Growth and Muscle Quality of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in In-Pond Raceway Aquaculture and Traditional Pond Culture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Layout Set-Up
2.2. Water Quality Measurement
2.3. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.4. Microbial Diversity in Pond Water
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Water Quality Analysis
3.2. Growth Performance
3.3. Nutrient Composition of Muscle
3.4. Muscle Texture Profiles
3.5. 2-MIB and Geosmin in Muscle
3.6. Microbial Diversity in Pond Water
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Quality Indicators | IPRA | TPC | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean ± SD | Min | Max | Mean ± SD | |
Temperature (°C) | 22.00 | 32.60 | 26.9 ± 4.29 | 22.80 | 34.00 | 27.4 ± 4.58 |
Dissolve oxygen (mg/L) | 6.50 | 8.10 | 7.4 ± 0.63 | 6.90 | 8.00 | 7.7 ± 0.18 |
pH | 7.20 | 7.60 | 7.4 ± 0.12 | 7.50 | 7.90 | 7.7 ± 0.18 |
Total nitrogen (mg/L) | 3.05 | 9.51 | 5.69 ± 2.33 | 2.01 | 8.58 | 5.13 ± 2.65 |
Total phosphorus (mg/L) | 2.11 | 7.71 | 4.32 ± 2.29 | 0.66 | 2.67 | 1.35 ± 1.00 |
CODMn (mg/L) | 4.62 | 13.22 | 10.03 ± 4.79 | 6.39 | 10.96 | 7.74 ± 2.24 |
Chlorophyll-a (mg/L) | 112.06 | 441.09 | 268 ± 155.41 | 80.96 | 351.49 | 173.91 ± 116.17 |
Total soluble solid (mg/L) | 57.50 | 82.49 | 71.83 ± 50.0 | 64.67 | 108.90 | 85.85 ± 42.90 |
Instruments | Used Conditions |
---|---|
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) | Volume of vial 15 mL sample volume 5 mL |
Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrophotometry: 6890N Network (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) | Extraction time and temperature: 20 min and 50 °C |
Detector: 5975 insert XL (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) | Desorption time: 5 min |
Column: DB-WAX (30 m × 250 µm × 0.25 µm) | Injector temperature: 250 °C Oven temperature: 60 °C (2.5 min), 250 °C (8 °C/min) |
Fiber SPME: Stable Flex 65µm DVB/ | Gas flow: He 1 mL/min Ionization voltage: 70 eV |
PDMS/DVB (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) |
IPRA | TPC | |
---|---|---|
(Means ± SD) | (Means ± SD) | |
Stocking weight (Kg.) | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 2.72 ± 0.14 |
Weight (Kg.) | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 3.28 ± 0.02 * |
Weight gain rate (%) | 117.93 ± 16.79 ** | 22.34 ± 4.85 |
Specific growth rate (%/d) | 1.35 ± 0.20 | 1.67 ± 0.87 |
Length (cm) | 34.25 ± 0.50 | 53.05 ± 3.80 |
Visceral mass ratio (VMR) | 11.82 ± 1.03 | 11.5 ± 1.06 |
Hepato somatic index (HSI) | 2.89 ± 0.18 | 2.50 ± 0.91 |
Condition factor (CF g/cm3) | 2.14 ± 0.075 | 2.21 ± 0.52 |
IPRA | TPC | |
---|---|---|
(n = 24) | (n = 27) | |
Moisture% | 79.64 ± 0.81 | 78.49 ± 2.33 |
Ash% | 1.469 ± 0.24 | 1.326 ± 0.20 |
Crude lipid (CL%) | 1.707 ± 0.47 * | 1.383 ± 0.21 |
Crude protein (CP%) | 18.66 ± 1.93 | 18.71 ± 0.94 |
pH, WHC, and Texture Profile Attributes | IPRA | TPC |
---|---|---|
pH | 6.26 ± 0.07 | 6.34 ± 0.22 |
Water Holding Capacity (%) | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.24 ± 0.068 |
Hardness | 411.75 ± 183.27 | 582.52 ± 398.45 |
Springiness | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.07 |
Stickiness | 4.02 ± 1.78 | 4.17 ± 2.14 |
Chewiness | 122.67 ± 49.82 | 180.28 ± 142.29 |
Adhesiveness | 237.25 ± 91.71 | 344.14 ± 243.82 * |
Cohesiveness | 0.59 ± 0.05 | 0.59 ± 0.06 |
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Gharti, K.; Yan, L.; Li, K.; Boonpeng, N.; Liu, L. Growth and Muscle Quality of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in In-Pond Raceway Aquaculture and Traditional Pond Culture. Water 2023, 15, 1771. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091771
Gharti K, Yan L, Li K, Boonpeng N, Liu L. Growth and Muscle Quality of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in In-Pond Raceway Aquaculture and Traditional Pond Culture. Water. 2023; 15(9):1771. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091771
Chicago/Turabian StyleGharti, Kamala, Li Yan, Kang Li, Nattida Boonpeng, and Liping Liu. 2023. "Growth and Muscle Quality of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in In-Pond Raceway Aquaculture and Traditional Pond Culture" Water 15, no. 9: 1771. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091771
APA StyleGharti, K., Yan, L., Li, K., Boonpeng, N., & Liu, L. (2023). Growth and Muscle Quality of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in In-Pond Raceway Aquaculture and Traditional Pond Culture. Water, 15(9), 1771. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091771