Next Article in Journal
False-Positive Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Defects at First-Trimester Ultrasound: An Italian Multicentric Study
Previous Article in Journal
Detection of Brain-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Plasma
Previous Article in Special Issue
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Etiology, Correlation with Tooth Number Anomalies and Implications for Comprehensive Management Strategies in Children from Transylvania
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Diagnostics
Volume 14
Issue 22
10.3390/diagnostics14222542
diagnostics-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Prevalence, Occurrence, and Characteristics of Supernumerary Teeth Among the Saudi Arabian Population Using Panoramic Radiographs

by
Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni
1,2,3,*,
Sami Aldhuwayhi
4,*,
Yahya Deeban
4,
Khalid Saud Almutairi
5,
Sultan Nawasir Alhabrdi
6,
Mohammad Abdulaziz Almidaj
7,
Bader Abdullah Alrumi
6,
Abdurrahman Salman Assalman
4,
Angel Mary Joseph
4,
Amar Ashok Thakare
4 and
Mohammed Ziauddeen Mustafa
4
1
Pediatric Dentistry, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh 14212, Saudi Arabia
2
Division for Globalization Initiative, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
3
Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
4
Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
5
Dental Department, Style Clinic, Riyadh 13313, Saudi Arabia
6
Dental Department, Al-Zulfi General Hospital, Alzulfi, Riyadh 15972, Saudi Arabia
7
Dental Department, Al-Artawiyah General Hospital, Al-Artawiyah, Riyadh 15736, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2024, 14(22), 2542; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14222542
Submission received: 14 October 2024 / Revised: 4 November 2024 / Accepted: 10 November 2024 / Published: 13 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Diagnosis and Treatment Plan for Orthodontic and Oro-Facial Rehabilitations)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Background: Supernumerary teeth numerical anomalies and the early diagnosis of supernumerary teeth is very important to avoid potential complications. The study aim was to determine the prevalence, occurrence, and characteristics of supernumerary teeth among the Arabian population. Methods: A retrospective radiographic study was performed using panoramic radiographs of patients attending a teaching hospital from January 2018 to December 2020. Only healthy patients with clear radiographs were included in the study, and patients with syndromes, cleft lip, and palate, and unclear radiographs were excluded from the study. The details include the patient’s age and gender, supernumerary tooth number, location, orientation, and position. Only a single examiner was involved in the data collection and analysis. Results: Overall, 38 (2%) patients were observed with 47 supernumerary teeth. Among them, 76% were males and 24% were females, with a mean age of 16.1 ± 9.7 years. Mesiodens (87%) are the common type of supernumerary tooth, and the majority of the supernumerary teeth were impacted (66%). The majority of the patients presented with a single supernumerary tooth, while 24% of the patients presented with two supernumerary teeth. Sixty percent of the supernumerary teeth were conical in morphology, followed by a tuberculate morphology. In the study population, most of the supernumerary teeth were normal in orientation. Conclusions: The prevalence of supernumerary teeth was 2%. Among them, the majority were observed at the anterior region of the maxillary arch with a conical shape of normal orientation. The gender-based comparison of location, orientation, morphology, eruption, and number of supernumerary teeth showed male predilection.

1. Introduction

Developmental anomalies of teeth and the surrounding structures are noticeable aberrations from the usual exhibition of both primary and permanent dentition. This category comprises an extensive array of disorders involving alterations in the quantity, shape, eruption time, type, location, and measurement of teeth [1,2]. The presence of such anomalies can obscure any dental treatment, especially in cases of root canal treatment, tooth extraction, etc., and might persuade malocclusion and functional and aesthetic complications [3]. Among these anomalies, numerical anomalies such as supernumerary teeth, hypodontia, and hypo-hyperdontia have significance in dental abnormalities [4,5]. Supernumerary teeth are defined as any tooth or odontogenic structure that is formed from a tooth germ in excess of the usual number for any given region of the dental arch [6]. This number difference can show up in one or more forms, on one side or both sides of the alveolar arches, and it is more likely to happen in the premaxillary region [7,8,9,10].
Supernumerary teeth are extra teeth to the normal complement; this is also called hyperdontia or third dentition [10,11,12]. Supernumerary teeth are more common in males than in females [4,5,7,13]. Atavism, the dichotomy theory, genetics, local trauma, and hyperactivity of the dental lamina are some of the causes that have been shown to lead to the development of extra teeth [13,14,15]. However, there is no globally accepted theory for the formation of supernumerary teeth [15]. Further, Brook et al. [16] opined that both environmental and genetic factors play an important role in the formation of supernumerary teeth. Supernumerary teeth can occur in single, double, and multiple ways; multiple supernumerary teeth are very common in patients with cleft lip and/or palate and cleidocranial dysplasia [17,18]. Syndromes can be linked to having extra teeth, and this number problem that does not happen with a syndrome has been written about a lot [19,20]. There are different types of supernumerary teeth based on their location (mesiodens, para-premolar, para-molar, and distomolar), morphology (tuberculate, conical, supplemental, and odontoma), orientation (vertical or normal, horizontal, and inverted), and position (buccal, palatal, and transverse) [21,22].
This number difference is linked to numerous problems in the developing teeth, such as midline diastema, delayed eruption, rotation, impaction, crowding, spreading, and dentigerous cysts. Therefore, early diagnosis and management of supernumerary teeth are very important to avoid such complications. In Saudi Arabia, the reported prevalence of supernumerary teeth ranges from 0.3 to 15.6% [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35], and mesiodens have been reported to be a very common type of supernumerary teeth (Table 1). A few authors also reported the prevalence of dental anomalies; however, a couple of the studies involved the other nationalities along with Saudi nationalities and a few studies were not clear about their exclusion criteria [36,37]. None of the reported studies discussed the prevalence, occurrence, or characteristics of supernumerary teeth among the Arab population. Therefore, there is a need for the study to establish the common types and characteristics of supernumerary teeth. Nonetheless, the aim of this study was to establish the prevalence, occurrence, and characteristics of supernumerary teeth among the Saudi Arabian population.

2. Methods

Ethical approval was acquired by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University in Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia, with the Institutional Review Board (IRB) number MUREC.May.06/COM-2020/29-1. This study was conducted in complete conformity with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. A retrospective radiographic study was performed using panoramic radiographs of patients attending a teaching hospital, the College of Dentistry, Al-Zulfi, Saudi Arabia, from January 2018 to December 2020. Saudi nationals, patients with clear panoramic radiographs, individuals who were visited for the first time, and individuals who had never had a history of extraction are the eligibility requirements for participation in the study. Patients with medically compromised syndromes, cleft lip and/or palate, unclear panoramic radiographs, and non-Saudi nationality were excluded from the study. All the panoramic radiographs were taken using the Kodak 8000C digital panoramic and cephalometric systems (Carestream Health, Inc., New York, NY, USA). All the radiographs were taken using standardized exposure parameters, adhering to all required radiation safety measures. The very first digital panoramic radiographs are for data collection purposes. None of the patients’ personally identifying information, such as their names and identification numbers, was involved in the data collection. A strict adherence to confidentiality was maintained, and every document was scrutinized to eliminate any previous instances of tooth extraction. The patient’s age, gender, median number of teeth, area, orientation, and position of the supernumerary teeth were all included in the data collection process. The comparison looked at gender (male and female), number (single, double, and more than two), orientation (transverse, normal, and inverted), position (impacted and erupted), morphology (tuberculate (supplemental considered as tuberculate), and conical), and location (mesiodens, para-premolar, para-molar, and distomolar) [17,18]. In the present study, the error of the approach was determined by doing the evaluations of dental anomalies (supernumerary and other dental anomalies) from twenty panoramic radiographs at regular intervals of two weeks. This was responsible for conducting all of the investigations. It was determined through the use of Kappa statistics whether or not the determination of each dental abnormality could be considered reliable. It was found that the initial and second evaluations produced a Kappa score of 0.9, and these radiographs were not included in the final study. The data collected was comprehensively analyzed using Excel 2000, a component of Microsoft Office designed in the United States (Microsoft Corporation, Washington, DC, USA). Frequencies and percentages were calculated to record the location, orientation, morphology, eruption, and number. The gender-based comparison was made based on number, dentition, arch, tooth type, tooth region, morphology, orientation, and eruption. The Chi square test used gender-based comparison. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) at a 5% significance level.

3. Results

A total of 2438 panoramic radiographs were included in the study; among them, only 1901 were eligible for analysis. Thirty-eight patients (2%) of the total were found to have forty-seven supernumerary teeth with a mean age of 16.1 ± 9.7 years. The individuals included in this group consisted of 76% males and 24% females. Only 4% of the supernumerary teeth were observed in primary dentition. In comparison, 45% of supernumerary teeth in the study population reported mixed and permanent dentition. Seventy-four percent of the patients presented with a single supernumerary tooth, whereas twenty-four percent of the patients presented with two supernumerary teeth (Figure 1).
Mesiodens are the most prevalent type of supernumerary tooth, accounting for 87% of the total number of supernumerary teeth. Distomolars and parapremolars, on the other hand, were identified at 4% and 9%, respectively (Figure 2). Sixty-six percent of the supernumerary teeth were impacted, while thirty-four percent of the teeth were erupted. Sixty percent of the supernumerary teeth were identified as conical, while forty percent of them were found to be tuberculated. Eighty percent of the supernumerary teeth were in the anterior region (incisor region) while 13% of the supernumerary teeth were evident in the posterior region (premolar (9%) and molar (4%)). The majority of the supernumerary teeth were observed in the maxillary arch (94%) in contrast with the mandibular arch (6%). Seventy percent of the supernumerary teeth were normal in orientation, while 28% of the supernumerary teeth were inverted, and one supernumerary tooth (2%) was transverse in orientation (Figure 3).
Only 25 patients who had an excessive number of teeth reported complications, among them midline diastema, which accounted for 32% of the cases, and was a problem that was frequently related to supernumerary teeth in the population that was studied. Although patients with supernumerary teeth were more likely to have crowding, delayed eruptions, rotations, impactions, and rotations, respectively, were found in 16%, 24%, 16%, and 12% of patients (Figure 4).
The gender-based comparison was made based on number, dentition, arch, tooth type, tooth region, morphology, orientation, and eruption as illustrated in Figure 4. Males exhibited the majority of supernumerary teeth in mixed and permanent dentition, while females exhibited the majority of supernumerary teeth in primary dentition. The findings showed no significant difference (p > 0.05).
Figure 5 summarizes the gender-based comparison of supernumerary teeth is based on dentition, number, arch, tooth region, tooth type, orientation, morphology, and eruption among the study population. The majority of the single supernumerary tooth observations were found in males (68%) and all the two supernumerary teeth observations were evident in males (p > 0.05). All the supernumerary teeth in the mandibular arch were found in males, while 80% were reported in males and 20% were found in males (p > 0.05). All the distomolars and para premolars were observed in males, while 78% of the mesiodens were observed in males and 22% of the mesiodens were observed in females (p > 0.05). All the supernumerary teeth in the premolar region and molar region were observed in males while 78% of the supernumerary teeth in males were observed in the incisor region and 22% in females (p > 0.05). Males accounted for 68% of the observed supernumerary teeth, while females accounted for 32%, and males accounted for 100% of the tuberculate supernumerary teeth (p > 0.05). Males accounted for all the transverse supernumerary teeth observed. Eighty-one percent of supernumerary teeth were normally oriented in males, while 77% of the inverted supernumerary teeth were reported in males (p > 0.05). All but 81% of supernumerary teeth in males were erupted, while 19% of supernumerary teeth in females were erupted. In males, 80% of the supernumerary teeth were impacted, while 20% were in females (p > 0.05).

4. Discussion

A comprehensive clinical examination, along with certain radiographic techniques, is crucial for accurately assessing the occurrence of supernumerary teeth. However, this importance is often overlooked or undervalued. The presence of several inconsistencies in the prevalence statistics raises doubts about the reliability of the existing data on supernumerary teeth. Some of the problems that can happen because of developmental problems in primary dentition are bad bites, cavities, poor aesthetics, issues with the eruption of the next tooth, and problems during endodontic or surgical procedures on the affected teeth. These issues may present challenges, ultimately resulting in irreversible damage. Typically, these abnormalities are disregarded, neglected, or go unreported during regular medical procedures and are infrequently reported by patients as their main concerns. The prevalence and distribution of these anomalies will assist dental faculty and experts in early identification and recognition, as well as in providing complete treatment for predominant dental malformations.
The prevalence of supernumerary teeth has not been reported in the Zulfi region of Saudi Arabia. There are only twelve studies reported from Saudi Arabia on the prevalence of supernumerary teeth, which ranges from 0.3% to 15.6%. Among the reported studies, two each came from Abha [28,31], Jazan [27,35], Jeddah [24,25], Dammam [32,33], and Gizan [23], Taif [34], Makkah [29], and Riyadh [30]. The present study was reported by a faculty of dentistry in Zulfi, Majmaah University, AlMajmaah Saudi Arabia. The present study found that 2% of the study sample was supernumerary. All the study samples published in Saudi Arabia were taken from the teaching hospitals in representative areas; similarly, the present sample was also taken from a teaching hospital at Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia. In the present study, the mean age was 16.1 ± 9.7 years, and the study sample involved an age range of five years to thirty-eight years with male predilection. The findings are in agreement with most of the studies reported in the literature and in Saudi Arabia. However, a study by Riyadh found female predilection of supernumerary teeth in the sample size, similarly. The sample involved 299 [30] to 2481 [34]. However, the present study sample size was 1901 of 2438 panoramic radiographs from the Zulfi region. The diagnostic tool used for the identification of supernumerary teeth plays a vital role in the diagnosis of supernumerary teeth. The previous studies used clinical records, study casts, and panoramic radiographs. It has been reported that there are various techniques used to identify dental abnormalities [38]. Nevertheless, Anthonappa et al. [39] opined that the identification of supernumerary teeth on panoramic radiographs required refined dental training. Among the prior studies from Saudi Arabia, a few researchers used only panoramic radiographs [25,26,27,29,30,32,35], and some of the investigators used clinical and radiographic records [23,24,28,34], whereas a recent study [31] from the Abha region used panoramic radiographs and periapical films. In the present study, the authors used panoramic radiographs for the data collection.
Supernumerary teeth can occur single or multiple times in any given region of the jaw [40,41,42,43,44]. According to a Brazilian study [41], 92.5% of the cases had a single supernumerary tooth, while the presence of two supernumerary teeth was detected in 7.5%. Similarly, a Jordanian study [42] found that 77% had single supernumerary teeth, 18.4% had two supernumerary teeth, and 4.65 had three supernumerary teeth. An Indian study found [43] that 79.1% have a single supernumerary tooth and 21.9% have two supernumerary teeth. A Turkish study [44] found that 78.8% had a single supernumerary tooth, whereas 20.4% had two supernumerary teeth. A Spanish study [45] also reported that 67.5% have single supernumerary teeth, whereas 25.5% have two supernumerary teeth. Similarly, in the present study, seventy-six percent of the patients presented with a single supernumerary tooth, whereas twenty-four percent presented with two supernumerary teeth. None of the prior published studies from Saudi Arabia reported on the number and distribution of supernumerary teeth. Some of the studies [46,47] reported the occurrence of multiple supernumerary teeth in healthy individuals. However, in the present study, there was no evidence of multiple supernumerary teeth.
Based on the published literature, mesiodens are a commonly observed supernumerary tooth type [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50]. Similarly, in the present study, mesiodens are the most prevalent type of supernumerary tooth, accounting for 87% of the total supernumerary teeth observed. Distomolars and parapremolars, on the other hand, were identified in 4% and 9%, respectively. The majority of the studies from Saudi Arabia reported that mesiodens are a common type of supernumerary [26,28,29,32,34]. A study from Riyadh found distomolars to be the most common supernumerary type, but it only included orthodontic patients [30]. Another study from Jizan reported that parapremolars are commonly occurring in supernumerary tooth types in their study sample [25]. In agreement with the majority of the studies published in the literature, the present study found that 87% of the supernumerary teeth are mesiodens. Paramolars were not evident in the study population of the present study. A Jordanian [42] study found 0.5% in the molar region; in contrast, in the present study, the authors observed 4% of supernumerary teeth in the molar region. Kara et al. [44] evaluated supernumerary molars among the 104,902 Turkish population and found that in 0.33% of occurrences among them, 63% were distomolars and 37% were paramolars. Nonetheless, in the present study, none of the patients were observed with paramolars, and only 4% were reported with distomolars. On the other hand, a Brazilian study [41] found that none of the study population reported either paramolars or distomolars.
The majority (52.1%) of the supernumerary teeth were reported to have a normal orientation, while 2.5% of them were inverted, 35.9% were horizontal in orientation, and 9.4% of them had a horizontal orientation in a Turkish study [44]. These findings are not comparable with the present study since the Turkish study [44] only evaluated the supernumerary molars. The majority of the published studies reported that supernumerary teeth are inverted in orientation [45,46,47,48,49,50]. An Indian study [51] found that 68.5% of supernumerary teeth had a normal orientation and 24.1% had an inverted orientation. Inversely, a Japanese study [52] reported that 67% of inverted supernumerary teeth were normally oriented, 27% were normally oriented, and 6% were transversely oriented. Another Indian study [53] also reported that the majority (95.06%) of the supernumerary teeth were normally oriented, while 4.94% were inverted in orientation. A Hong Kong study [47] and a Turkish study [54] also found the majority of the supernumerary teeth in their studies to be normal in orientation. A Swedish study [55] reported that 51.3% of supernumerary teeth are normally oriented; however, 9.4% were horizontal and 39.3% were inverted in orientation. In the present study, 72% of the supernumerary teeth in the study were found to be normal in orientation. Whereas 26% of supernumerary teeth were inverted in orientation and 2% of them were with transverse orientation. None of the reported studies from Saudi Arabia evaluated the orientation of supernumerary teeth in their study population.
The conical form of the supernumerary tooth was the most prevalent, which is consistent with the published literature [16,47,48]. Sixty percent of the supernumerary teeth were identified as conical in shape, while forty percent of them were found to be tuberculated in the present study. A few researchers from India [46] and Korea [56], reported a higher percentage of conical-shaped supernumerary teeth. Inversely, a few of the researchers, including a Turkish study [54], a Swedish study [55], and a Brazilian study [41] reported lower percentages compared to the presented study. A Swedish study [55] found that the majority of the supernumerary teeth are conical (55.5%) in morphology. On the other hand, a Turkish study found that 47.3% of their cohort had conical supernumerary teeth, followed by 39.9% tuberculate and 12.8% with supplemental morphology. However, the authors of the study only included supernumerary molars, and these findings are comparable to those of the present study. An Indian study [46] reported that 79.4% of their cohort had conical-shaped supernumerary teeth, 9.75% had tuberculate, and 7.31% had the supplemental type. The Nepalese study [57] found that 58.1% of the supernumerary teeth had conical morphology, and tuberculate and supplemental teeth were 30.9% and 10.9%, respectively. A Chinese CBCT study [58] reported that 83.5% of the supernumerary teeth were conical in shape, followed by tuberculate. In the present study, conical and peg-shaped teeth were considered in the same category study and supplemental teeth were also considered as tuberculate. A Swedish study [55] evaluated conical and peg-shaped supernumerary teeth separately and a three-dimensional study from China [58] reported conical and peg-shaped teeth in the same category. In the present study, panoramic radiographs were used for the analysis, nonetheless, and the findings were not comparable with the Chinese study [58].
Sixty-six percent of the supernumerary teeth were impacted, while thirty-four percent of the teeth were erupted. Among 38 individuals with supernumerary teeth, 17 patients had (48.6%) supernumerary teeth that had erupted into the oral cavity. Twelve patients (34.3%) had supernumerary teeth that were impacted and the remaining six patients (17.1%) presented with both erupted as well as impacted teeth. The supernumerary teeth cause various problems including conditions from midline diastema to cystic formation [58,59,60,61]. Merely 25 patients who had an excessive number of teeth reported complications, among them midline diastema, which accounted for 32% of the cases. This was a problem that was frequently related to supernumerary teeth in the population that was studied. Although patients with supernumerary teeth were more likely to experience crowding, delayed eruptions, rotations, impactions, and rotations, respectively, 16%, 24%, 16%, and 12% of patients reported each of these complications. A Hongkong [47] study reported that 0.5% of supernumerary teeth were associated with dentigerous cysts; on the other hand, a Japanese study [60] reported that 2.5% of supernumerary teeth were associated with cystic formation. However, in the present study, none of the supernumerary teeth were associated with cystic formation.
This study also investigated the gender-based comparison of supernumerary teeth among the Saudi Arabian population. Most studies only concentrate on gender-based distribution worldwide. Almost all of the published reports observed supernumerary teeth as more common in males than females [41,42,43,47,48,49,50,51,52,62]. Similarly, among the studies published in Saudi Arabia, supernumerary teeth are more common in males compared to females [23,24,25,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. However, Al-Jabaa and Aldrees [26] reported a female predilection of supernumerary teeth. All published reports in the literature, except a Brazilian study [62], evaluated supernumerary teeth based on tooth region and morphology. This study reported that conical, supplemental, and tuberculate supernumerary teeth were 2.75:1 (p < 0.05), 0.25:1 (p < 0.05), and 1.3:1 (p > 0.05), respectively. In the present study, the male and female ratios for conical and tuberculate were 2.1:1 (p < 0.05) and 1; no supplemental type was observed. In the case of the tooth region, they divided the midline, incisor, canine, and premolar, and the male/female ratio was 8:1 (p < 0.05), 0.3:1 (p < 0.05), 0.5:1 (p > 0.05), and 4:1 (p < 0.05). However, in the present study, we divided based on the previous classifications [4,16] of incisor, premolar, and molar, and the male/female ratio was 3.5:1 (p < 0.05), 4, and 2, respectively. Nonetheless, there are studies on the prevalence of specific dental anomalies, such as shape or size. Prior research has shown that the prevalence of various dental abnormalities varies considerably across different populations. No published studies from Saudi Arabia have detailed the occurrence and characteristics of supernumerary teeth in their samples [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. None of the published studies [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] on these topics from Saudi Arabia has not reported on the distribution or prevalence of developmental defects in permanent dentition. Racial disparities, inconsistent or different diagnostic criteria, and different sample methods were the primary causes of this discrepancy in findings [44,46,62,63].
Limitations include the fact that only supernumerary teeth were taken for analysis. The sample (1901 of 2438 panoramic radiographs) consists of the entire group of patients visiting a teaching hospital in Al Zulfi during the study period and the entire sample from the database was not included in the study. The panoramic radiographs were used for the analysis of the prevalence, occurrence, and characteristics of the supernumerary teeth. These panoramic radiographs only provide a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional structure. The 3D images would have provided accurate information, and thus this can be considered as a limitation of the study. The dental anomalies associated with supernumerary teeth have not been included in the study, and this also can be a limitation of the study. The subjects with all the dentition were involved in the study, and the dentition-based analysis was not made. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the only study discussing the prevalence, occurrence, and characteristics of supernumerary teeth from Saudi Arabia.

5. Conclusions

The prevalence of supernumerary teeth in the Saudi Arabian population was 2%. The findings of the present study within the limitations revealed that the majority of the supernumerary teeth were conical, occurred in the premaxillary region with normal orientation, and were erupted. The gender-based comparison of location, orientation, morphology, eruption, and number of supernumerary teeth showed male predilection. A thorough knowledge of supernumerary teeth will help in the diagnosis and proper treatment planning of these conditions.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.K.M., M.Z.M. and A.A.T.; data curation, Y.D., A.S.A., M.A.A., K.S.A., B.A.A. and S.N.A.; formal analysis, S.A., A.S.A., B.A.A. and S.N.A.; funding acquisition, S.A., M.Z.M. and A.A.T.; investigation, Y.D. and M.A.A.; methodology, S.K.M., S.A., M.Z.M. and A.A.T.; project administration, S.K.M., S.A., M.Z.M. and A.A.T.; resources, Y.D. and M.A.A.; software, A.M.J. and S.N.A.; supervision, S.K.M.; validation, S.A., M.A.A., K.S.A. and S.N.A.; visualization, Y.D., A.M.J., A.S.A., K.S.A. and S.N.A.; writing—original draft, S.K.M., S.A., Y.D., A.M.J., K.S.A. and B.A.A.; writing—review and editing, S.K.M., A.M.J., A.S.A., M.A.A. and B.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research through the project number IFP-2022-13.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Ethical approval was acquired by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University in Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia, with the Institutional Review Board (IRB) number MUREC.May.06/COM-2020/29-1 (6 May 2020). The study was conducted in complete conformity with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be available upon request to the corresponding authors.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the study participants and their parents. The authors would also like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for supporting this work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Lu, X.; Yu, F.; Liu, J.; Cai, W.; Zhao, Y.; Zhao, S.; Liu, S. The epidemiology of supernumerary teeth and the associated molecular mechanism. Organogenesis 2017, 13, 71–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Omer, R.S.; Anthonappa, R.P.; King, N.M. Determination of the optimum time for surgical removal of unerupted anterior supernumerary teeth. Pediatr. Dent. 2010, 32, 14–20. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  3. Toureno, L.; Park, J.H.; Cederberg, R.A.; Hwang, E.H.; Shin, J.W. Identification of supernumerary teeth in 2D and 3D: Review of literature and a proposal. J. Dent. Educ. 2013, 77, 43–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Garvey, M.T.; Barry, H.J.; Blake, M. Supernumerary teeth—An overview of classification, diagnosis and management. J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 1999, 65, 612–616. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  5. King, N.M.; Lee, A.M.; Wan, P.K. Multiple Supernumerary Premolars: Their Occurrence in Three Patients. Aust. Dent. J. 1993, 38, 11–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Henninger, E.; Friedli, L.; Makrygiannakis, M.A.; Zymperdikas, V.F.; Papadopoulos, M.A.; Kanavakis, G.; Gkantidis, N. Supernumerary Tooth Patterns in Non-Syndromic White European Subjects. Dent. J. 2023, 11, 230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Mladenovic, R.; Kalevski, K.; Davidovic, B.; Jankovic, S.; Todorovic, V.S.; Vasovic, M. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment Planning of Non-Syndromic Supernumerary Teeth: A Case Report in a Six-Year-Old Boy. Children 2023, 10, 839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Oeschger, E.S.; Kanavakis, G.; Cocos, A.; Halazonetis, D.J.; Gkantidis, N. Number of Teeth Is Related to Craniofacial Morphology in Humans. Biology 2022, 11, 544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Jiang, Y.; Ma, X.; Wu, Y.; Li, J.; Li, Z.; Wang, Y.; Cheng, J.; Wang, D. Epidemiological, Clinical, and 3-Dimentional CBCT Radiographic Characterizations of Supernumerary Teeth in a Non-Syndromic Adult Population: A Single-Institutional Study from 60,104 Chinese Subjects. Clin. Oral Investig. 2020, 24, 4271–4281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Hadziabdic, N.; Haskic, A.; Mujkic, A.; Hasic-Brankovic, L.; Dzankovic, A.; Korac, S.; Tahmiscija, I. Epidemiological, Clinical and Radiographic Features of Supernumerary Teeth in Nonsyndromic Bosnian and Herzegovinian Population: A Monocentric Study. Med. Arch. 2022, 76, 348–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Syriac, G.; Joseph, E.; Rupesh, S.; Philip, J.; Cherian, S.A.; Mathew, J. Prevalence, Characteristics, and Complications of Supernumerary Teeth in Nonsyndromic Pediatric Population of South India: A Clinical and Radiographic Study. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2017, 9, S231–S236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Brook, A.H. Dental Anomalies of Number, Form and Size: Their Prevalence in British Schoolchildren. J. Int. Assoc. Dent. Child. 1974, 5, 37–53. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  13. Anthonappa, R.P.; King, N.M.; Rabie, A.B.M. Aetiology of Supernumerary Teeth: A Literature Review. J. Eur. Acad. Paediatr. Dent. 2013, 14, 279–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Hu, Y.K.; Xie, Q.Y.; Yang, C.; Xu, G.Z. Computer-designed surgical guide template compared with free-hand operation for Mesiodens extraction in premaxilla using “trapdoor” method. Medicine 2017, 96, e7310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. von Arx, T. Anterior maxillary supernumerary teeth: A clinical and radiographic study. Aust. Dent. J. 1992, 37, 189–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Mallineni, S.K. Supernumerary teeth: Review of the literature with recent updates. Conf. Pap. Sci. 2014, 2014, 764050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Al Muheiri, F.; Duarte, C. Prevalence and Characteristics of Supernumerary Teeth in Patients from Ras Al Khaimah: A Retrospective Study from a Teaching Dental Hospital in the UAE. JSM Dent. 2018, 6, 1101. [Google Scholar]
  18. Roslan, A.A.; Rahman, N.A.; Alam, M.K. Dental anomalies and their treatment modalities/planning in orthodontic patients. J. Orthod. Sci. 2018, 7, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Lubinsky, M.; Kantaputra, P.N. Syndromes with supernumerary teeth. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 2016, 170, 2611–2616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Cammarata-Scalisi, F.; Avendaño, A.; Callea, M. Main genetic entities associated with supernumerary teeth. Arch. Argent. Pediatr. 2018, 116, 437–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Ata-Ali, F.; Ata-Ali, J.; Peñarrocha-Oltra, D.; Peñarrocha-Diago, M. Prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and complications of supernumerary teeth. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 2014, 6, e414–e418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Bäckman, B.; Wahlin, Y.B. Variations in number and morphology of permanent teeth in 7-year-old Swedish children. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2001, 11, 11–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Salem, G. Prevalence of selected dental anomalies in Saudi children from Gizan region. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 1989, 17, 162–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Ghaznawi, H.I.; Daas, H.; Salako, N.O. A clinical and radiographic survey of selected dental anomalies and conditions in a Saudi Arabian population. Saudi Dent. J. 1999, 11, 8–13. [Google Scholar]
  25. Afify, A.R.; Zawawi, K.H. The Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia. ISRN Dent. 2012, 2012, 837270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Al-Jabaa, A.H.; Aldrees, A.M. Prevalence of dental anomalies in Saudi orthodontic patients. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2013, 14, 724–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Vani, N.V.; Saleh, S.M.; Tubaigy, F.M.; Idris, A.M. Prevalence of Developmental Dental Anomalies among Adult Population of Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Dent. Res. 2016, 7, 29–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Yassin, S.M. Prevalence and distribution of selected dental anomalies among saudi children in Abha, Saudi Arabia. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 2016, 8, e485–e490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Al-Halal, Z.A.; Khan, N.R.; Lingawi, H.S. Radiographic prevalence of selected developmental dental anomalies. Int. J. Health Sci. Res. 2017, 7, 229–234. [Google Scholar]
  30. Alswayyed, T.; Qutub, M.; Matrodi, A.; Alkanani, N.; Jhany, N.; Makhdoum, L.; Masud, N. Patterns of Dental Anomalies in Patients Attending for Orthodontic Treatment in King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Dent. Oral Health 2018, 4, 8–13. [Google Scholar]
  31. ALHumaid, J.; Buholayka, M.; Thapasum, A.; Alhareky, M.; Abdelsalam, M.; Bughsan, A. Investigating prevalence of dental anomalies in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia through digital orthopantomogram. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 28, 2900–2906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Bakhurji, E.A.; Aldossary, F.; Aljarbo, J.; AlMuhammadi, F.; Alghamdi, M.; Nazir, M.A. Prevalence and Distribution of Nonsyndromic Dental Anomalies in Children in Eastern Saudi Arabia: A Radiographic Study. Sci. World J. 2021, 2021, 9914670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Aljuaid, T.S.S.; Manjunatha, B.S.; Amith, H.V.; Alshehri, R.A.; Alharthi, F.B.; Kariri, A.M. Prevalence and distribution of selected developmental dental anomalies in Taif, Saudi population. J. Public Health Res. 2021, 11, 2132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Renugalakshmi, A.; Vinothkumar, T.S.; Bokhari, A.M.; Almahdi, S.; Almalki, A.; Balla, S.B.; Tadakamadla, S.K.; Hakami, Z. Prevalence of Dental Anomalies and Its Role in Sex Estimation among Children of Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. Children 2023, 10, 759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. AlHudaithi, F.S.; AlDuhayan, N.A.; AlJohani, L.N.; AlJohani, S.N.; AlQarni, H.S.; AlSawadi, M.H. Prevalence of Dental Anomalies Among Orthodontic Patients: A Retrospective Study in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023, 15, e49893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Aldhorae, K.; Altawili, Z.; Assiry, A.; Alqadasi, B.; Al-Jawfi, K.; Hwaiti, H. Prevalence and Distribution of Dental Anomalies among a Sample of Orthodontic and Non-Orthodontic Patients: A Retrospective Study. J. Int. Oral Health 2019, 11, 309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Bawazir, M.; Alyousef, T.; El-Housseiny, A.A. Incidental Dental Anomalies in Pediatric Dental Patients Detected by Panoramic Radiographs—A Retrospective Study. Saudi J. Oral Dent. Res. 2019, 4, 87–92. [Google Scholar]
  38. Lo Giudice, A. Advanced Applications in Pediatric Dentistry: A Worldwide Perspective of the Last 13 Years. Children 2023, 10, 1678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Anthonappa, R.P.; King, N.M.; Rabie, A.B.; Mallineni, S.K. Reliability of panoramic radiographs for identifying supernumerary teeth in children. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2012, 22, 37–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Mallineni, S.K.; Anthonappa, R.P.; King, N.M. Reliability of horizontal and vertical tube shift techniques in the localisation of supernumerary teeth. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 2016, 17, 455–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. De Oliveira Gomes, C.; Drummond, S.N.; Jham, B.C.; Abdo, E.N.; Mesquita, R.A. A survey of 460 supernumerary teeth in Brazilian children and adolescents. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2008, 18, 98–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Rajab, L.D.; Hamdan, M.A.M. Supernumerary teeth: Review of the literature and a survey of 152 cases. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2002, 12, 244–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Mukhopadhyay, S. Mesiodens: A clinical and radiographic study in children. J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent. 2011, 29, 34–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Kara, M.İ.; Aktan, A.M.; Ay, S.; Bereket, C.; Şener, İ.; Bülbül, M. Characteristics of 351 supernumerary molar teeth in Turkish population. Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal 2012, 17, e395–e400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Mínguez-Martinez, I.; Ata-Ali, J.; Bonet-Coloma, C.; Peñarrocha-Oltra, D.; Peñarrocha-Diago, M.A.; Minguez-Sanz, J.M. Management and outcome following extraction of 303 supernumerary teeth in pediatric patients. Pediatr. Dent. 2012, 34, 136–139. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  46. Anegundi, R.T.; Tegginmani, V.S.; Battepati, P.; Tavargeri, A.; Patil, S.; Trasad, V.; Jain, G. Prevalence and characteristics of supernumerary teeth in a non-syndromic South Indian pediatric population. J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent. 2014, 32, 9–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Anthonappa, R.P.; Omer, R.S.; King, N.M. Characteristics of 283 supernumerary teeth in southern Chinese children. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2008, 105, e48–e54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Díaz, A.; Orozco, J.; Fonseca, M. Multiple hyperodontia: Report of a case with 17 supernumerary teeth with non syndromic association. Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal 2009, 14, E229–E231. [Google Scholar]
  49. Tetay-Salgado, S.; Arriola-Guillén, L.E.; Ruíz-Mora, G.A.; Aliaga-Del Castillo, A.; Rodríguez-Cárdenas, Y.A. Prevalence of impacted teeth and supernumerary teeth by radiographic evaluation in three Latin American countries: A cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 2021, 13, e363–e368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Patchett, C.L.; Crawford, P.J.; Cameron, A.C.; Stephens, C.D. The management of supernumerary teeth in childhood—A retrospective study of practice in Bristol Dental Hospital, England and Westmead Dental Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2001, 11, 259–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Ramesh, K.; Venkataraghavan, K.; Kunjappan, S.; Ramesh, M. Mesiodens: A clinical and radiographic study of 82 teeth in 55 children below 14 years. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 2013, 5, S60–S62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Miyoshi, S.; Tanaka, S.; Kunimatsu, H.; Murakami, Y.; Fukami, M.; Fujisawa, S. An epidemiological study of supernumerary primary teeth in Japanese children: A review of racial differences in the prevalence. Oral Dis. 2000, 6, 99–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Shilpa, G.; Gokhale, N.; Mallineni, S.K.; Nuvvula, S. Prevalence of dental anomalies in deciduous dentition and its association with succedaneous dentition: A cross-sectional study of 4180 South Indian children. J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent. 2017, 35, 56–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Celikoglu, M.; Kamak, H.; Oktay, H. Prevalence and characteristics of supernumerary teeth in a non-syndrome Turkish population: Associated pathologies and proposed treatment. Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal 2010, 15, e575–e578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Tyrologou, S.; Koch, G.; Kurol, J. Location, complications and treatment of mesiodentes—A retrospective study in children. Swed. Dent. J. 2005, 29, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
  56. Kim, S.G.; Lee, S.H. Mesiodens: A clinical and radiographic study. J. Dent. Child. (Chic) 2003, 70, 58–60. [Google Scholar]
  57. Singh, V.P.; Sharma, A.; Sharma, S. Supernumerary teeth in Nepalese children. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 215396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
  58. Liu, D.G.; Zhang, W.L.; Zhang, Z.Y.; Wu, Y.T.; Ma, X.C. Three-dimensional evaluations of supernumerary teeth using cone-beam computed tomography for 487 cases. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2007, 103, 403–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Kim, Y.R.; Lee, Y.M.; Huh, K.H.; Yi, W.J.; Heo, M.S.; Lee, S.S.; Kim, J.E. Clinical and radiological features of malformed mesiodens in the nasopalatine canal: An observational study. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 2024, 53, 189–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Asaumi, J.; Shibata, Y.; Yanagi, Y.; Hisatomi, M.; Matsuzaki, H.; Konouchi, H.; Kishi, K. Radiographic examination of mesiodens and their associated complications. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2004, 33, 125–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Proff, P.; Fanghänel, J.; Allegrini, S., Jr.; Bayerlein, T.; Gedrange, T. Problems of supernumerary teeth, hyperdontia or dentes super numerarii. Ann. Anat. 2006, 188, 163–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  62. Küchler, E.C.; Costa, A.G.; Costa Mde, C.; Vieira, A.R.; Granjeiro, J.M. Supernumerary teeth vary depending on gender. Braz. Oral Res. 2011, 25, 76–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Esenlik, E.; Sayin, M.O.; Atilla, A.O.; Ozen, T.; Altun, C.; Başak, F. Supernumerary teeth in a Turkish population. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2009, 136, 848–852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Diagnostics 14 02542 g001
Figure 1. The distribution of supernumerary teeth in the study sample based on gender, dentition, and number of supernumerary teeth.
Figure 1. The distribution of supernumerary teeth in the study sample based on gender, dentition, and number of supernumerary teeth.
Diagnostics 14 02542 g001
Diagnostics 14 02542 g002
Figure 2. Cropped panoramic radiographs illustrating (A) inverted conical mesiodens, (B) tuberculate normally oriented mesiodens, (C) para-premolars, and (D) distomolar.
Figure 2. Cropped panoramic radiographs illustrating (A) inverted conical mesiodens, (B) tuberculate normally oriented mesiodens, (C) para-premolars, and (D) distomolar.
Diagnostics 14 02542 g002
Diagnostics 14 02542 g003
Figure 3. Distribution of supernumerary teeth based on arch type, tooth region, tooth type, morphology, orientation, and eruption of supernumerary teeth in the study population.
Figure 3. Distribution of supernumerary teeth based on arch type, tooth region, tooth type, morphology, orientation, and eruption of supernumerary teeth in the study population.
Diagnostics 14 02542 g003
Diagnostics 14 02542 g004
Figure 4. The complications associated with supernumerary teeth in the study sample.
Figure 4. The complications associated with supernumerary teeth in the study sample.
Diagnostics 14 02542 g004
Diagnostics 14 02542 g005
Figure 5. The gender-based comparison of supernumerary teeth is based on dentition, number, arch, tooth region, tooth type, orientation, morphology, and eruption.
Figure 5. The gender-based comparison of supernumerary teeth is based on dentition, number, arch, tooth region, tooth type, orientation, morphology, and eruption.
Diagnostics 14 02542 g005
Table 1. The reported prevalence of supernumerary teeth among the Saudi Arabian population.
Table 1. The reported prevalence of supernumerary teeth among the Saudi Arabian population.
AuthorYearSampleRegionDiagnostics ToolAgePrevalenceMaleFemaleCommon Type
Salem [23]19892393GizanClinical and radiographs4–120.521-
Ghaznawi et al. [24]19991010JeddahClinical and radiographs 12–401.191.690.63-
Afify and Zawawi [25]2012878JeddahRadiographs12–300.32.51-
Al-Jabaa and Aldrees [26]2013602RiyadhRadiographs5.1556Mesiodens
Vani et al. [27]20151000JazanRadiographs18–4011.20.8Parapremolars
Yassin [28]20161252AbhaClinical and radiographs5–123.53.52Mesiodens
Al-Halal et al. [29]20171019Makkah Radiographs 2.32.661Mesiodens
Alswayyed et al. [30]2018299Riyadh Radiographs14–300.31 Distomolar
Zakirulla et al. [31]20191350Abha Radiographs 5–155.24.62.5Mesiodens
ALHumaid et al. [32]20211189DammamRadiographs 7–651.82.52-
Bakhurji et al. [33]20212226DammamRadiographs 6–180.554Mesiodens
Aljuai et al. [34]20222481Taif Clinical and radiographs>1815.687.4-
Renugalakshmi et al. [35]20231442JazanRadiographs5–171.241.431-
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Mallineni, S.K.; Aldhuwayhi, S.; Deeban, Y.; Almutairi, K.S.; Alhabrdi, S.N.; Almidaj, M.A.; Alrumi, B.A.; Assalman, A.S.; Joseph, A.M.; Thakare, A.A.; et al. Prevalence, Occurrence, and Characteristics of Supernumerary Teeth Among the Saudi Arabian Population Using Panoramic Radiographs. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 2542. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14222542

AMA Style

Mallineni SK, Aldhuwayhi S, Deeban Y, Almutairi KS, Alhabrdi SN, Almidaj MA, Alrumi BA, Assalman AS, Joseph AM, Thakare AA, et al. Prevalence, Occurrence, and Characteristics of Supernumerary Teeth Among the Saudi Arabian Population Using Panoramic Radiographs. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(22):2542. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14222542

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mallineni, Sreekanth Kumar, Sami Aldhuwayhi, Yahya Deeban, Khalid Saud Almutairi, Sultan Nawasir Alhabrdi, Mohammad Abdulaziz Almidaj, Bader Abdullah Alrumi, Abdurrahman Salman Assalman, Angel Mary Joseph, Amar Ashok Thakare, and et al. 2024. "Prevalence, Occurrence, and Characteristics of Supernumerary Teeth Among the Saudi Arabian Population Using Panoramic Radiographs" Diagnostics 14, no. 22: 2542. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14222542

APA Style

Mallineni, S. K., Aldhuwayhi, S., Deeban, Y., Almutairi, K. S., Alhabrdi, S. N., Almidaj, M. A., Alrumi, B. A., Assalman, A. S., Joseph, A. M., Thakare, A. A., & Mustafa, M. Z. (2024). Prevalence, Occurrence, and Characteristics of Supernumerary Teeth Among the Saudi Arabian Population Using Panoramic Radiographs. Diagnostics, 14(22), 2542. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14222542

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop