Evaluation of Water Quality of Buritis Lake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location
2.2. Physical and Chemical Parameters
2.3. Microbiological Analysis
2.4. Metals Analysis
2.5. CCME_WQI Calculation
2.6. Allium Cepa Test
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physico–Chemical Characterization of Different Water
3.2. Microbiological
3.2.1. Multiple Tube Results
3.2.2. Phenotypic Identification
3.2.3. Antimicrobial Resistance Test
3.3. Metals
3.4. CWQI Results
3.5. Allium cepa Test Results
3.6. Correlation of Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Collection | Points | pH | Total Hardness (mg/L) | Electrical Conductivity (µs/cm) | Turbidity (NTU) | Alkalinity (mg/L) | Apparent Color (uH) ** | Nitrate (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
July 2017 (drought season) | P1 | 7.82 | 4.30 | 114.10 | 0.50 | 18.50 | 1.80 | 3.90 |
P2 | 6.51 | 2.90 | 133.70 | 2.74 | 8.50 | 9.20 | 7.70 | |
P3 | 5.66 | 2.60 | 112.70 | 0.86 | 4.00 | 2.50 | 8.50 | |
P4 | 6.81 | 2.65 | 100.50 | 10.6 | 12.00 | 33.30 | 3.50 | |
P5 | 7.03 | 2.75 | 102.20 | 5.75 | 12.25 | 29.80 | 3.20 | |
P6 | 7.15 | 2.80 | 99.92 | 6.41 | 12.50 | 31.40 | 2.80 | |
October 2017 (rainy season) | P1 | 7.73 | 2.50 | 122.10 | 0.25 | 20.00 | 1.20 | 3.60 |
P2 | 6.68 | 2.00 | 146.90 | 3.65 | 16.25 | 31.00 | 4.60 | |
P3 | 6.44 | 2.25 | 151.20 | 8.68 | 18.00 | 48.70 | 4.60 | |
P4 | 6.92 | 1.85 | 125.60 | 19.60 | 18.50 | 69.20 | 1.20 | |
P5 | 6.97 | 1.70 | 125.60 | 20.90 | 19.00 | 66.80 | 1.10 | |
P6 | 6.98 | 1.65 | 122.70 | 27.70 | 19.25 | 78.70 | 1.10 | |
March 2018 (rainy season) | P1 | 7.42 | 0.6 | 123.70 | 0.29 | 20.00 | 0.10 | 4.10 |
P2 | 5.91 | 0.00 | 196.50 | 1.96 | 9.50 | 11.10 | 12.40 | |
P3 | 6.50 | 0.00 | 149.70 | 5.85 | 15.50 | 39.70 | 6.10 | |
P4 | 7.10 | 0.00 | 106.30 | 3.24 | 17.00 | 24.20 | 2.90 | |
P5 | 6.78 | 0.00 | 94.52 | 4.54 | 16.00 | 23.50 | 2.80 | |
P6 | 6.99 | 0.00 | 76.95 | 3.78 | 16.00 | 18.20 | 1.30 | |
June 2018 (drought season) | P1 | 7.71 | 2.00 | 123.50 | 0.22 | 36.00 | 5.10 | 4.30 |
P2 | 5.71 | 0.70 | 191.40 | 5.12 | 16.00 | 25.50 | 12.20 | |
P3 | 6.46 | 0.85 | 138.40 | 7.46 | 19.50 | 39.80 | 6.30 | |
P4 | 6.38 | 0.75 | 107.30 | 18.50 | 19.00 | 46.40 | 4.60 | |
P5 | 6.67 | 0.75 | 123.70 | 15.00 | 23.50 | 37.90 | 4.90 | |
P6 | 7.03 | 0.95 | 108.00 | 3.59 | 24.00 | 17.10 | 2.70 | |
Means | 6.81 | 1.52 | 124.88 | 7.38 | 17.11 | 28.84 | 4.60 | |
± Standard deviation | 0.57 | 1.19 | 27.80 | 7.55 | 6.14 | 22.07 | 3.05 | |
MAV * Attachment XX of Consolidation Ordinance Nº 5 of the Ministry of Health (2017) | - | 6.0 to 9.5 (1) | ≤500 | NR *** | ≤5 | NR *** | ≤15 | ≤10 |
MAV * 357 Resolution. CONAMA (2005)—river class 1 | - | 6.0 to 9.0 | NR *** | NR *** | ≤40 | NR *** | natural color level of the water body (2) | ≤10 |
MAV * 357 Resolution, CONAMA (2005)—river class 2 | - | 6.0 to 9.0 | NR *** | NR *** | ≤100 | NR *** | ≤75 (2) | ≤10 |
Collect | Samples | MPN TC */100 mL | MPN TTC **/100 mL |
---|---|---|---|
July 2017 (drought season) | P1 | ND *** | ND *** |
P2 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P3 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P4 | ≥1600 | 900 | |
P5 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P6 | ≥900 | 900 | |
October 2017 (rainy season) | P1 | ND *** | ND *** |
P2 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P3 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P4 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P5 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P6 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
March 2018 (rainy season) | P1 | 7 | 4 |
P2 | ≥1600 | 280 | |
P3 | ≥1600 | 350 | |
P4 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P5 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P6 | ≥1600 | 350 | |
June 2018 (drought season) | P1 | 2 | ≤ 2 |
P2 | ≥1600 | 17 | |
P3 | ≥1600 | 34 | |
P4 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P5 | ≥1600 | ≥1600 | |
P6 | ≥1600 | 500 | |
MAV Attachment XX of Consolidation Ordinance Nº 5 of the Ministry of Health (2017) | - | ND *** | ND *** |
MAV 357 Resolution, CONAMA (2005)—river class 1 | - | 200 | NR **** |
MAV 357 Resolution, CONAMA (2005)—river class 2 | - | 1000 | NR **** |
Antimicrobials | Amoxicillin | Ampicillin | Cefepime | Cefoxitin | Ceftazidime | Ceftriaxone | Aztreonam | Ciprofloxacino | Amikacin | Tetracycline | Sulfazotrim | Gentamycin | Ampicillin + Sulbactam | Piperacyclin | Amoxicillin + Clavulanate | Chlorphenphenol | Penicillin | Rifampicin | Clindamycin | Erythromycin | Linezolid | Novobiocin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I (%) | 0.0 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 1.75 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
R (%) | 47.1 | 50.1 | 12.3 | 6.2 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 1.7 | 4.8 | 6.2 | 9.5 | 10.9 | 14.3 | 50.0 | 100.0 | 59.1 | 5.9 | 71.8 | 56.4 | 63.2 | 48.7 | 56.4 | 70.0 |
S (%) | 52.9 | 45.1 | 84.6 | 93.7 | 86.1 | 85.7 | 96.5 | 92.2 | 93.7 | 89.4 | 85.9 | 81.6 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 31.8 | 94.1 | 28.2 | 43.6 | 31.6 | 48.7 | 43.6 | 30.0 |
TN | 17.0 | 51.0 | 65.0 | 16.0 | 65.0 | 49.0 | 57.0 | 103.0 | 64.0 | 94.0 | 92.0 | 98.0 | 6.0 | 43.0 | 22.0 | 17.0 | 39.0 | 39.0 | 38.0 | 39.0 | 39.0 | 40.0 |
Collection | Samples | Pb (µg/L) | Fe (µg/L) | Mg (µg/L) | Cd (µg/L) | Li (µg/L) | Cu (µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
July 2017 (drought season) | P1 | <LOQ” | 0.10 | 0.20 | <LOQ” | 0.55 | 1.00 |
P2 | <LOQ” | 6.10 | 12.20 | <LOQ” | 0.49 | 2.30 | |
P3 | <LOQ” | 6.70 | 13.40 | <LOQ” | 0.65 | 1.40 | |
P4 | <LOQ” | 19.40 | 38.80 | <LOQ” | 0.55 | 1.10 | |
P5 | <LOQ” | 24.90 | 49.80 | <LOQ” | 0.55 | 1.50 | |
P6 | <LOQ” | 14.60 | 29.20 | <LOQ” | 0.49 | 1.10 | |
<LOQ” | |||||||
October 2017 (rainy season) | P1 | 0.10 | 1.12 | 0.31 | <LOQ” | 0.09 | 0.20 |
P2 | 0.07 | 5.13 | 0.04 | <LOQ” | 0.09 | 0.10 | |
P3 | 0.08 | 3.00 | 0.67 | <LOQ” | 0.01 | 0.40 | |
P4 | 0.13 | 3.29 | 0.64 | <LOQ” | 0.07 | 0.30 | |
P5 | 0.14 | 1.95 | 0.73 | <LOQ” | 0.07 | 0.40 | |
P6 | 0.12 | 31.01 | 0.59 | <LOQ” | 0.08 | 0.40 | |
<LOQ” | |||||||
March 2018 (rainy season) | P1 | <LOQ” | 3.00 | 360.00 | <LOQ” | 0.03 | 0.10 |
P2 | <LOQ” | 2.00 | 160.00 | <LOQ” | 0.02 | 0.10 | |
P3 | <LOQ” | 97.00 | 170.00 | <LOQ” | 0.02 | 0.20 | |
P4 | <LOQ” | 3.00 | 130.00 | <LOQ” | 0.02 | 0.60 | |
P5 | <LOQ” | 1.00 | 140.00 | <LOQ” | 0.02 | 0.20 | |
P6 | <LOQ” | 23.00 | 140.00 | <LOQ” | 0.00 | 0.30 | |
June 2018 (drought season) | P1 | 0.14 | 3.20 | 353.00 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.23 |
P2 | 0.10 | 58.60 | 208.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
P3 | 0.12 | 90.90 | 166.00 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.25 | |
P4 | 0.13 | 50.20 | 155.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.50 | |
P5 | 0.07 | 60.90 | 158.00 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.31 | |
P6 | 0.11 | 12.70 | 153.00 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.31 | |
Means | 0.05 | 21.78 | 101.65 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.56 | |
± Standard deviation | 0.05 | 28.72 | 107.38 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.56 | |
MAV Consolidation Attachment XX of Consolidation Ordinance Nº 5 of the Ministry of Health (2017) | - | 0.01 | 300.0 | NR ** | 5.0 | NR ** | 20,000 |
* MAV 357 Resolution, CONAMA (2005)—river class 1 | - | 0.01 | 300.0 | NR ** | 1.0 | 25,000 | 9.0 |
* MAV 357 Resolution, CONAMA (2005)—river class 2 | - | 0.01 | 300.0 | NR ** | 0.1 | 2000 | 9.0 |
Collection | Samples | Mean of GR (cm) | MI (% Means ± SD) | CAI (% Means ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
July 2017 (drought season) | P1 | 4.93 | 55.1 ± 4.24 | 0.23 ± 0.13 |
P2 | 4.22 | 58.24 ± 1.87 | 0.5 ± 0.20 | |
P3 | 3.9 | 59.44 ± 5.88 | 1.51 ± 0.07 | |
P4 | 4.27 | 50.36 ± 3.65 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | |
P5 | 3.52 | 51.07 ± 3.46 | 0.94 ± 0.14 | |
P6 | 3.5 | 32.34 ± 7.70 | 0.32 ± 0.23 | |
NC | 4.53 | 51.03 ± 4.58 | 0.52 ± 0.14 | |
October 2017 (rainy season) | P1 | 6.52 | 52.98 ± 17.16 | 0.83 ± 0.19 |
P2 | 5.6 | 56.93 ± 7.42 | 0.93 ± 0.49 | |
P3 | 6.08 | 55.07 ± 10.77 | 0.73 ± 0.10 | |
P4 | 5.32 | 48.17 ± 7.18 | 0.86 ± 0.12 | |
P5 | 4.67 | 51.45 ± 8.09 | 0.47 ± 0.21 | |
P6 | 7.01 | 30.61 ± 4.47 | 0.67 ± 0.21 | |
NC | 4.48 | 53.96 ± 1.51 | 0.51 ± 0.16 | |
March 2018 (rainy season) | P1 | 3.73 | 49.65 ± 13.98 | 0.27 ± 0.13 |
P2 | 4.04 | 30.61 ± 4.47 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | |
P3 | 3.98 | 42.89 ± 15.19 | 0.19 ± 0.11 | |
P4 | 5.53 | 48.17 ± 7.18 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | |
P5 | 3.27 | 46.69 ± 4.77 | 0.25 ± 0.09 | |
P6 | 5.20 | 53.19 ± 5.75 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | |
NC | 3.88 | 55.89 ± 1.82 | 0.41 ± 0.17 | |
June 2018 (drought season) | P1 | 4.11 | 44.65 ± 11.77 | 0.27 ± 0.08 |
P2 | 3.87 | 52.11 ± 8.05 | 0.18 ± 0.06 | |
P3 | 3.74 | 51.00 ± 2.23 | 0.27 ± 0.17 | |
P4 | 3.64 | 49.73 ± 7.55 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | |
P5 | 4.45 | 55.67 ± 2.17 | 0.28 ± 0.09 | |
P6 | 4.11 | 44.51 ± 9.22 | 0.28 ± 0.06 | |
NC | 4.04 | 55.18 ± 3.03 | 0.23 ± 0.04 |
pH | Total Hardness | Conductivity | Turbidity | Alkalinity | Color | Nitrate | Pb | Fe | Mg | Cd | Li | Cu | TC | TTC | Mean GR | MI | CAI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
Total Hardness | 0.32 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||
Conductivity | −0.52 | −0.17 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
Turbidity | −0.10 | −0.06 | −0.07 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
Alkalinity | 0.57 | −0.14 | −0.08 | 0.12 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
Color | −0.16 | −0.11 | 0.03 | 0.92 | 0.08 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
Nitrate | −0.70 | −0.14 | 0.77 | −0.40 | −0.37 | −0.39 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Pb | −0.09 | −0.22 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.62 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Fe | −0.37 | −0.38 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Mg | 0.05 | −0.59 | 0.13 | −0.31 | 0.50 | −0.35 | 0.24 | 0.52 | 0.27 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Cd | 0.02 | −0.22 | −0.13 | 0.13 | 0.52 | 0.01 | −0.06 | 0.78 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 1.00 | |||||||
Li | −0.01 | 0.74 | −0.29 | −0.25 | −0.53 | −0.32 | 0.10 | −0.31 | −0.20 | −0.39 | −0.25 | 1.00 | ||||||
Cu | −0.05 | 0.63 | −0.31 | −0.12 | −0.55 | −0.19 | 0.04 | −0.31 | −0.20 | −0.45 | −0.19 | 0.86 | 1.00 | |||||
TC | −0.72 | −0.37 | 0.11 | 0.43 | −0.44 | 0.55 | 0.12 | −0.02 | 0.33 | −0.29 | 0.08 | −0.10 | 0.09 | 1.00 | ||||
TTC | −0.26 | 0.09 | −0.25 | 0.52 | −0.31 | 0.53 | −0.29 | −0.26 | −0.19 | −0.53 | −0.05 | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.60 | 1.00 | |||
Mean GR | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.31 | −0.36 | −0.28 | −0.26 | −0.48 | −0.24 | −0.30 | −0.20 | −0.07 | 0.16 | 1.00 | ||
MI | −0.07 | 0.27 | −0.14 | −0.24 | −0.08 | −0.25 | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.04 | −0.16 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 1.00 | |
CAI | −0.19 | 0.52 | −0.09 | 0.07 | −0.45 | 0.07 | −0.03 | −0.38 | −0.32 | −0.60 | −0.32 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.16 | 0.44 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 1.00 |
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Kikuda, R.; Pereira Gomes, R.; Rodrigues Gama, A.; De Paula Silva, J.A.; Pereira Dos Santos, A.; Rodrigues Alves, K.; Nascimento Arruda, P.; Scalize, P.S.; Gonçalves Vieira, J.D.; Carneiro, L.C.; et al. Evaluation of Water Quality of Buritis Lake. Water 2022, 14, 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091414
Kikuda R, Pereira Gomes R, Rodrigues Gama A, De Paula Silva JA, Pereira Dos Santos A, Rodrigues Alves K, Nascimento Arruda P, Scalize PS, Gonçalves Vieira JD, Carneiro LC, et al. Evaluation of Water Quality of Buritis Lake. Water. 2022; 14(9):1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091414
Chicago/Turabian StyleKikuda, Renata, Raylane Pereira Gomes, Aline Rodrigues Gama, Junilsom Augusto De Paula Silva, Adailton Pereira Dos Santos, Keliane Rodrigues Alves, Poliana Nascimento Arruda, Paulo Sérgio Scalize, José Daniel Gonçalves Vieira, Lilian Carla Carneiro, and et al. 2022. "Evaluation of Water Quality of Buritis Lake" Water 14, no. 9: 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091414
APA StyleKikuda, R., Pereira Gomes, R., Rodrigues Gama, A., De Paula Silva, J. A., Pereira Dos Santos, A., Rodrigues Alves, K., Nascimento Arruda, P., Scalize, P. S., Gonçalves Vieira, J. D., Carneiro, L. C., & De Jesus Pires, D. (2022). Evaluation of Water Quality of Buritis Lake. Water, 14(9), 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091414