Revised and Generalized Results of Averaging Principles for the Fractional Case
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Modeling Memory and Hereditary Properties:FODs inherently consider the entire history of a function, making them ideal for modeling systems with memory and hereditary effects. Traditional integer-order derivatives are local, depending only on the function’s current state. In contrast, FODs capture long-range temporal dependencies, providing more accurate and realistic models for systems where past states influence current behavior.
- Viscoelastic materials: Fractional models describe how materials like polymers exhibit both elastic and viscous behaviors over time.
- Biological systems: They capture the memory effects in biological processes, such as gene regulation and neural activity.
- Enhanced control systems: Fractional-order controllers, such as fractional proportional integral derivative controllers, provide additional tuning parameters beyond traditional integer-order controllers. The extra degree of freedom in FODs allows for finer control and better performance in dynamic systems, particularly those with uncertain or time-varying characteristics.
- Robotics: Improve stability and response time in robotic systems.
- Automotive systems: Enhance control in vehicle dynamics and stability systems.
- Superior signal processing: FODs improve techniques for analyzing and filtering signals, especially those exhibiting non-stationary behavior. They provide more robust algorithms for detecting features and trends in complex signals, improving the accuracy and reliability of signal-processing tasks.
- Biomedical engineering: Enhance analysis of electrocardiogram signals for detecting cardiac abnormalities.
- Seismology: Better detect and characterize seismic events.
- Accurate modeling of anomalous diffusion: FODs effectively describe anomalous diffusion processes, where particle movement deviates from classical Brownian motion. They capture the irregular and complex diffusion patterns observed in heterogeneous or disordered media, providing more accurate models for these processes.
- Environmental engineering: Model pollutant transport in porous media.
- Biophysics: Describe the diffusion of molecules within cellular environments.
- Improved financial models: FODs capture memory and path-dependent behaviors in financial markets, leading to more accurate models. They allow for better risk assessment and option pricing by incorporating long memory effects and non-local interactions into market data.
- Option pricing: Fractional stochastic models provide more accurate pricing by considering historical volatility.
- Risk management: Improve modeling of market risks and asset returns.
- Flexibility and generalization: FODs generalize classical calculus, providing a continuum of derivative orders between integers. This flexibility allows for more precise and adaptable modeling across a wide range of applications, accommodating the unique characteristics of various systems.
- Physics: Involves modeling phenomena that cannot be adequately described by integer-order equations.
- Engineering: Involves designing systems with specific dynamic responses tailored through fractional modeling.
- Better fit for experimental data: FODs often provide a better fit for experimental data compared to integer-order models. They reduce the discrepancy between theoretical models and observed data, enhancing the accuracy and predictive power of the models.
- Material science: Accurate characterization of material properties under various stress and strain conditions.
- Biological studies: Better representation of complex biological processes and their responses to stimuli.
- Versatility in numerical methods: Various numerical methods have been developed to solve fractional differential equations (FDEs), expanding the applicability of FODs. Numerical methods enable the practical application of FODs to complex real-world problems where analytical solutions are not feasible.
- Finite difference methods: Approximating FODs for solving engineering problems.
- Spectral methods: Using orthogonal polynomials to solve FDEs in physics.
- Delay:The inclusion of delay means that the evolution of the system depends not only on its current state but also on its state at previous times. This is useful for modeling systems where past events influence future behavior. In population dynamics, the birth rate at a given time may depend on the population size at some earlier time due to gestation periods.
- Fractional derivatives:Fractional derivatives are generalizations of ordinary derivatives to non-integer orders. They are useful for describing processes with memory and hereditary properties. In viscoelastic materials, the stress–strain relationship can be more accurately described using fractional derivatives.
- Stochastic Processes:This component incorporates randomness into the equations, typically using terms that represent random noise, such as Brownian motion or Wiener processes. In finance, stock prices can be modeled as stochastic processes due to the randomness of market movements.
- Biology:DFSDEs are used to model population dynamics, where the delay represents the time lag in the response of the population to changes in the environment. This can include predator–prey interactions and the spread of diseases.
- Finance:In financial mathematics, DFSDEs help model stock prices and interest rates, incorporating memory effects and stochastic volatility. This is crucial for pricing derivatives and managing financial risks.
- Engineering:These equations are applied in control systems and signal processing, where delays and stochastic perturbations are common. They help in designing systems that can withstand random disturbances and delays.
- Physics:DFSDEs model various physical phenomena, such as viscoelastic materials and thermal processes, where the delay represents the time-dependent response of materials to external forces.
- Environmental Science:They are used to model climate systems and ecological processes, where delays can represent the time lag in the response of the environment to changes in external factors like pollution or climate change.
- We corrected the mistakes in the proof of Ave-P found in various publications. In most studies, the standard form of FSDEs is incorrectly established by adding in front of the drift term and in front of the diffusion term, which is not correct for the fractional case. We derive the correct standard form for FSDEs using the time-scale change property of Cap-KGF derivatives.
- We generalize the Ex-Un results of the solution for DFSDEs concerning fractional derivatives by establishing the results in the sense of the Cap-KGF derivative. When using condition in our established results, we obtain the results in the sense of the Cap-FD, and under condition , we obtain the results in the sense of the Cap-HFD.
- As most of the results regarding Ex-Un and Ave-P in the literature are established in space, we also generalize these results by establishing them in space. In this way, our research generalizes the results of Ex-Un and Ave-P for .We examined the following DFSDEs:
2. Preliminaries
- :
- :
- : Functions and exist, and for , , and , the bounded functions and exist, such that we have the following:
3. Main Findings
3.1. Existence and Uniqueness of the Solutions to DFSDEs
- Guaranteed convergence: The BFPT guarantees the Ex-Un of a fixed point for a contraction mapping on a complete metric space. This provides a stronger assurance compared to sequence approximation methods, which may not always converge or may converge to different points depending on the initial guess.
- Rate of convergence: The theorem provides a clear rate of convergence. Specifically, it states that the sequence of iterates converges to the fixed point at a geometric rate, which is often faster and more predictable than the convergence rates of general sequence approximation methods.
- Clear and simple conditions: BFPT requires only that the mapping be a contraction and that the space is complete. These are relatively straightforward conditions and are often easier to verify. Sequence approximation methods, however, may involve more complicated conditions or assumptions about the nature of the sequence or the underlying space.
- Broad applicability: The theorem applies to any complete metric space, making it versatile for various types of problems. Sequence approximation methods may require specific conditions or modifications to work effectively in different contexts.
- Step 1: First, we will demonstrate that maps into itself. Thus, by J-I,
- Step 2: We now demonstrate the contractivity of . Thus, by using J-I, , and , we have the following:
3.2. Averaging Principle Result
4. Examples
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FODs | fractional order derivatives |
Cap-FD | Caputo fractional derivative |
FDEs | fractional differential equations |
Cap-HFD | Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative |
Cap-KGF | Caputo–Katugampola fractional |
Ex-Un | existence and uniqueness |
Fr-Cal | fractional calculus |
FSDEs | fractional stochastic differential equations |
DFSDEs | delay fractional stochastic differential equations |
UH | Ulam–Hyers |
BFPT | Banach fixed-point theorem |
DEs | differential equations |
Ave-P | averaging principle |
B-D-G-I | Burkholder–Davis–Gundy inequality |
J-I | Jensen inequality |
H-I | Hölder’s inequality |
G-B-I | Grönwall–Bellman inequality |
C-M-I | Chebyshev–Markov inequality |
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Liaqat, M.I.; Khan, Z.A.; Conejero, J.A.; Akgül, A. Revised and Generalized Results of Averaging Principles for the Fractional Case. Axioms 2024, 13, 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13110732
Liaqat MI, Khan ZA, Conejero JA, Akgül A. Revised and Generalized Results of Averaging Principles for the Fractional Case. Axioms. 2024; 13(11):732. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13110732
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiaqat, Muhammad Imran, Zareen A. Khan, J. Alberto Conejero, and Ali Akgül. 2024. "Revised and Generalized Results of Averaging Principles for the Fractional Case" Axioms 13, no. 11: 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13110732
APA StyleLiaqat, M. I., Khan, Z. A., Conejero, J. A., & Akgül, A. (2024). Revised and Generalized Results of Averaging Principles for the Fractional Case. Axioms, 13(11), 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13110732