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Diagnostics
Volume 15
Issue 3
10.3390/diagnostics15030280
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Review

Artificial Intelligence in Oral Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review of Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications

by
Vineet Vinay
1,2,
Praveen Jodalli
1,*,
Mahesh S. Chavan
3,
Chaitanya. S. Buddhikot
4,
Alexander Maniangat Luke
5,6,
Mohamed Saleh Hamad Ingafou
5,6,
Rodolfo Reda
7,*,
Ajinkya M. Pawar
8,* and
Luca Testarelli
7
1
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sinhgad Dental College & Hospital, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
3
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sinhgad Dental College & Hospital, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
4
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital Pune, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Pimpri Pune, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
5
Department of Clinical Science, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Al-Jruf, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
6
Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Science Research, Ajman University, Al-Jruf, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
7
Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Caserta 06, 00161 Rome, Italy
8
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai 400034, Maharashtra, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2025, 15(3), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15030280
Submission received: 18 November 2024 / Revised: 19 January 2025 / Accepted: 22 January 2025 / Published: 24 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Diagnostic Decision Making)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Oral cancer, the sixth most common cancer worldwide, is linked to smoke, alcohol, and HPV. This scoping analysis summarized early-onset oral cancer diagnosis applications to address a gap. Methods: A scoping review identified, selected, and synthesized AI-based oral cancer diagnosis, screening, and prognosis literature. The review verified study quality and relevance using frameworks and inclusion criteria. A full search included keywords, MeSH phrases, and Pubmed. Oral cancer AI applications were tested through data extraction and synthesis. Results: AI outperforms traditional oral cancer screening, analysis, and prediction approaches. Medical pictures can be used to diagnose oral cancer with convolutional neural networks. Smartphone and AI-enabled telemedicine make screening affordable and accessible in resource-constrained areas. AI methods predict oral cancer risk using patient data. AI can also arrange treatment using histopathology images and address data heterogeneity, restricted longitudinal research, clinical practice inclusion, and ethical and legal difficulties. Future potential includes uniform standards, long-term investigations, ethical and regulatory frameworks, and healthcare professional training. Conclusions: AI may transform oral cancer diagnosis and treatment. It can develop early detection, risk modelling, imaging phenotypic change, and prognosis. AI approaches should be standardized, tested longitudinally, and ethical and practical issues related to real-world deployment should be addressed.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; convolutional neural network; dental; diagnosis; oral cancer; prognosis artificial intelligence; convolutional neural network; dental; diagnosis; oral cancer; prognosis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vinay, V.; Jodalli, P.; Chavan, M.S.; Buddhikot, C.S.; Luke, A.M.; Ingafou, M.S.H.; Reda, R.; Pawar, A.M.; Testarelli, L. Artificial Intelligence in Oral Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review of Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications. Diagnostics 2025, 15, 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15030280

AMA Style

Vinay V, Jodalli P, Chavan MS, Buddhikot CS, Luke AM, Ingafou MSH, Reda R, Pawar AM, Testarelli L. Artificial Intelligence in Oral Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review of Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(3):280. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15030280

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vinay, Vineet, Praveen Jodalli, Mahesh S. Chavan, Chaitanya. S. Buddhikot, Alexander Maniangat Luke, Mohamed Saleh Hamad Ingafou, Rodolfo Reda, Ajinkya M. Pawar, and Luca Testarelli. 2025. "Artificial Intelligence in Oral Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review of Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications" Diagnostics 15, no. 3: 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15030280

APA Style

Vinay, V., Jodalli, P., Chavan, M. S., Buddhikot, C. S., Luke, A. M., Ingafou, M. S. H., Reda, R., Pawar, A. M., & Testarelli, L. (2025). Artificial Intelligence in Oral Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review of Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications. Diagnostics, 15(3), 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15030280

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