulting in a new symmetric N2O2 tetradentate ligand H2L2, which coordinates with Co(II) ions and forms a homo-trinuclear Co(II) complex. So actually, the unexpected trinuclear Co(II) complex [Co3(L2)2(μ-OAc)2(CH3OH)2]·2CH3OH was formed by coordination of H2L2 with Co(OAc)2·4H2O, the molecular structure of the Co(II) complex consists of three Co(II) atoms and two completely deprotonated ligand (L2)2− units.
The corresponding hydrogen bonds of the Co(II) complex are summarized in Table 3. As illustrated in Figure 5a, there is one pair of intra-molecular hydrogen bonding interactions (C8–H8···O4) in the Co(II) complex [52], In addition, inter-molecular hydrogen bonding interactions are shown in Figure 5b, and three pairs of intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions were formed in the Co(II) complex, which was O5–H5F···O6, O6–H6···O3 and C14–H14···O1, respectively. Hydrogen bonding interactions play a significant role in the construction of the Co(II) complex. Therefore, an infinite 3-D supramolecular structure is finally formed (Figure 5c).

3.4. Fluorescence Spectra

The fluorescent properties of the ligand HL1 and the Co(II) complex in ethanol solvent are shown in Figure 6. The concentration of the ligand HL1 and the Co(II) complex was 5.0 × 10−5 M. At room temperature, at 320 nm excitation, the free ligand HL1 shows a relatively strong emission peak at 367 nm and should be assigned to the ligand π–π* transition. Compared with the free ligand HL1, a weak fluorescence intensity at 360 nm was observed in the Co(II) complex, indicating that the fluorescence characteristics were affected by the introduction of Co(II) ions, as a result, the fluorescence intensity gradually weakens during the process from the ligand HL1 to the Co(II) complex. These transitions may be related to the coordination of the ligand HL1 and the Co(II) ions, which allows the ligand to develop towards a more stable complex.

3.5. Hirshfeld Surface Analysis

Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D finger-printing of the Co(II) complex were performed using the Crystal Explorer program [47]. This figure can visually show the weak interactions in the molecular crystal. The electron density of the red region is relatively high because of the formation of hydrogen bonds, and the electron density of the blue region is small and there is no obvious interaction. As shown in Figure 7, the Hirshfeld surface distribution was performed on the Co(II) complex by Curvedness, Shape-Index, dnorm, de and di mapping.
The short-range interaction distribution inside the Co(II) complex was calculated by Hirshfeld fingerprint plot to quantify the intermolecular interaction. The 2-D fingerprint is summarized in Figure 8. As shown in the figure, for each molecule of the Co(II) complex, the proportion of C–H/H–C, O–H/H–O, H–H/H–H and Br–H/H–Br interactions was 9.8%, 5.7%, 40.7% and 13.6% of the total Hirshfeld surface, respectively. It is apparent that the intermolecular interactions of the total surface of Hirshfeld are mainly derived from the H–H/H–H interaction.

3.6. Antibacterial Activities

The antibacterial activities of HL1, cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrates and the Co(II) complex were tested by perforation method, and Gram-negative Escherichia coli was selected as the research object. First, the Co(II) complex is formulated into a solution of the same concentration using different solvents (DMF, DMSO, TCM, DCM, MeOH, EtOH, PA, ACN), and secondly, when culturing E. coli to OD600 ≈ 1.0 using LB liquid medium (2% agar), add 25 μL to LB solid medium at about 50 °C, pour the plate to solidify, and punch with a puncher. A sample of 200 μL of different solvent was added to each well and placed in an LRH-250-G light incubator at 37 °C for 12 h to observe the size of the zone of inhibition. As shown in Figure 9a, only the DMF has a larger diameter of the inhibition ring than other solvents, indicating that the complex has relatively strong antibacterial activity in the presence of DMF.
Four groups of solutions were prepared by DMF solution at concentrations of 0.4 mg/mL, 0.8 mg/mL, 1.6 mg/mL, and 3.2 mg/mL, respectively. Under the same conditions, using moxifloxacin as a positive control experiment, 200 μL of the sample was added to the LB solid medium, and all the samples were incubated at a constant temperature of 32 °C for 12 h, and Figure 9b is a zone of inhibition of a different sample at a concentration of 3.2 mg/mL, we can clearly see that the diameter of the inhibition zone of HL1, cobalt acetate, the Co(II) complex and moxifloxacin increased sequentially. From the results of Figure 10, it can be shown that the Co(II) complex has stronger antibacterial activity than the ligand, and the antibacterial activity increases as the concentration increases.

4. Conclusions

An unexpected supramolecular Co(II) complex [Co3(L2)2(μ-OAc)2(CH3OH)2]·2CH3OH was synthesized and characterized by physicochemical methods and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The results show that each Co(II) atoms is hexa-coordinated, and it forms three structurally stable octahedrons with O and N atoms of coordinated methanol molecules, bridged acetate molecules and the completely deprotonated (L2)2− moities. Each molecule of the Co(II) complex is linked to each other to form a three-dimensional supra-molecular network. This kind of complex has potential applications and deserves further study and can be used to develop novel transition metal complexes.

Author Contributions

W.-K.D. conceived and designed the experiments, and contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; X.-X.A., R.-Y.L. and J.-L.W. performed the experiments; Y.-P.Z. analyzed the data; R.-Y.L. and X.-X.A. wrote the paper.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 21761018), and the Program for Excellent Team of Scientific Research in Lanzhou Jiaotong University(Grant No. 201706).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Crystals 09 00408 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the Co(II) complex.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the Co(II) complex.
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Figure 1. IR spectra of HL1 and the Co(II) complex.
Figure 1. IR spectra of HL1 and the Co(II) complex.
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Figure 2. The UV-Vis spectra of HL1 and the Co(II) complex.
Figure 2. The UV-Vis spectra of HL1 and the Co(II) complex.
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Figure 3. Ultra violet (UV)-Vis spectra of the changes in HL1 upon addition of Co(OAc)2·4H2O (Inset: the absorbance at 320 nm varies with the interaction of [Co2+]/[HL1]).
Figure 3. Ultra violet (UV)-Vis spectra of the changes in HL1 upon addition of Co(OAc)2·4H2O (Inset: the absorbance at 320 nm varies with the interaction of [Co2+]/[HL1]).
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Figure 4. (a) The crystal structure of the Co(II) complex (hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity, and the atomic symbol only marked the symmetrical part); (b) Coordination polyhedral map of Co(II) atoms.
Figure 4. (a) The crystal structure of the Co(II) complex (hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity, and the atomic symbol only marked the symmetrical part); (b) Coordination polyhedral map of Co(II) atoms.
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Crystals 09 00408 g005a 550Crystals 09 00408 g005b 550
Figure 5. View of the hydrogen bonding interactions of the Co(II) complex (hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity, except those forming hydrogen bondings): (a) Intra-molecular hydrogen bonding interaction; (b) Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding interactions; (c) 3-D supra-molecular structure.
Figure 5. View of the hydrogen bonding interactions of the Co(II) complex (hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity, except those forming hydrogen bondings): (a) Intra-molecular hydrogen bonding interaction; (b) Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding interactions; (c) 3-D supra-molecular structure.
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Figure 6. Fluorescence spectra of HL1 and the Co(II) complex upon excitation at 320 nm (ethanol, 5.0 × 10−5 M).
Figure 6. Fluorescence spectra of HL1 and the Co(II) complex upon excitation at 320 nm (ethanol, 5.0 × 10−5 M).
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Figure 7. Hirshfeld surface analysis of the Co(II) complex: (a) Curvedness; (b) Shape-Index; (c) dnorm; (d) de; (e) di.
Figure 7. Hirshfeld surface analysis of the Co(II) complex: (a) Curvedness; (b) Shape-Index; (c) dnorm; (d) de; (e) di.
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Figure 8. Finger-print plot of percentages of contacts on the Hirshfeld surface in the Co(II) complex.
Figure 8. Finger-print plot of percentages of contacts on the Hirshfeld surface in the Co(II) complex.
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Crystals 09 00408 g009a 550Crystals 09 00408 g009b 550
Figure 9. (a) The diameter of the inhibition zone of Escherichia coli in different solvents of the Co(II) complex; (b) The diameter of the inhibition zone of Escherichia coli in different samples at a concentration of 3.2 mg/mL.
Figure 9. (a) The diameter of the inhibition zone of Escherichia coli in different solvents of the Co(II) complex; (b) The diameter of the inhibition zone of Escherichia coli in different samples at a concentration of 3.2 mg/mL.
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Figure 10. A histogram of the inhibition zone diameter of Escherichia coli at different concentrations of different samples.
Figure 10. A histogram of the inhibition zone diameter of Escherichia coli at different concentrations of different samples.
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Table
Table 1. Crystal data for the Co(II) complex.
Table 1. Crystal data for the Co(II) complex.
CompoundThe Co(II) Complex
FormulaC40H46Br4Co3N4O16
Formula weight1335.20
Temperature (K)173
Radiation (Å)0.71073
Crystal systemtriclinic
Space groupP−1
a (Å)10.9896(7)
b (Å)11.0596(7)
c (Å)11.2998(7)
α (°)99.760(2)
β (°)94.287(2)
γ (°)116.021(1)
V (Å3)1198.94(13)
Z1
Dcalc (g·cm−3)1.849
µ (mm−1)4.430
F (000)663
Crystal size (mm)0.17 × 0.19 × 0.22
θ Range (°)2.18–25.01
Index ranges−13 ≤ h ≤ 13
−13 ≤ k ≤ 13
−12 ≤ l ≤ 13
Completeness to θ97.7% (θ = 25.01)
Tot. Data8056
Uniq. Data4130
R (int)0.017
Observed Data3819
Nref/Npar4130/308
GOF1.055
R [I > 2σ(I)]R1 =0.0268, wR2 = 0.0711
Largest differences peak and hole (e Å−3)0.67/−0.56
R1 = Σ‖Fo| − |Fc‖/Σ|Fo|; wR2 = [Σw(Fo2 − Fc2)2/Σw(Fo2)2]1/2; GOF = [Σw(Fo2 − Fc2)2/nobs − nparam)]1/2.
Table
Table 2. Bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) of the Co(II) complex.
Table 2. Bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) of the Co(II) complex.
BondLengthsBondLengths
Co1–O42.058(2)Co2–O32.1243(19)
Co1–O52.114(2)Co2–O72.1109(18)
Co1–O72.063(2)Co2–O82.104(2)
Co1–O82.0538(18)Co2–O3 #12.1243(19)
Co1–N12.131(2)Co2–O7 #12.1109(18)
Co1–N22.127(2)Co2–O8 #12.104(2)
BondAnglesBondAngles
O4–Co1–O5176.02(9)O3–Co2–O786.91(7)
O4–Co1–O791.12(8)O3–Co2–O888.95(8)
O4–Co1–O893.46(8)O3–Co2–O3 #1180.00
O4–Co1–N186.33(9)O3–Co2–O7 #193.09(7)
O4–Co1–N293.12(8)O3–Co2–O8 #191.06(8)
O5–Co1–O792.86(8)O7–Co2–O877.29(7)
O5–Co1–O887.06(8)O3 #1–Co2–O793.09(7)
O5–Co1–N189.75(9)O7–Co2–O7 #1180.00
O5–Co1–N287.29(8)O7–Co2–O8 #1102.71(7)
O7–Co1–O879.48(8)O3 #1–Co2–O891.06(8)
O7–Co1–N1166.34(8)O7 #1–Co2–O8102.71(7)
O7–Co1–N287.42(8)O8–Co2–O8 #1180.00
O8–Co1–N187.27(9)O3 #1–Co2–O7 #186.91(7)
O8–Co1–N2165.44(9)O3 #1–Co2–O8 #188.95(8)
N1–Co1–N2106.11(9)O7 #1–Co2–O8 #177.29(7)
Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms: #1 1−x, 1−y, 1−z.
Table
Table 3. Hydrogen bonding interactions (Å, °) of the Co(II) complex.
Table 3. Hydrogen bonding interactions (Å, °) of the Co(II) complex.
D–H···Ad(D–H)d(H···A)d(D···A)∠D–H···ASymmetry Code
O5–H5F···O60.911.702.611(3)175
C6–H6···O30.841.832.666(3)1761−x, 1−y, 1−z
C8–H8B···O40.992.363.212(4)143
C14–H14···O10.952.603.307(4)1321+x, y, z

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Li, R.-Y.; An, X.-X.; Wu, J.-L.; Zhang, Y.-P.; Dong, W.-K. An Unexpected Trinuclear Cobalt(II) Complex Based on a Half-Salamo-Like Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, Antimicrobial and Fluorescent Properties. Crystals 2019, 9, 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9080408

AMA Style

Li R-Y, An X-X, Wu J-L, Zhang Y-P, Dong W-K. An Unexpected Trinuclear Cobalt(II) Complex Based on a Half-Salamo-Like Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, Antimicrobial and Fluorescent Properties. Crystals. 2019; 9(8):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9080408

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Ruo-Yan, Xiao-Xin An, Juan-Li Wu, You-Peng Zhang, and Wen-Kui Dong. 2019. "An Unexpected Trinuclear Cobalt(II) Complex Based on a Half-Salamo-Like Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, Antimicrobial and Fluorescent Properties" Crystals 9, no. 8: 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9080408

APA Style

Li, R. -Y., An, X. -X., Wu, J. -L., Zhang, Y. -P., & Dong, W. -K. (2019). An Unexpected Trinuclear Cobalt(II) Complex Based on a Half-Salamo-Like Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, Antimicrobial and Fluorescent Properties. Crystals, 9(8), 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9080408

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