Ulam–Hyers Stability of Linear Differential Equation with General Transform

Abstract

The main aim of this study is to implement the general integral transform technique to determine Ulam-type stability and Ulam–Hyers–Mittag–Leffer stability. We are given suitable examples to validate and support the theoretical results. As an application, the general integral transform is used to find Ulam stability of differential equations arising in Thevenin equivalent electrical circuit system. The results are graphically represented, which provides a clear and thorough explanation of the suggested method.

1. Introduction

By way of historical background, the Hyers–Ulam stability was introduced in the twentieth century. In a seminar at Wisconsin University, Ulam [1] described a class of stability involving a functional equation that Hyers solved [2]. Hyers’s result has been widely generalized in terms of the control conditions used to define the concept of an approximate solution by Aoki [3] and Rassias [4]. The new approaches and techniques developed in the field of Ulam–Hyers stability in differential equations find a lot of applications in other areas such as physics, electronics, biology, economics, mechanics, etc. [5,6,7]. The stability of functional equations is studied in [8] and the application of parallel electrical circuits. Khan and co-authors [9] investigated the Ulam–Hyers stability through fractal-fractional derivative with power law kernel and the chaotic system based on circuit design. As a result, a great number of papers (see, for instance, monographs [10,11], survey articles [12,13] and the references given there) on the subject have been published, generalizing Ulam’s problem and Hyers’s theorem in various directions and to other equations [14,15].

Integral transformations have been highly effective in addressing a wide range of challenges in applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and engineering science for nearly two centuries. The origins of integral transforms trace back to the groundbreaking contributions of P. S. Laplace (1749–1827) on probability theory during the 1780s and the renowned work of J. Fourier (1768–1830) in 1822. These transformations have introduced potent methodologies for addressing both integral and differential equations.

The Laplace integral transforms a fundamental element in the mathematical literature. Equally noteworthy is Fourier’s introduction of the theory of Fourier series and Fourier integrals, a framework that has found extensive practical applications. The fundamental role of integral transforms lies in their capacity to map a function from its original space into a new space through integration. This transition often facilitates more manageable manipulation of the function’s properties within the new space compared to the original context. In the class of Laplace transforms, famous researchers have introduced different integral transforms over the past two decades [16,17,18].

The general integral transform was initially proposed by Jafari [19] in 2021, which is later called the Jafari transform, and Jafari–Yang transform [20,21,22]. In [23], the authors employed both the Haar wavelets collocation method and the Homotopy perturbation general transform technique. In [24], the authors proposed the Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo fractional derivative operator in the generalized integral transform sense.

In [25], the authors studied the generalized stability results of the linear differential equation for the higher order of the form

$$h^{\left(n\right)}\left(s\right)+\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}{v}_k{g}^k\left(s\right)=q\left(s\right),$$

through the Laplace transform technique. The results of the Ulam–Hyers stability for various earlier outcomes have been proved or discussed in the recent monograph [26,27] and in the papers [28,29,30]. The results obtained through general integral transform are very close to those obtained by Laplace transform [31]. A novel general integral transform that covered all integral transforms in the class of Laplace transform. In order to convey that the general integral transform can be replaced with the Laplace transform to solve differential equations, we have considered the general integral transform in this study.

Inspired by the interesting and significant results of the above review of the literature, the main intention of this work is to present general transform efficiently to derive the Ulam–Hyers and Ulam–Hyers $\varphi$-stability of the following first-order linear differential equations of the form:

$$g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right)=0,$$

(1)

and

$$g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right)=r\left(s\right),$$

(2)

where $\gamma$ is a constant and $g\left(s\right)$ is a continuously differentiable function of exponential order. Moreover, we extend the results related to the Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers and Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers $\varphi$-stability of these differential equations. From an application point of view, the general integral transform is used to find Ulam stability of differential equations arising in Thevenin equivalent electrical circuit system.

The entire study is categorized as follows: The first segment provides an overview of the Ulam–Hyers stability and some elementary results. In the second segment, we recall some basic concepts related to our considerations. In the third segment, the general integral transform is used to solve the Ulam-type stability of the (1) and (2). The stability result obtained in the third segment is extended to obtain Mittag–Leffer–Ulam–Hyers stability in the fourth segment. Examples are illustrated to validate the results obtained in this study in the fifth segment. We present some discussions about the application of Thevenin equivalent electrical circuit system in the sixth segment. The results of this study are concluded in the last section.

2. Preliminary Results

This segment briefly discusses some basic concepts from the literature on general integral transforms. Throughout this article, the symbol $\mathcal{W}$ refers to either the real field $\mathcal{R}$ or the complex field $\mathcal{C}$. A function $g\left(s\right)$ is said to be of the exponential order if there exist constants $\mathcal{A},\mathcal{B}\in \mathcal{R}$ such that $\left|g\left(s\right)\right|\le \mathcal{A}{e}^{\mathcal{B}s}$ for all $s>0$.

Definition 1 

([19]). Let $g\left(s\right)$ be an integrable function defined for $s\ge 0$, $u\left(\omega \right)\ne 0$ and $v\left(\omega \right)$ are positive real functions; we define the general integral transform $\mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right)$ of $g\left(s\right)$ by the formula

$$\mathcal{T}\{g\left(s\right);\omega \}=\mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right)=u\left(\omega \right){\int }_0^{\infty }g\left(s\right)e^{-v\left(\omega \right)s}ds,$$

provided the integral exists for some $v\left(\omega \right)$. Thus, we can obtain the integral transform of any general function. In

Table 1. Table of general integral transform.

Function $\mathit{g}\left(\mathit{s}\right)={\mathcal{T}}^{-1}\left\{\mathcal{G}\left(\mathit{\omega }\right)\right\}$	New Integral Transforms $\mathcal{G}\left(\mathit{\omega }\right)=\mathcal{T}\left\{\mathit{g}\right(\mathit{s});\mathit{\omega }\}$
1	$\frac{u\left(\omega \right)}{v\left(\omega \right)}$
s	$\frac{u\left(\omega \right)}{v{\left(\omega \right)}^2}$
$s^{\beta }$	$\frac{\mathsf{\Gamma }(\beta +1)u\left(\omega \right)}{u{\left(\omega \right)}^{\beta +1}},\beta >0$
$sins$	$\frac{u\left(\omega \right)}{v{\left(\omega \right)}^2+1}$
$sin\left(as\right)$	$\frac{au\left(\omega \right)}{a^2+v{\left(\omega \right)}^2},\mathrm{if}v\left(\omega \right)>\left|\mathcal{J}\left(a\right)\right|$
$coss$	$\frac{v\left(\omega \right)u\left(\omega \right)}{v{\left(\omega \right)}^2+1}$
$e^s$	$\frac{u\left(\omega \right)}{v\left(\omega \right)-1},v\left(s\right)>1$
$sH(s-1)$	$\frac{e^{-v\left(\omega \right)}(v\left(\omega \right)+1)u\left(\omega \right)}{v{\left(\omega \right)}^2}$
$g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)$	$v\left(\omega \right)\mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right)-u\left(\omega \right)g\left(0\right)$

, we have presented a novel integral transform for several fundamental functions.

Definition 2 

([19]). Let $g_1\left(s\right)$ and $g_2\left(s\right)$ have new integral transforms ${\mathcal{G}}_1\left(\omega \right)$ and ${\mathcal{G}}_2\left(\omega \right)$, respectively. Then, the new integral transform of their convolution is given as

$$g_1\ast g_2={\int }_0^{\infty }{g}_1\left(s\right)g_2(s-x)dx=\frac{1}{u\left(\omega \right)}{\mathcal{G}}_1\left(\omega \right).{\mathcal{G}}_2\left(\omega \right).$$

Theorem 1 

([19]). Let $g\left(s\right)$ is differentiable, and considering the positive real functions $u\left(\omega \right)$ and $v\left(\omega \right)$, then

• $\mathcal{T}\{g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right);\omega \}=v\left(\omega \right)\mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right)-u\left(\omega \right)g\left(0\right)$,
• $\mathcal{T}\{g^{{}^{\prime \prime }}\left(s\right),\omega \}=v^2\left(\omega \right)\mathcal{T}\{g\left(s\right);\omega \}-v\left(\omega \right)u\left(\omega \right)g\left(0\right)-u\left(\omega \right)g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(0\right)$,
• $\mathcal{T}\{g^n\left(s\right);\omega \}=u^n\left(\omega \right)\mathcal{T}\{g\left(s\right);\omega \}-u\left(\omega \right){\sum }_{k=0}^{n-1}{v}^{n-1-k}\left(\omega \right)g^{\left(k\right)}\left(0\right)$.

3. Main Stability Results

To establish the Ulam–Hyers stability of (1) and (2) through general integral transform. The following definition is provided from [18] and changed for the mentioned technique.

Definition 3 

([18]).

• The Equation (1) has Ulam–Hyers stability, if for any $\epsilon >0$ and continuously differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ satisfies

  $$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \left|g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right)\right|\le \epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\end{array}$$

  (3)

  then there exists a solution $h\left(s\right)$ of (1), with

  $$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \left|g\left(s\right)-h\left(s\right)\right|\le \mathcal{K}\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0.\end{array}$$
• The Equation (2) has Ulam–Hyers stability, if for any $\epsilon >0$ and continuously differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ satisfies

  $$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \left|g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right)-r\left(s\right)\right|\le \epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\end{array}$$

  (4)

  then there exists a solution $h\left(s\right)$ of (2), with

  $$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \left|g\left(s\right)-h\left(s\right)\right|\le \mathcal{K}\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\end{array}$$

  where $\mathcal{K}$ is a non-negative real number and Ulam–Hyers stability constant.

Definition 4 

([18]). Let $\varphi :(0,\infty )\to (0,\infty )$ be an integrable function.

• The Equation (1) has Ulam–Hyers ϕ-stability, if for every $\epsilon >0$ and continuously differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ satisfies

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & \left|g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right)\right|\le \varphi \left(s\right)\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\hfill \end{array}$$

  (5)

  then there exists some solution $h\left(s\right)$ of (1), with

  $$\left|g\left(s\right)-h\left(s\right)\right|\le \mathcal{K}\varphi \left(s\right)\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0.$$
• The Equation (2) has Ulam–Hyers ϕ-stability, if for every $\epsilon >0$ and continuously differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ satisfies

  $$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & \left|g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right)-r\left(s\right)\right|\le \varphi \left(s\right)\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\hfill \end{array}$$

  (6)

  then there exists some solution $h\left(s\right)$ of (2), with

  $$\left|g\left(s\right)-h\left(s\right)\right|\le \mathcal{K}\varphi \left(s\right)\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,$$

  where $\mathcal{K}$ is a non-negative real number and Ulam–Hyers ϕ-stability constant.

Theorem 2. 

Assume that γ is a constant with $\mathcal{R}\left(\gamma \right)>0$. The Equation (1) has Ulam–Hyers stability.

Proof. 

Assume that a continuously differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ satisfies inequality (3) for each $s\ge 0$. Choosing a function $z\left(s\right)$ as follows:

$$z\left(s\right):=g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right),\forall s\ge 0.$$

(7)

Now, the general integral transform derivative properties given in Theorem 1 applying the (7), we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathcal{T}\left\{z\right(s\left)\right\}& =\mathcal{T}\left\{g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right)\right\}\hfill \\ \hfill \mathcal{Z}\left(\omega \right)& =v\left(\omega \right)\mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right)-u\left(\omega \right)g\left(0\right)+\gamma \mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right),\hfill \end{array}$$

hence, we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right)& =\frac{\mathcal{Z}\left(\omega \right)+u\left(\omega \right)g\left(0\right)}{v\left(\omega \right)+\gamma }.\hfill \end{array}$$

(8)

If we put $h\left(s\right)=e^{-\gamma s}g\left(0\right)$, then we obtain $h\left(0\right)=g\left(0\right)$. The function $h\left(s\right)$ is a exponential order and general integral transform of $h\left(s\right)$ yields the following:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathcal{H}\left(\omega \right)& =\frac{u\left(\omega \right)g\left(0\right)}{v\left(\omega \right)+\gamma }.\hfill \end{array}$$

(9)

Hence, we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathcal{T}\left\{h^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma h\left(s\right)\right\}& =v\left(\omega \right)\mathcal{H}\left(\omega \right)-u\left(\omega \right)h\left(0\right)+\gamma \mathcal{H}\left(\omega \right).\hfill \end{array}$$

Then, by using (9), we have

$$\mathcal{T}\left\{h^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma h\left(s\right)\right\}=0.$$

Since $\mathcal{T}$ is an one-to-one operator, we obtain that

$$h^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma h\left(s\right)=0.$$

Here $h\left(s\right)$ is a solution of (1). Now, plugging the (8) and (9), we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right)-\mathcal{H}\left(\omega \right)& =\frac{\mathcal{Z}\left(\omega \right)+u\left(\omega \right)g\left(0\right)}{v\left(\omega \right)+\gamma }-\frac{u\left(\omega \right)g\left(0\right)}{v\left(\omega \right)+\gamma }\hfill \\ \hfill & =\frac{\mathcal{Z}\left(\omega \right)}{v\left(\omega \right)+\gamma },\hfill \\ \hfill \mathcal{T}\left\{g\left(s\right)\right\}-\mathcal{T}\left\{h\left(s\right)\right\}& =\mathcal{T}\left\{z\left(s\right)\ast e^{-\gamma s}\right\}.\hfill \end{array}$$

These equalities show that

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill g\left(s\right)-h\left(s\right)=z\left(s\right)\ast e^{-\gamma s}.\end{array}$$

Now, taking modulus on both sides, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left|g\right(s)-h(s\left)\right|& =|z\left(s\right)\ast e^{-\gamma s}|=|{\int }_0^{s}z\left(s\right)\ast e^{-\gamma (s-x)}dx|.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

In view of the inequality (3), $\left|z\left(s\right)\right|\le \epsilon$, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left|g\right(s)-h(s\left)\right|& \le \left|z\left(s\right)\right|\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-\gamma (s-x)}dx\right|\hfill \\ & \le \mathcal{K}\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\mathcal{K}=\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-\gamma (s-x)}dx\right|.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

Therefore, the (1) has Ulam–Hyers stability. □

Theorem 3. 

If γ is a constant with $\mathcal{R}\left(\gamma \right)>0$. The Equation (2) has Ulam–Hyers stability.

Proof. 

Assume that a continuously differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ satisfies the (4) for each $s\ge 0$. Let us consider a function $z\left(s\right)$ as follows:

$$z\left(s\right):=g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right)-r\left(s\right),\forall s\ge 0.$$

(10)

Now, the general integral transform derivative properties given in Theorem 1 applying the (10), we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right)& =\frac{\mathcal{Z}\left(\omega \right)+u\left(\omega \right)g\left(0\right)+R\left(\omega \right)}{v\left(\omega \right)+\gamma }.\hfill \end{array}$$

(11)

If we put $h\left(s\right)=e^{-\gamma s}g\left(0\right)+(r\left(s\right)\ast e^{-\gamma s})$, then $h\left(0\right)=g\left(0\right)$ and general integral transform of $h\left(s\right)$ yields the following:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathcal{H}\left(\omega \right)& =\frac{u\left(\omega \right)g\left(0\right)+R\left(\omega \right)}{v\left(\omega \right)+\gamma }.\hfill \end{array}$$

(12)

Hence, we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathcal{T}\left\{h^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma h\left(s\right)-r\left(s\right)\right\}& =v\left(\omega \right)\mathcal{H}\left(\omega \right)-u\left(\omega \right)h\left(0\right)+\gamma \mathcal{H}\left(\omega \right)-R\left(\omega \right).\hfill \end{array}$$

Then, by using (12), we have

$$\mathcal{T}\left\{h^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma h\left(s\right)-r\left(s\right)\right\}=0.$$

Since $\mathcal{T}$ is one-to-one operator,

$$h^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma h\left(s\right)-r\left(s\right)=0.$$

Here $h\left(s\right)$ is a solution of (2). By, utilizing the (11) and (12), we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right)-\mathcal{H}\left(\omega \right)& =\frac{\mathcal{Z}\left(\omega \right)}{v\left(\omega \right)+\gamma }.\hfill \end{array}$$

These equalities show that

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill g\left(s\right)-h\left(s\right)=z\left(s\right)\ast e^{-\gamma s}.\end{array}$$

Now, applying modulus on both sides, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left|g\right(s)-h(s\left)\right|& =|z\left(s\right)\ast e^{-\gamma s}|=|{\int }_0^{s}z\left(s\right)\ast e^{-\gamma (s-x)}dx|.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

In view of the inequality (4), $\left|z\left(s\right)\right|\le \epsilon$, we have

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left|g\right(s)-h(s\left)\right|& \le \left|z\left(s\right)\right|\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-\gamma (s-x)}dx\right|\hfill \\ & \le \mathcal{K}\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\mathcal{K}=\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-\gamma (s-x)}dx\right|.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

Therefore, the (2) has Ulam–Hyers stability. □

Corollary 1. 

Consider $\varphi :(0,\infty )\to (0,\infty )$ is a function. If γ is a constant with $\mathcal{R}\left(\gamma \right)>0$, then the Equation (1) has Ulam–Hyers ϕ-stability.

Proof. 

Assume that a continuously differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ satisfies (4) for each $s\ge 0$. Define a function $z\left(s\right)$ as follows:

$$z\left(s\right):=g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right),\forall s\ge 0.$$

Utilizing the same approach as in Theorem 2. Also, one can easily reach at

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left|g\right(s)-h(s\left)\right|& \le \left|z\left(s\right)\right|\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-\gamma (s-x)}dx\right|\hfill \\ & \le \mathcal{K}\varphi \left(s\right)\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\mathcal{K}=\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-\gamma (s-x)}dx\right|.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

Therefore, the (1) has Ulam–Hyers $\varphi$-stability. □

Corollary 2. 

Consider $\varphi :(0,\infty )\to (0,\infty )$ is a function. If γ is a constant with $\mathcal{R}\left(\gamma \right)>0$, then the Equation (2) has Ulam–Hyers ϕ-stability.

Proof. 

Assume that a continuously differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ satisfies (6) for each $s\ge 0$. Let us consider a function $z\left(s\right)$ as follows:

$$z\left(s\right):=g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\gamma g\left(s\right)-r\left(s\right),\forall s\ge 0.$$

Using a similar approach as in Theorem 3, one can easily arrive at

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left|g\right(s)-h(s\left)\right|& \le \left|z\left(s\right)\right|\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-\gamma (s-x)}dx\right|\hfill \\ & \le \mathcal{K}\varphi \left(s\right)\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\mathcal{K}=\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-\gamma (s-x)}dx\right|.\hfill \end{array}\end{array}$$

Therefore, the (2) has Ulam–Hyers $\varphi$-stability. □

4. Discussion on Additional Stability

We can present here the Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers and Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers $\varphi$-stability of the suggested equations.

Definition 5 

([10]). The Mittag–Leffler function denoted by $E_{\delta }\left(z\right)$ is defined as

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill E_{\delta }\left(z\right)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\frac{z^k}{\mathsf{\Gamma }(\delta k+1)},\end{array}$$

(13)

where $\mathcal{R}e\left(\delta \right)>0$ and $z,\delta \in \mathcal{C}$. If we put $\delta =1,$ then the (13) as follows:

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill E_1\left(z\right)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\frac{z^k}{\mathsf{\Gamma }(k+1)}=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\frac{z^k}{k}=e^z.\end{array}$$

The generalization of $E_{\delta }\left(z\right)$ is defined as

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill E_{\delta ,\alpha }\left(z\right)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\frac{z^k}{\mathsf{\Gamma }(\delta k+\alpha )},\end{array}$$

where $\mathcal{R}e\left(\delta \right)>0$, $\mathcal{R}e\left(\alpha \right)>0$ and $z,\delta ,\alpha \in \mathcal{C}$.

Remark 1. 

If we replace ε by $E_{\delta }\left(s\right)\epsilon$ in Theorem 2, the (1) has Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers stability.

Remark 2. 

If ε is replaced with $E_{\delta }\left(s\right)\epsilon$ in Theorem 3, then the (2) has Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers stability.

Remark 3. 

If we replace ε by $E_{\delta }\left(s\right)\varphi \left(s\right)\epsilon$ in Theorem 2, the (1) has Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers ϕ-stability.

Remark 4. 

If ε is replaced with $E_{\delta }\left(s\right)\varphi \left(s\right)\epsilon$ in Theorem 3, then the (2) has Mittag–Leffler–Ulam–Hyers ϕ-stability.

It is important to note that the method described in this context is well-suited for linear equations of the first order; this approach is applicable to linear differential equations of higher order.

Remark 5. 

The higher order linear differential equations have Ulam–Hyers stability, if for any $\epsilon >0$ and continuously differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ satisfies

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \left|g^n\left(s\right)+a_{n-1}{g}^{n-1}\left(s\right)+...+a_2{g}^{{}^{″}}\left(s\right)+a_1{g}^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+a_{0}g\left(s\right)\right|\le \epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\end{array}$$

then there exists a solution $h\left(s\right)$ of higher order linear differential equations, with

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \left|g\left(s\right)-h\left(s\right)\right|\le \mathcal{K}\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0.\end{array}$$

5. Examples

We provide suitable examples to solve the Ulam–Hyers stability of the proposed equations with general integral transform to justify our main results.

Example 1. 

Let us consider the following linear differential equation of the form

$$g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+7h\left(s\right)=0,$$

(14)

with initial condition $g\left(0\right)=-2$ and $\gamma =7$. Letting $z\left(s\right)=g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+7g\left(s\right)$ in Theorem 1 and taking the general integral transform, we get

$$\mathcal{Z}\left(s\right)=v\left(\omega \right)\mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right)+2u\left(\omega \right)+7\mathcal{G}\left(\omega \right),$$

If a differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ of exponential order satisfies

$$|g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+7g\left(s\right)|\le \epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,$$

for each $\epsilon >0$, then by Theorem 2, there exists a solution $h\left(s\right)$ of (14) with

$$\left|g\right(s)-h(s\left)\right|\le \mathcal{K}\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,$$

where,

$$\mathcal{K}=\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-7(s-x)}dx\right|=\frac{1}{7}(1-e^{-7s})=\frac{1}{7}.$$

In particular $g\left(s\right)=c{e}^{-7s}$ for some constant $c\in \mathcal{W}$.

Example 2. 

Let us consider the following linear differential equation of the form

$$g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+3h\left(s\right)=3coss,$$

(15)

with initial condition $g\left(0\right)=0$, $\gamma =2$ and $r\left(s\right)=3coss$. Letting $z\left(s\right)=g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+2g\left(s\right)-3coss$, if a differentiable function $g\left(s\right)$ of exponential order satisfies

$$|g^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+2g\left(s\right)-coss|\le \epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,$$

for each $\epsilon >0$, then by Theorem 3, there exists a solution $h\left(s\right)$ of (15) with

$$\left|g\right(s)-h(s\left)\right|\le \mathcal{K}\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,$$

where, $\mathcal{K}=\frac{1}{\mathcal{R}\left(\gamma \right)}=1$. In particular $g\left(s\right)=c{e}^{-s}+sins+coss$ for some constant $c\in \mathcal{W}$.

6. Applications of General Integral Transform

In this segment, we are inspired by [7] their application to examine the Ulam-type stability of the proposed equations as the Thevenin equivalent electrical circuit system under the general integral transform.

In real-world application, a voltage magnification circuit uses the Thevenin equivalent circuit for voltage amplification without any external power supply, which includes the parameters of current I in amperes at an open circuit voltage $V_{OC}$, resistor $R_0$ in ohm ($\mathsf{\Omega }$) and a resistor-capacitor pair $R_1-C_1$ as displayed in Figure 1. The terminal voltage $V_T$ of such a battery system can be defined as follows:

$$V_T=V_{OC}-I_{R_0}-V_{RC},$$

where $V_{RC}$ is the potential drop caused by the $R-C$ pair and the voltage drop caused by the ohmic resistance. The current I is called the response of the system. The first order differential equation of Thevenin equivalent electrical circuit system is as follows:

$$\frac{d{V}_{RC}}{ds}=-\frac{V_{RC}}{R_1.C_1}+\frac{I}{C_1}.$$

(16)

Let a differentiable function $V_{RC}$ of exponential order satisfies

$$|V_{RC}^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\frac{1}{R_1.C_1}{V}_{RC}\left(s\right)-\frac{1}{C_1}I|\le \epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0.$$

Letting $z\left(s\right)=V_{RC}^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\frac{1}{R_1.C_1}{V}_{RC}\left(s\right)-\frac{1}{C_1}I$. Applying the general integral transform to $z\left(s\right)$ function, we obtain

$${\mathcal{V}}_{RC}\left(\omega \right)=\frac{\mathcal{Z}\left(\omega \right)+u\left(\omega \right)V_{RC}\left(0\right)+\mathcal{T}\left\{\frac{I}{C_1}\right\}}{v\left(\omega \right)+\frac{1}{R_1.C_1}}$$

Let us set,

$${\mathcal{V}}_{R{C}_a}\left(\omega \right)=\frac{u\left(\omega \right)V_{RC}\left(0\right)+\mathcal{T}\left\{\frac{I}{C_1}\right\}}{v\left(\omega \right)+\frac{1}{R_1.C_1}}$$

then, based on Theorem 3, there exists a solution $V_{R{C}_a}$ of (16) such that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill |V_{RC}-V_{R{C}_a}|& \le \left|z\left(s\right)\right|\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-\frac{1}{R_1.C_1}(s-x)}dx\right|\hfill \\ \hfill & \le \mathcal{K}\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\mathcal{K}=\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-\frac{1}{R_1.C_1}(s-x)}dx\right|.\hfill \end{array}$$

Therefore, the (16) is Ulam–Hyers stable.

Example 3. 

Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit concerning the problem shown in Figure 2.

Solution: As both the resistors are in series, the current that flows across them can be calculated as follows:

$$I=\frac{V_{OC}}{R_1+R_0}=3mA,$$

Consider the Thevenin equivalent electrical circuit equation form:

$$V_{RC}^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+\frac{1}{4\times 5}{V}_{RC}\left(s\right)=\frac{3}{5}.$$

(17)

Let $\epsilon >0$. Suppose that $V_{RC}$ satisfies inequality

$$|V_{RC}^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+0.05V_{RC}\left(s\right)-0.6|\le \epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0.$$

Choosing a function $z\left(s\right)=V_{RC}^{{}^{\prime }}\left(s\right)+0.05V_{RC}\left(s\right)-0.6,\forall \ell \ge 0.$ Using a similar approach as in Theorem 3, one can easily arrive at

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill |V_{RC}-V_{R{C}_a}|& \le \left|z\left(s\right)\right||{\int }_0^s{e}^{-0.05(s-x)}dx|\hfill \\ \hfill & \le \mathcal{K}\epsilon ,\forall s\ge 0,\mathcal{K}=\left|{\int }_0^s{e}^{-0.05(s-x)}dx\right|.\hfill \end{array}$$

Therefore, the (17) is Ulam–Hyers stable.

The Thevenin equivalent circuit system for voltage amplification without any external power supply for the considered electrical circuit and supply voltage values. In Figure 3, the result shows the power dissipation of the system against time, and it comes to nearly zero, indicating its system stability.

7. Conclusions

The proposed method is stability results are new in the research field of stability theory. A novel general integral transform is employed to solve the Ulam–Hyers stability problem. Moreover, the results indicate that the general integral transform is more effective and convenient for the Ulam stability research area. The Ulam–Hyers stability is also discussed as an extension of the Mittag–Leffer–Ulam–Hyers stability of the proposed equations. Relevant examples and electrical circuit applications are validated by the results obtained in this study. Future work recommends investigating by researchers interested the differential equations with various integral transforms to implement the suitable electrical circuit in an innovative method.