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Article

Evaluation of the Composition and Accumulation Pattern of Fatty Acids in Tartary Buckwheat Seed at the Germplasm Level

by
Qiuyu Lv
1,
Jiarui Wang
2,
Peiyuan Sun
2,
Fang Cai
2,
Bin Ran
2,
Jiao Deng
2,
Taoxiong Shi
2,
Qingfu Chen
2 and
Hongyou Li
2,*
1
School of Big Data and Computer Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
2
Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2022, 12(10), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102447
Submission received: 20 September 2022 / Revised: 30 September 2022 / Accepted: 6 October 2022 / Published: 10 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)
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Abstract

:
Tartary buckwheat seeds not only contain higher contents of bioactive flavonoids, but also are rich in fatty acids. However, the composition, accumulation patterns, and biosynthesis genes of fatty acids in Tartary buckwheat seeds remain largely unclear. Here, we investigated the total lipid content, total flavonoid content, and ten fatty acids in the seeds of 31 different Tartary buckwheat accessions, analyzed the accumulation patterns of ten fatty acids during seed development, and identified the biosynthesis genes of fatty acids. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the total lipid content, total flavonoid content, and ten fatty acids among different Tartary buckwheat accessions. Among these ten fatty acids, the palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were the most abundant fatty acids in Tartary buckwheat seeds. A total of ten fatty acids displayed five kinds of different accumulation patterns during the development of seeds. A total of 14 genes involved in the biosynthesis of main fatty acid were identified and it was found that FAD5 may play a crucial role in fatty acid biosynthesis in Tartary buckwheat seed. These results not only indicate that Tartary buckwheat is an excellent food source, but also provide helpful information for new cultivar breeding with high health-promotion value.

1. Introduction

Fatty acids (FAs), especially unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs), are important nutritional substances and metabolites in living organisms [1,2]. They play important roles in the regulation of many physiological and biological functions in animals and plants. For humans, the deficiency of fatty acids, especially USFAs, influence health and bring risk of disease. For example, insufficient fatty acid intake by humans will lead to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory diseases, cancer, etc. [3,4,5]. Therefore, it is of great significance to identify the food sources containing abundant fatty acids, and especially USFAs, within plants.
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) is an important pseudocereal crop from the genus Fagopyrum of the Polygonaceae family. It originated in southwest China and is broadly cultivated in Asia, Europe, and North America [6,7]. In recent years, Tartary buckwheat has attracted worldwide attention in the food marketplace and its consumption has significantly increased [8]. The popularity of Tartary buckwheat arises from its abundant bioactive compounds, especially the high contents of bioactive flavonoid (rutin, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol, catechin, etc.), which possess diverse health and pharmaceutical effects for human such as anti-oxidative, anti-hypertension, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, neuro-protection, etc. [7,9]. Furthermore, Tartary buckwheat is also rich in nutrients, including starch, protein, fatty acids, etc. [10]. In Tartary buckwheat, it has been shown that the crude fat content ranges from 1.22 to 4.70% with an average content of 2.9%, and it is higher than other major crops, such as rice and wheat [11,12]. In addition, a total of 13 fatty acids have also been identified in dry seeds and germinating seeds of Tartary buckwheat, including lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3), arachidic acid (C20:0), cis-11-eicosenoicacid (C20:1), behenic acid (C22:0), ethyl cis-12-heneicosenoate (C21:1), and lignoceric acid (C24:0) [13,14,15,16,17]. Among these fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and linolenic acid are the major ones [10,12,16]. All these suggest that Tartary buckwheat may be a good source of fatty acids for humans. Although over 10 fatty acids have been identified in Tartary buckwheat seeds, the content differences among different Tartary buckwheat accessions are largely unclear. In addition, accumulation patterns in the developing seeds of Tartary buckwheat remain unexplored.
In plants, fatty acids are synthesized by various types of enzymes in plastids. The enzymes mainly include acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), ketoacyl-ACP Synthase (KAS), 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (KAR), 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (HAD), enoyl-ACP reductase (EAR), Stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD), fatty acid desaturase (FAD), and fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase (FAT) [18,19,20]. Among these enzymes, SAD and FAD play critical roles in USFAs biosynthesis, through catalyzing the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) desaturation [21,22]. The number of fatty acid biosynthesis genes is different in different plants, and the transcriptional activity of fatty acid biosynthesis genes has a great impact on the corresponding production of fatty acids [23,24]. However, to date, there is no available relevant information on the fatty acid biosynthesis genes in Tartary buckwheat, which largely limits our knowledge of the formation mechanisms of the fatty acids, and especially USFAs, in the Tartary buckwheat seeds.
Therefore, the objectives of this study are: (1) to elucidate the composition and content of fatty acids in different Tartary buckwheat germplasms; (2) to screen out excellent germplasms with both high oil quality and high flavonoid content; (3) to investigate the accumulation pattern of fatty acids during the development of Tartary buckwheat seeds; and (4) to identify the candidate genes contributing to the fatty acid biosynthesis in Tartary buckwheat seeds. This study provides valuable information for nutritional food science and Tartary buckwheat breeding programs.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Samples

A total of 31 Tartary buckwheat accessions were used in this study. All these accessions were obtained from the Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University (Guiyang, Guizhou, China). The 31 Tartary buckwheat accessions were planted in the experimental field of Guizhou Normal University [Anshun, Guizhou, China (Lat. 26°19′ N, 105°59′ E, Alt. 1433 m)] in March 2021, and were subjected to the same field management (weeding twice) during plant growth. The matured seeds of these accessions were collected in July 2021. Additionally, the flowers of 2 (TB01 and TB04) out of 31 accessions were tagged when they were fully opened (just finished pollination). Then, the seeds were collected at 10, 13, 16, 20, 25, and 30 days after pollination (DAP). All sample collections provided three biological replicates.

2.2. Chemicals and Reagents

Rutin, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), and 10 FAs: palmitic acid (PA), palmitoleic acid (PLA), stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), linolenic acid (LNA), arachidic acid (AA), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) standards were bought from Sigma Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Methanol, chloroform, and solvents of HPLC grade were purchased from Alltech Scientific (Beijing, China).

2.3. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content

The seeds of 31 Tartary buckwheat accessions were shelled and ground into fine powder. Then, 100 mg Tartary buckwheat powder was added into 3 mL 70% methanol and incubated for 4 h at 65 °C, with oscillating shaking at 160 rpm to extract the total flavonoid content. After centrifugation and filtering, the extracts were filled up to 5 mL with 70% methanol. Then, the aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used to determine the total flavonoid content, based on the process described by Song et al. [25]. Total flavonoid content was calculated with a calibration curve (R2 = 0.999) for rutin (Supplementary Table S1).

2.4. Lipid Extraction and Quantification

Lipids were extracted from the seed powder of 31 Tartary buckwheat accessions, following the different development stages of two accessions previously described [26]. In brief, 2.0 g seeds were crushed as powder. Then, 1.2 g seed powder was used to extract lipid by using a mixture of chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) and aqueous solution of sodium chloride (0.75%). After overnight separation at 4 °C, the homogenate was centrifuged and the CHCl3 layer was recovered to obtain the total lipids. Obtained lipids were weighed and resuspended in hexane, and then converted to fatty acid methyl esters. The fatty acid compositions were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Agilent 7890–5977, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). An HP-5 capillary column (30 m length × 0.25 mm id, 0.25 µm film thickness) was used. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. For the quantitative analysis of fatty acids, fatty acid methyl ester was used as an internal standard. The relative percentages of the fatty acids were calculated based on their peak areas.

2.5. Identification and Expression Analysis of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Genes in Tartary Buckwheat

The fatty acid biosynthesis genes, including KAS II, FATA, FATB, SAD, FAD, and PCH, were identified through combining the blastp program (e-values < e−5) in the local Tartary buckwheat protein blast database built in BioEdit software (Version 7.0.9.0) and a protein conserved domain search in the conserved domain database (CDD). The protein sequences of the genes from Arabidopsis thaliana were used as queries. For the expression analysis of these identified fatty acid biosynthesis genes, the seed transcriptome data of TB04 at 10, 13, 16, 20, 25, and 30 DAP from our lab were used (unpublished data). The heat map of gene expression was constructed using TBtools [27].

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Mean values for each sample were derived from three replications. Statistical analysis was evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan’s multiple range test. ANOVA analysis was performed using SPSS software package (v. 22). Differences at p < 0.05 were considered significant. In plants, studies have indicated that if the function of genes are involved in the biosynthesis of a substance, there is a good correlation between the expression level of genes and the accumulation content of the substance in different tissues or in the same tissue from different development stages or treatments [28,29]. To identify the key fatty acid biosynthesis in Tartary buckwheat seeds, correlation analysis between the expression level of fatty acid biosynthesis genes and related fatty acids accumulation was performed in the developing seeds of Tartary buckwheat at six different development stages. Correlation calculation was carried out using Microsoft Excel (Redmond, WA, USA). GraphPad Prism 8.0 software (GraphPad Software, USA) was used to plot graphs.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Total Lipid and Flavonoid Content among Different Tartary Buckwheat Accessions

Total seed lipid content (LC) was determined in the 31 different Tartary buckwheat accessions. We observed significant differences in total lipid content among the different Tartary buckwheat accessions (Figure 1A). The total seed lipid content ranged from 2.05% (for TB09) to 3.56% (for TB03), with an average value of 2.76% (Figure 1A). This was similar to the previous report by Qin et al., who found that lipid content of Tartary buckwheat seeds ranged from 1.22% to 4.70% [11]. As shown in Figure 1B, there were obvious differences in the total flavonoid content (FC) of seeds among the different Tartary buckwheat accessions. The total flavonoid content of seeds was in the range of 1.68% (for TB27)1 to 3.04% (TB29). Notably, among these 31 accessions, five had both high total lipid and flavonoid content, which were TB03 (LC = 3.56%, FC = 3.01%), TB11 (LC = 3.12%, FC = 2.73%), TB17 (LC = 3.10%, FC = 2.52%), TB05 (LC = 3.07%, FC = 2.66%), and TB06 (LC = 3.04%, FC= 2.55%). These indicate that the five accessions can be better sources with high lipid and flavonoid content among different Tartary buckwheat accessions.

3.2. Composition and Content of Fatty Acids among Different Tartary Buckwheat Accessions

Ten fatty acids were detected in the seeds from 31 Tartary buckwheat accessions. They all existed in the 31 tartary buckwheat seeds and there were significant differences among different accessions (Table 1). In detail, PA ranged from 1972.57 μg/g to 4365.18 μg/g; PLA, 978.25 μg/g to 2300.62 μg/g; SA, 357.61 μg/g to 1140.16 μg/g; OA, 4032.12 μg/g to 9542.63 μg/g; LA, 2750.06 μg/g to 7470. 18 μg/g; LNA, 87.28 μg/g to 194.45 μg/g; AA, 6.95 μg/g to 13.50 μg/g; ARA, 16.93 μg/g to 61.95 μg/g; EPA, 16.15 μg/g to 40.84 μg/g; and DHA, 6.45 μg/g to 32.29 μg/g (Table 1). Among the ten fatty acids, OA, LA, PA, PLA, and SA were the main FAs, together comprising 92.87% to 99.89% of total FA content (Table 1). This agreed with previous reports by Zhu [10] and Pirzadah et al. [12]. In contrast, the contents of ALA, AA, ARA, EPA, and DHA were very low, together making up 0.11% to 7.13% of total FA content (Table 1). Notably, among the ten fatty acids, ARA, EPA, and DHA were found in Tartary buckwheat seeds at first attempt. It is well known that ARA, EPA, and DHA play crucial roles in human health, especially in children, and have major involvement in the development of specific organs, preventing cardiovascular disease, and mediating many biochemical and physiological responses [30]. Our results indicate that Tartary buckwheat seeds may be a supplement food source for human uptake of ARA, EPA, and DHA.
Figure 2 displays the range and distribution of PA, PLA, SA, OA, LA, LNA, AA, ARA, EPA, and DHA content in 31 Tartary buckwheat accessions. The contents of ten FAs changed greatly within accessions. Notably, among these determined USFAs, the contents of LA in TB03, ARA in TB12, and DHA in TB01 were significantly higher than in other accessions (Figure 2). This indicates that TB03, TB12, and TB01 may be ideal food sources for LA, ARA, and DHA uptake in humans, and an excellent material for Tartary buckwheat breeding with high LA, ARA, and DHA content.

3.3. Identification of Tartary Buckwheat Germplasms with High USFAs and High Flavonoid Content

Both USFAs and flavonoids possess diverse health and pharmaceutical effects for humans [3,5,7,9]. To obtain the excellent Tartary buckwheat germplasms with high oil quality and high flavonoid content, the top 25% of Tartary buckwheat accessions with total flavonoid, OA, LA, LNA, AA, ARA, EPA, and DHA content were investigated. The top 25% of Tartary buckwheat accessions for each substance is shown in Table 2. Among the identified Tartary buckwheat accessions, TB03 was found to have higher total flavonoid (3.01%), OA (8060.30 μg g−1), LA (7470.18 μg g−1), AA (13.50 μg g−1), ARA (40.49 μg g−1), and EPA (35.74 μg g−1), which were the 2th, 4th, 1th, 1th, 7th, and 4th highest in all 31 Tartary buckwheat accessions, respectively (Table 2). In addition, the TB18 also had higher total flavonoid (2.58%), LA (6562.06 μg g−1), AA (12.35 μg g−1), ARA (48.00 μg g−1), EPA (34.14 μg g−1), and DHA (14.41μg g−1) content, which were the 8th, 2th, 6th, 3th, 5th, and 8th highest in all 31 Tartary buckwheat accessions, respectively (Table 2). These indicate that TB03 and TB18, especially TB03, are excellent Tartary buckwheat cultivars, beneficial to human health due to their high total flavonoid and USFAs content and can be used to develop a new functional food in Tartary buckwheat.

3.4. Accumulation Patterns of Fatty Acids in the Developing Seeds of Tartary Buckwheat

To date, although 13 fatty acids have been identified in Tartary buckwheat, the accumulation patterns of them in the developing seeds remain largely unclear [13,14,15,17]. To explore the accumulation patterns of fatty acids in the developing seeds of Tartary buckwheat, we determined the contents of ten fatty acids in the developing seeds of two Tartary buckwheat accessions (TB01 and TB04) in six different development stages (10 DAP, 13 DAP, 16 DAP, 20 DAP, 25 DAP, and 30 DAP). As shown in Figure 3, the ten fatty acids presented similar accumulation patterns in both TB01 and TB04 accessions. Succintly, ten fatty acids could be divided into five different accumulation patterns in the developing Tartary buckwheat seeds. In the first kind, only including LA, the content continued to increase from 10 DAP to 20 DAP, and then continued to decrease at 25 DAP and 30 DAP. In the second kind, only including OA, the content continued to increase from 10 DAP to 25 DAP, and then continued to decrease at 30 DAP. In the third kind, including PA (except TB01), PLA, SA, and ALA, the content decreased from 10 DAP to 13 DAP, and then continued to increase to 25 DAP and finally decreased at 30 DAP. In the fourth kind, consisting of AA, EPA, and DHA, the content continued to increase from 10 DAP to 30 DAP. In the fifth kind, only including ARA, the content continued to decrease from 10 DAP to 30 DAP (Figure 3). All these suggest that different fatty acids have specific accumulation patterns during Tartary buckwheat seed development.

3.5. Relative Expression of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Genes in Tartary Buckwheat

To the best of our knowledge, there is no information available on the fatty acid biosynthesis genes in Tartary buckwheat. Here, 14 (1 KAS II, 2 FATA, 2 FATB, 3 SAD, 1 FAD2, 1 FAD3, 1 FAD4, 1 FAD5, 1 FAD6, and 1 PCH) fatty acid biosynthesis genes were identified in the Tartary buckwheat genome, which involved the biosynthesis of PA, PLA, SA, OA, LA, and LNA, based on the homologous function annotation (Figure 4 and Supplementary Table S2) [18,19,20]. To further assess the expression patterns of the 14 fatty acid biosynthesis genes, we investigated their expression levels in the developing seeds of Tartary buckwheat at six different development stages (10 DAP, 13 DAP, 15 DAP, 20 DAP, 25 DAP, and 30 DAP) based on the FPKM value from RNA-seq. As shown in Figure 4, the FATA, FATB, KAS II, SAD, FAD2, and FAD3 were highly expressed at 10 DAP, 13 DAP, and 15 DAP. In contrast, FAD4, FAD5, and FAD 6 were highly expressed at 25 DAP and 30 DAP. In addition, the PCH displayed high expression at 10 DAP, 13 DAP, 25 DAP, and 30 DAP. Commonly, the expression level of metabolite biosynthesis-related genes was significantly correlated with the metabolite accumulation content [30,31,32,33]. To explore the relationship between the expression of these identified fatty acid biosynthesis genes and related fatty acids accumulation, we performed correlation analysis between gene expression and the accumulation of six corresponding fatty acids (PA, PLA, SA, OA, LA, and LNA) in the developing seeds of Tartary buckwheat at six different development stages. Among the 14 fatty acid biosynthesis genes, only FAD4 expression was obviously positively correlated with SA (R = 0.753, p = 3.56 × 10−6), and FAD5 expression was significantly positively correlated with PA (R = 0.971, p = 6.61 × 10−5), PLA (R = 0.906, p = 2.00 × 10−7), SA (R = 0.856, p = 4.13 × 10−6), OA (R = 0.949, p = 6.48 × 10−5), LA (R = 0.896, p = 2.87 × 10−6), and ALA (R = 0.874, p = 9.18 × 10−6) (Supplementary Table S3). The FAD5 expression was positively correlated with the six major fatty acids in Tartary buckwheat seeds, suggesting that it plays a crucial role in the fatty acid biosynthesis of Tartary buckwheat seeds. Notably, other identified fatty acid biosynthesis genes, including KAS II, FATA, FATB, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, and FAD6, were significantly negatively correlated (R < −0.70, p < 0.05) with most of the six fatty acids (Supplementary Table S3). Considering the encode protein of these fatty acid biosynthesis genes have been demonstrated to catalyze the related fatty acid biosynthesis in many plants [18,19,20,34,35], our results imply that the effects of KAS II, FATA, FATB, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, and FAD6 genes on the related fatty acid biosynthesis may depend on their protein levels rather than their transcription levels. The relationship between the protein content of these fatty acid biosynthesis genes, and related fatty acid accumulation during Tartary buckwheat seed development, is worth further studying.

4. Conclusions

The total lipid content, total flavonoid content, and ten fatty acids (PA, PLA, SA, OA, LA, LNA, AA, ARA, EPA, and DHA) in the seeds of 31 different Tartary buckwheat accessions were significantly different. Among the ten determined fatty acids, OA, LA, PA, PLA, and SA were the dominant fatty acids, and ARA, EPA, and DHA were first detected in Tartary buckwheat. Two excellent Tartary buckwheat accessions (TB03 and TB18) with high total flavonoid and USFAs contents were screened out for the health benefits of humans and the development of a new functional food. Ten fatty acids presented five different accumulation patterns in the developing Tartary buckwheat seeds. According to the correlation analysis between fatty acid biosynthesis genes expression and the six main (PA, PLA, SA, OA, LA, and LNA) fatty acids concentrations in the Tartary buckwheat seeds at different development stages, FAD5 was found to play a crucial role in the fatty acid biosynthesis. These results provide helpful information regarding a better use of Tartary buckwheat in the food industry and new cultivar breeding with higher health-promoting value.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy12102447/s1. Table S1: The calibration curve of total flavonoid quantification. Table S2: List of the fatty acid biosynthesis genes identified in this study. Table S3: The correlation between the expression of fatty acid biosynthesis genes and related fatty acids in the developing seed of Tartary buckwheat.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.L.; methodology, Q.L., J.W., P.S., F.C., B.R., J.D., T.S. and H.L.; investigation, Q.L., J.W., P.S., F.C. and B.R.; resources, H.L.; data curation, Q.L., J.W. and H.L.; writing—original draft preparation, Q.L.; writing—review and editing, F.C., Q.C. and H.L.; supervision, H.L.; funding acquisition, Q.C. and H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province (QianKeHeJiChu-ZK[2021]ZhongDian035), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32260461), the Opening Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region of Ministry of Education (QianJiaoHeKYZi [2019]035), and the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-07-A5).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article and Supplementary Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Agronomy 12 02447 g001 550
Figure 1. The total lipid (A) and total flavonoid (B) content of different Tartary buckwheat accessions. Different letters correspond to significant differences among different Tartary buckwheat accessions from the ANOVA with Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).
Figure 1. The total lipid (A) and total flavonoid (B) content of different Tartary buckwheat accessions. Different letters correspond to significant differences among different Tartary buckwheat accessions from the ANOVA with Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).
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Figure 2. The range and distribution of ten FAs in 31 Tartary buckwheat accessions. Median values are the horizontal lines in the box, 50% of data is within the box. The data outside the box are indicated by black dots.
Figure 2. The range and distribution of ten FAs in 31 Tartary buckwheat accessions. Median values are the horizontal lines in the box, 50% of data is within the box. The data outside the box are indicated by black dots.
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Figure 3. The accumulation patterns of ten FAs in Tartary buckwheat during seed development.
Figure 3. The accumulation patterns of ten FAs in Tartary buckwheat during seed development.
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Figure 4. The biosynthesis pathway of major fatty acids in Tartary buckwheat during seed development. Gene encoding enzyme(s) and metabolites are indicated in black font. Heat maps show the normalized gene expression values (FPKM) from RNA-seq data at six different development stages of seeds. S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, and S6 represent the 10, 13, 16, 20, 25, and 30 days after pollination (DAP), respectively. FPKM value was a mean value of three biological replicates from the same sample RNA-seq.
Figure 4. The biosynthesis pathway of major fatty acids in Tartary buckwheat during seed development. Gene encoding enzyme(s) and metabolites are indicated in black font. Heat maps show the normalized gene expression values (FPKM) from RNA-seq data at six different development stages of seeds. S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, and S6 represent the 10, 13, 16, 20, 25, and 30 days after pollination (DAP), respectively. FPKM value was a mean value of three biological replicates from the same sample RNA-seq.
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Table
Table 1. Seed fatty acid contents of different Tartary buckwheat accessions (μg g−1 DW, mean ± SD, n = 3). Mean values in the same column with different letters are significantly different, at p < 0.05. C16:0, palmitic acid; C16:1, palmitoleic acid; C18:0, stearic acid; C18:1, oleic acid; C18:2, linoleic acid; C18:3, linolenic acid; C20:0, arachidic acid; C20:4, arachidonic acid; C20:5, eicosapentaenoic acid; C22:6, docosahexaenoic acid.
Table 1. Seed fatty acid contents of different Tartary buckwheat accessions (μg g−1 DW, mean ± SD, n = 3). Mean values in the same column with different letters are significantly different, at p < 0.05. C16:0, palmitic acid; C16:1, palmitoleic acid; C18:0, stearic acid; C18:1, oleic acid; C18:2, linoleic acid; C18:3, linolenic acid; C20:0, arachidic acid; C20:4, arachidonic acid; C20:5, eicosapentaenoic acid; C22:6, docosahexaenoic acid.
AccessionC16:0C16:1C18:0C18:1C18:2C18:3C20:0C20:4C20:5C22:6
TB013150.31 ± 30.39 def1814.18 ± 3.83 e864.94 ± 11.33 c7642.43 ± 129.45 f4562.48 ± 74.67 g152.38 ± 2.64 hij10.57 ± 0.44 fgh40.15 ± 1.52 de29.68 ± 2.19 f32.29 ± 0.15 a
TB023728.28 ± 32.96 b2300.62 ± 27.83 a899.34 ± 34.54 bc9542.63 ± 88.21 a4936.79 ± 129.04 f182.64 ± 2.10 b9.83 ± 0.59 fghij55.85 ± 0.72 b21.20 ± 0.58 mn14.26 ± 0.32 e
TB034365.18 ± 119.05 a1857.70 ± 14.04 d768.09 ± 10.57 efgh8060.30 ± 121.74 d7470.18 ± 122.89 a152.55 ± 1.88 ghij13.50 ± 0.27 a40.49 ± 1.79 de35.74 ± 0.62 bc10.84 ± 0.81 o
TB042408.99 ± 125.68 i1750.46 ± 8.43 f801.15 ± 15.90 de7800.89 ± 207.61 e6274.17 ± 90.66 c154.63 ± 2.28 ghi10.65 ± 0.70 efgh41.76 ± 2.61 d32.11 ± 1.01 e10.52 ± 0.15 hi
TB052927.97 ± 38.58 fgh1652.66 ± 15.81 h1140.16 ± 19.94 a7085.88 ± 79.96 k5280.88 ± 27.97 d150.58 ± 0.75 ij10.96 ± 0.94 def36.97 ± 2.67 fg25.23 ± 0.70 hij10.11 ± 0.16 hijk
TB063397.59 ± 130.13 bcde1789.61 ± 25.50 e766.17 ± 42.25 efgh7599.66 ± 115.58 fg4155.35 ± 50.59 j156.96 ± 3.66 fgh8.29 ± 0.87 klmno34.61 ± 1.26 gh19.28 ± 0.18 o17.48 ± 1.03 b
TB072886.19 ± 66.96 fgh1458.59 ± 12.34 k514.83 ± 12.03 op6100.08 ± 52.82 p3143.83 ± 88.63 l125.25 ± 1.46 no9.98 ± 0.93 fghi29.47 ± 1.76 ijk20.64 ± 1.44 no9.90 ± 0.55 jk
TB082689.99 ± 63.59 ghi1891.48 ± 30.40 cd790.74 ± 23.31 def8205.58 ± 98.56 c4288.01 ± 28.87 hij157.14 ± 0.82 fg10.88 ± 0.74 defg46.02 ± 0.38 c23.44 ± 0.93 jkl11.72 ± 0.58 g
TB091972.57 ± 32.14 j978.25 ± 2.78 o357.61 ± 7.87 s4032.12 ± 63.72 s4191.48 ± 25.92 ij91.40 ± 1.40 q10.26 ± 0.75 fghi32.07 ± 1.41 hi16.15 ± 0.47 p11.54 ± 0.89 g
TB102465.97 ± 91.77 i1014.42 ± 11.07 n421.17 ± 16.55 r4468.57 ± 127.71 r2750.06 ± 92.62 m87.28 ± 0.58 r9.46 ± 0.52 ghijkl28.15 ± 0.89 jk17.16 ± 0.70 p11.54 ± 0.97 g
TB112697.63 ± 58.23 ghi1799.32 ± 8.42 e730.00 ± 24.74 hij7745.30 ± 111.37 e5319.85 ± 198.46 d154.00 ± 1.52 ghi11.99 ± 0.61 bcde38.47 ± 0.13 ef25.83 ± 0.84 hi16.54 ± 1.49 c
TB122963.72 ± 26.80 fgh2140.70 ± 25.69 b908.80 ± 10.19 b8516.75 ± 169.08 b5268.77 ± 118.82 de194.45 ± 2.66 a12.51 ± 0.79 ab61.95 ± 2.28 a40.84 ± 1.12 a15.59 ± 0.73 d
TB133522.20 ± 90.52 bcd1797.68 ± 9.87 e745.81 ± 36.13 ghi7219.24 ± 124.53 j6194.15 ± 106.30 c159.77 ± 1.72 ef8.09 ± 0.14 lmno28.88 ± 1.37 ijk21.74 ± 0.52 lmn11.93 ± 0.32 g
TB142609.82 ± 51.96 hi1707.90 ± 46.85 g667.59 ± 16.55 kl7087.59 ± 172.56 k5462.93 ± 213.60 d148.40 ± 3.98 jk7.33 ± 0.63 no29.56 ± 1.41 ijk25.20 ± 0.89 hij9.57 ± 0.27 k
TB153274.02 ± 111.10 cdef1631.89 ± 14.16 h695.82 ± 7.37 jk7024.55 ± 154.66 k5415.26 ± 105.32 d136.23 ± 1.45 l12.23 ± 0.34 abcd27.71 ± 0.42 k26.72 ± 0.79 gh10.39 ± 0.23 hij
TB163399.51 ± 109.55 bcde1598.09 ± 7.51 i617.50 ± 21.06 mn6575.30 ± 86.40 m4185.33 ± 42.16 ij144.95 ± 1.93 k8.47 ± 0.76 jklm27.25 ± 0.22 kl32.75 ± 2.88 de9.97 ± 0.58 ijk
TB173020.24 ± 35.03 efg1883.12 ± 13.36 cd720.72 ± 33.16 ij7532.33 ± 76.51 gh5049.41 ± 43.05 ef167.69 ± 1.32 d12.89 ± 1.30 ab47.74 ± 3.07 c36.46 ± 1.32 b11.92 ± 0.99 g
TB182890.68 ± 22.84 fgh1803.47 ± 19.31 e653.46 ± 11.16 lm7413.87 ± 136.14 i6562.06 ± 221.03 b152.76 ± 0.95 ghij12.35 ± 0.35 abc48.00 ± 0.79 c34.14 ± 1.06 cd14.41 ± 0.45 e
TB193069.49 ± 61.63 efg1691.33 ± 19.25 g642.03 ± 8.71 lm6914.16 ± 75.14 l4242.45 ± 110.19 hij159.67 ± 0.76 ef8.30 ± 0.21 klmno36.67 ± 1.67 fg24.01 ± 0.88 ijk15.43 ± 0.32 d
TB203018.30 ± 55.70 efg1353.03 ± 26.45 m899.48 ± 29.31 bc5747.21 ± 108.68 q4447.26 ± 99.56 gh126.66 ± 4.98 no7.51 ± 0.43 mno17.29 ± 0.43 o25.62 ± 0.34 hi8.15 ± 0.11 l
TB212571.08 ± 130.10 hi1864.28 ± 7.94 d780.23 ± 27.79 defg7445.83 ± 212.14 hi6298.93 ± 67.50 c172.74 ± 1.73 c12.40 ± 0.59 abc37.69 ± 1.54 efg26.44 ± 1.02 gh9.60 ± 0.26 k
TB223515.69 ± 92.57 bcd1515.19 ± 38.35 j808.31 ± 13.31 d6233.75 ± 110.48 o5342.70 ± 89.10 d139.94 ± 0.49 l9.31 ± 0.16 hijkl21.94 ± 1.06 mn27.71 ± 1.16 g14.12 ± 0.23 ef
TB232036.43 ± 39.04 j1342.38 ± 28.36 m510.21 ± 10.52 op6023.54 ± 75.10 p4871 ± 132.75 f115.68 ± 2.05 p9.36 ± 0.39 hijkl16.93 ± 0.62 o21.38 ± 0.65 mn6.79 ± 0.33 n
TB242882.03 ± 41.69 fgh1476.40 ± 15.32 k756.90 ± 23.87 fghi6403.95 ± 65.11 n4454.38 ± 99.22 gh122.47 ± 1.42 o7.70 ± 0.07 mno21.91 ± 1.43 mn22.81 ± 0.29 klm13.65 ± 0.43 f
TB253209.27 ± 24.31 cdef1913.88 ± 49.91 c918.90 ± 21.99 b7783.30 ± 122.16 e3805.38 ± 113.09 k169.55 ± 2.14 cd8.36 ± 0.57 klmno24.60 ± 0.06 lm33.17 ± 0.21 de9.76 ± 0.45 k
TB262708.32 ± 92.59 ghi1386.51 ± 26.28 l467.33 ± 12.60 q5671.66 ± 120.52 q3685.49 ± 78.57 k131.53 ± 3.09 m7.46 ± 0.75 mno20.53 ± 0.92 n24.98 ± 0.40 hij10.58 ± 0.41 k
TB272668.47 ± 80.37 ghi1809.49 ± 11.87 e641.56 ± 17.50 lm7450.68 ± 32.61 hi4223.56 ± 170.88 hij155.18 ± 2.82 ghi8.84 ± 0.65 ijklm23.96 ± 1.11 m33.15 ± 1.17 de15.19 ± 0.93 d
TB284112.55 ± 10.00 a1516.54 ± 21.30 j533.74 ± 9.59 o6450.25 ± 120.36 n4410.52 ± 28.78 ghi128.62 ± 0.50 mn9.74 ± 0.35 fghijk22.36 ± 1.58 mn32.49 ± 0.53 de6.45 ± 0.11 n
TB293560.48 ± 48.66 bc1799.15 ± 14.96 e597.32 ± 15.95 n7257.85 ± 134.73 j3781.57 ± 112.04 k162.03 ± 0.95 ef6.95 ± 0.09 o31.07 ± 0.93 ij24.94 ± 0.23 hij7.57 ± 0.67 m
TB302919.97 ± 42.04 fgh1457.50 ± 52.23 k490.08 ± 35.15 pq6559.74 ± 211.69 m2781.39 ± 72.33 m116.70 ± 9.74 p12.83 ± 0.07 ab28.62 ± 0.77 jk28.02 ± 0.39 fg13.92 ± 0.56 ef
TB313258.24 ± 85.51 cdef1868.62 ± 24.54 d786.34 ± 44.47 def7761.08 ± 41.28 e4384.30 ± 121.07 ghij169.87 ± 1.86 cd11.06 ± 0.81 cdef31.10 ± 1.49 ij40.07 ± 1.25 a15.77 ± 0.71 d
Table
Table 2. The top 25% Tartary buckwheat accessions with total flavonoid, OA, LA, ALA, AA, ARA, EPA, and DHA content. OA, oleic acid; LA, linoleic acid; ALA, linolenic acid; AA, arachidic acid; ARA, arachidonic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.
Table 2. The top 25% Tartary buckwheat accessions with total flavonoid, OA, LA, ALA, AA, ARA, EPA, and DHA content. OA, oleic acid; LA, linoleic acid; ALA, linolenic acid; AA, arachidic acid; ARA, arachidonic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.
Total Flavonoid (%)OA (μg g−1)LA (μg g−1)ALA (μg g−1)AA (μg g−1)ARA (μg g−1)EPA (μg g−1)DHA (μg g−1)
TB29 (3.04 ± 0.05)TB02 (9542.63 ± 88.21)TB03 (7470.18 ± 122.89)TB12 (194.45 ± 2.66)TB03 (13.50 ± 0.27)TB12 (61.95 ± 2.28)TB12 (40.84 ± 1.12)TB01 (32.29 ± 0.15)
TB03 (3.01 ± 0.04)TB12 (8516.75 ± 169.08)TB18 (6562.06 ± 221.03)TB02 (182.64 ± 2.10)TB17 (12.89 ± 1.30)TB02 (55.85 ± 0.72)TB31 (40.07 ± 1.25)TB06 (17.48 ± 1.03)
TB22 (2.81 ± 0.02)TB08 (8205.58 ± 98.56)TB21 (6298.93 ± 67.50)TB21 (172.74 ± 1.73)TB30 (12.83 ± 0.07)TB18 (48.00 ± 0.79)TB17 (36.46 ± 1.32)TB11 (16.54 ± 1.49)
TB20 (2.79 ± 0.05)TB03 (8060.30 ± 121.74)TB04 (6274.17 ± 90.66)TB31 (169.87 ± 1.86)TB12 (12.51 ± 0.79)TB17 (47.74 ± 3.07)TB03 (35.74 ± 0.62)TB31 (15.77 ± 0.71)
TB11 (2.73 ± 0.03)TB04 (7800.89 ± 207.61)TB13 (6194.15 ± 106.30)TB25 (169.55 ± 2.14)TB21 (12.40 ± 0.59)TB08 (46.02 ± 0.38)TB18 (34.14 ± 1.06)TB12 (15.59 ± 0.73)
TB26 (2.72 ± 0.08)TB25 (7783.30 ± 122.16)TB14 (5462.93 ± 213.60)TB17 (167.69 ± 1.32)TB18 (12.35 ± 0.35)TB04 (41.76 ± 2.61)TB25 (33.17 ± 0.21)TB19 (15.43 ± 0.32)
TB05 (2.66 ± 0.02)TB31 (7761.08 ± 41.28)TB15 (5415.26 ± 105.32)TB29 (162.03 ± 0.95)TB15 (12.23 ± 0.34)TB03 (40.49 ± 1.79)TB27 (33.15 ± 1.17)TB27 (15.19 ± 0.93)
TB18 (2.58 ± 0.04)TB11 (7745.30 ± 111.37)TB22 (5342.70 ± 89.10)TB13 (159.77 ± 1.72)TB11 (11.99 ± 0.61)TB01 (40.15 ± 1.52)TB16 (32.75 ± 2.88)TB18 (14.41 ± 0.45)
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Lv, Q.; Wang, J.; Sun, P.; Cai, F.; Ran, B.; Deng, J.; Shi, T.; Chen, Q.; Li, H. Evaluation of the Composition and Accumulation Pattern of Fatty Acids in Tartary Buckwheat Seed at the Germplasm Level. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102447

AMA Style

Lv Q, Wang J, Sun P, Cai F, Ran B, Deng J, Shi T, Chen Q, Li H. Evaluation of the Composition and Accumulation Pattern of Fatty Acids in Tartary Buckwheat Seed at the Germplasm Level. Agronomy. 2022; 12(10):2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102447

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lv, Qiuyu, Jiarui Wang, Peiyuan Sun, Fang Cai, Bin Ran, Jiao Deng, Taoxiong Shi, Qingfu Chen, and Hongyou Li. 2022. "Evaluation of the Composition and Accumulation Pattern of Fatty Acids in Tartary Buckwheat Seed at the Germplasm Level" Agronomy 12, no. 10: 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102447

APA Style

Lv, Q., Wang, J., Sun, P., Cai, F., Ran, B., Deng, J., Shi, T., Chen, Q., & Li, H. (2022). Evaluation of the Composition and Accumulation Pattern of Fatty Acids in Tartary Buckwheat Seed at the Germplasm Level. Agronomy, 12(10), 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102447

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