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Agronomy
Volume 15
Issue 2
10.3390/agronomy15020396
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Long-Term Organic Substitution Regimes Affect Open-Field Vegetable Yields and Soil Organic Carbon Stability by Regulating Soil Labile Organic Carbon Fractions’ Changes

by
Yaling Wang
1,2,†,
Linxuan Wang
2,†,
Ruonan Li
3,
He Wang
1,
Guohan Wu
2,
Xinyue Wen
2,
Shaowen Huang
2,
Xiubin Wang
2,* and
Chunjing Liu
1
1
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, The Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
3
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Agronomy 2025, 15(2), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020396 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 24 December 2024 / Revised: 27 January 2025 / Accepted: 28 January 2025 / Published: 31 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Innovative Cropping Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Soil labile organic carbon (C) fractions play a key role in agricultural soil fertility. However, the effects of long-term organic substitution regimes on soil organic carbon (SOC), its labile fractions, stability, and vegetable yields as well as the relationships among these factors in the open-field are less well-studied. Hence, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of long-term organic substitution regimes on SOC sequestration, labile C fractions [particulate organic C (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic C (DOC), and readily oxidizable C (ROC)], SOC stability, the C pool management index (CMI), and vegetable yields in a long-term (13 years) open-field experiment. Five treatments were examined: 100% chemical nitrogen fertilizer (CN), substituting 25% of the chemical N with manure (MN) or straw (SN), and substituting 50% of the chemical N with manure (2MN) or manure plus straw (MSN). Compared to the CN, organic substitution treatments increased the average yields of vegetable, the SOC, the labile C fractions’ contents, and the C pool management index (CMI) to varying degrees, but only MSN reached significant levels for these factors. However, the MSN treatment had a significantly lower C stability index (SI) than the CN. 13C-NMR analyses also confirmed that organic substitution treatments increased the proportion of O-alkyl C and the OA/A, but reduced SOC stability. Pearson correlation analysis and the partial least squares path model indicated that labile C fractions were the mainly direct contributors to yield and SOC stability. Overall, substituting 50% of the chemical N with manure plus straw is a relatively ideal fertilization practice to improve vegetable yields and enhance C activity in an open field.
Keywords: long-term organic substitution; labile organic carbon fractions; soil organic carbon stability; carbon pool management index; open-field vegetables long-term organic substitution; labile organic carbon fractions; soil organic carbon stability; carbon pool management index; open-field vegetables

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, Y.; Wang, L.; Li, R.; Wang, H.; Wu, G.; Wen, X.; Huang, S.; Wang, X.; Liu, C. Long-Term Organic Substitution Regimes Affect Open-Field Vegetable Yields and Soil Organic Carbon Stability by Regulating Soil Labile Organic Carbon Fractions’ Changes. Agronomy 2025, 15, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020396

AMA Style

Wang Y, Wang L, Li R, Wang H, Wu G, Wen X, Huang S, Wang X, Liu C. Long-Term Organic Substitution Regimes Affect Open-Field Vegetable Yields and Soil Organic Carbon Stability by Regulating Soil Labile Organic Carbon Fractions’ Changes. Agronomy. 2025; 15(2):396. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020396

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Yaling, Linxuan Wang, Ruonan Li, He Wang, Guohan Wu, Xinyue Wen, Shaowen Huang, Xiubin Wang, and Chunjing Liu. 2025. "Long-Term Organic Substitution Regimes Affect Open-Field Vegetable Yields and Soil Organic Carbon Stability by Regulating Soil Labile Organic Carbon Fractions’ Changes" Agronomy 15, no. 2: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020396

APA Style

Wang, Y., Wang, L., Li, R., Wang, H., Wu, G., Wen, X., Huang, S., Wang, X., & Liu, C. (2025). Long-Term Organic Substitution Regimes Affect Open-Field Vegetable Yields and Soil Organic Carbon Stability by Regulating Soil Labile Organic Carbon Fractions’ Changes. Agronomy, 15(2), 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020396

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