Experimental Study on the Permeability Characteristic of Fused Quartz Sand and Mixed Oil as a Transparent Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Transparent Soil
2.2. Experimental Setup
2.3. Preparation of the Tested Samples
2.4. Experimental Procedure and Program
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Permeability of the Proposed Transparent Soil
3.2. Effect of the Void Ratio on the Transparent Soil Permeability
3.3. Effect of the Particle Size on the Transparent Soil Permeability
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The transparent soil permeability changes with the replacement of the solid and fluid phases. By replacing the pore water, a liquid phase using the mixed oil is proposed to reach the same refractive index as the solid phase. Fused quartz sand is used as the solid phase in this proposed transparent soil, which exhibits a significantly different particle shape from the natural soil due to the lack of weathering.
- (2)
- The soil permeability is affected by particle size, particle size distribution, and void ratio. The soil permeability increases as the particle size or void ratio increases. For the non-uniform size soil, the effective particle size can be used to describe soil permeability, which can be calculated based on the particle size distribution. For the fused quartz sand in this study, d20 can be used as the effective particle size.
- (3)
- From a hierarchical approach, the effect of pore morphology on soil permeability can be considered through the evaluation of particle form, roundness, and texture. Based on the electron microscopic images, the effect of particle texture may be negligible compared with the other two factors. By introducing the parameters related to particle form and roundness, the Kozeny–Carman model is modified to effectively predict the permeability of transparent soil, which can account for the difference in permeability characteristics due to the different pore morphology of this proposed transparent soil. In particular, the developed model can provide an effective approach with which to estimate the soil permeability quantitively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Notation
CC = coefficient of gradation | Cu = uniformity coefficient |
D = specific surface area | d = particle diameter |
de = effective particle size | deff = effective particle size by Sperry (1995) [23] |
deff’ = effective particle size by Carrier (2003) [24] | dli = larger sieve size |
dsi = smaller sieve size | dx = particle size for which x% of the soil is finer |
e = void ratio | Ff = factor of fluid |
fc = factor of cross-sectional shape | fd = factor of particle size |
fe = factor of void ratio | fi = fraction of particles between two sieve sizes |
fk-c = Kozeny–Carman coefficient | fM = factor of pore morphology |
fs = ratio-to-spherical factor | g = gravity |
Gs = specific weight | i = hydraulic gradient |
k = Darcy permeability coefficient | k20 = standard permeability coefficient at 20°C |
K = intrinsic permeability | Le = average real flow path length |
L = geometric line length | Le/L = tortuosity |
nEI = refractive index of EI | nmix = refractive index of mixed oil |
n15 = refractive index of 15# mineral oil | p = volume fraction of 15# mineral oil |
R2 = fitting variance | v = mean velocity of seepage |
v20 = standard mean velocity at 20 °C | η = fluid kinematic viscosity |
η20 = fluid kinematic viscosity at 20 °C | μ = fluid dynamic viscosity |
μ20 = fluid dynamic viscosity at 20 °C | ρ = fluid density |
ρ20 = fluid density at 20 °C | T = temperature |
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Particle Size Distribution | PSD-A | PSD-B | PSD-C |
---|---|---|---|
Solid Material | Fujian Sand | Fused Quartz | Fused Quartz |
Specific Weight, Gs | 2.67 | 2.21 | 2.21 |
d10 (mm) | 0.16 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
d20 (mm) | 0.25 | 0.55 | 0.74 |
d30 (mm) | 0.41 | 0.62 | 1.04 |
d60 (mm) | 0.84 | 0.89 | 1.38 |
Effective Particle Size by Sperry [23], deff (mm) | 0.43 | 0.73 | 0.94 |
Effective Particle Size by Carrier [24], deff’ (mm) | 0.39 | 0.68 | 0.88 |
Uniformity Coefficient, Cu | 5.25 | 2.00 | 3.09 |
The Coefficient of Gradation, CC | 1.49 | 0.97 | 1.76 |
Group | Run #* | Solid Phase | Particle Size Distribution | Fluid Phase | Void Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FW | FAW-1 | Fujian Sand | PSD-A | Water | 0.58 |
FAW-2 | Fujian Sand | PSD-A | Water | 0.64 | |
FAW-3 | Fujian Sand | PSD-A | Water | 0.62 | |
FAW-4 | Fujian Sand | PSD-A | Water | 0.62 | |
FAW-5 | Fujian Sand | PSD-A | Water | 0.54 | |
FAW-6 | Fujian Sand | PSD-A | Water | 0.54 | |
QO | QBO-1 | Fused Quartz Sand | PSD-B | Mixed Oil | 0.68 |
QBO-2 | Fused Quartz Sand | PSD-B | Mixed Oil | 0.69 | |
QBO-3 | Fused Quartz Sand | PSD-B | Mixed Oil | 0.66 | |
QBO-4 | Fused Quartz Sand | PSD-B | Mixed Oil | 0.63 | |
QCO-1 | Fused Quartz Sand | PSD-C | Mixed Oil | 0.69 | |
QCO-2 | Fused Quartz Sand | PSD-C | Mixed Oil | 0.67 | |
QCO-3 | Fused Quartz Sand | PSD-C | Mixed Oil | 0.55 | |
QCO-4 | Fused Quartz Sand | PSD-C | Mixed Oil | 0.57 | |
QCO-5 | Fused Quartz Sand | PSD-C | Mixed Oil | 0.66 | |
QCO-6 | Fused Quartz Sand | PSD-C | Mixed Oil | 0.64 |
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Huang, B.; Guo, C.; Tang, Y.; Guo, J.; Cao, L. Experimental Study on the Permeability Characteristic of Fused Quartz Sand and Mixed Oil as a Transparent Soil. Water 2019, 11, 2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122514
Huang B, Guo C, Tang Y, Guo J, Cao L. Experimental Study on the Permeability Characteristic of Fused Quartz Sand and Mixed Oil as a Transparent Soil. Water. 2019; 11(12):2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122514
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Bo, Chang Guo, Yao Tang, Jiachen Guo, and Linfeng Cao. 2019. "Experimental Study on the Permeability Characteristic of Fused Quartz Sand and Mixed Oil as a Transparent Soil" Water 11, no. 12: 2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122514
APA StyleHuang, B., Guo, C., Tang, Y., Guo, J., & Cao, L. (2019). Experimental Study on the Permeability Characteristic of Fused Quartz Sand and Mixed Oil as a Transparent Soil. Water, 11(12), 2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122514