Assessment of Dyspnoea, Physical Activity, and Back Pain Levels in Students at Medical Universities after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Methods of Assessing the Level of Dyspnoea, Physical Activity, and Back Pain
Examined Feature | Tool |
---|---|
Dyspnoea | Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale (MRC) |
Physical Activity | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) |
Pain in the cervical spine | Neck Disability Index (NDI) |
Pain in the lumbar spine | Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) |
2.2.1. Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale (MRC)
2.2.2. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)
2.2.3. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Neck Disability Index (NDI)
- None—0–4;
- Small—5–14 points;
- Average—15–24 points;
- Serious—25–34 points;
- Total—over 35 points.
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Sample Population
3.2. Assessment of Physical Activity Levels
3.3. Assessing the Level of Dyspnoea
3.4. Pain Complaints
3.5. Physical Activity Level and Somatic Complaints
3.5.1. Activity and Occurrence of Dyspnoea
3.5.2. Activity and the Incidence of Pain
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
man | 204 | 48.9% |
woman | 213 | 51.1% |
Age (Years) | Number | Percentage |
19 | 47 | 11.3% |
20 | 123 | 29.5% |
21 | 98 | 23.5% |
22 | 80 | 19.2% |
23 | 49 | 11.8% |
24 | 17 | 4.1% |
25 | 3 | 0.7% |
IPAQ Measures | Mean | Std. Dev. | Median | Low Quartile | Upper Quartile | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | |||||||||
Intense effort | 907 | 712 | 840 | 320 | 1280 | 0 | 3840 | 0.90 | 0.78 |
Moderate effort | 577 | 446 | 480 | 160 | 800 | 0 | 2400 | 1.17 | 1.68 |
Walking | 599 | 506 | 528 | 132 | 908 | 0 | 2772 | 1.27 | 2.48 |
Total effort | 2082 | 1419 | 2044 | 678 | 3068 | 132 | 7616 | 0.75 | 0.36 |
Females | |||||||||
Intense effort | 615 | 480 | 615 | 0 | 960 | 0 | 2800 | 1.06 | 0.93 |
Moderate effort | 428 | 360 | 373 | 160 | 640 | 0 | 2000 | 1.19 | 1.89 |
Walking | 590 | 495 | 495 | 198 | 825 | 0 | 2772 | 1.25 | 2.36 |
Total effort | 1633 | 1450 | 1189 | 612 | 2420 | 0 | 5355 | 0.86 | 0.49 |
Activity Level | Gender | |
---|---|---|
Male | Woman | |
low | 20 (9.8%) | 47 (22.1%) |
average | 123 (60.3%) | 139 (65.3%) |
high | 61 (29.9%) | 27 (12.7%) |
MRC | Gender | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Man | Woman | ||
0 | 190 (93.1%) | 200 (93.9%) | 390 (93.5%) |
1 | 14 (6.9%) | 12 (5.6%) | 26 (6.2%) |
2 | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.2%) |
Back Pain | Mean | Std. Dev. | Median | Low Quartile | Upper Quartile | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | |||||||||
ODI | 1.7 | 4.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 2.87 | 9.74 |
NDI | 2.5 | 3.7 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 16 | 1.64 | 1.65 |
Females | |||||||||
ODI | 1.2 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 2.99 | 9.34 |
NDI | 2.8 | 4.3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 20 | 1.77 | 2.53 |
IPAQ Measures | Occurrence of Dyspnoea | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||||||
N | Median | IQR | N | Me | IQR | ||
Males | |||||||
Intense effort | 190 | 720 | 960 | 14 | 1440 | 960 | 0.0026 ** |
Moderate effort | 190 | 480 | 640 | 14 | 760 | 480 | 0.0252 * |
Walking | 190 | 495 | 693 | 14 | 792 | 594 | 0.0083 ** |
Total effort | 190 | 1935 | 2321 | 14 | 3208 | 1556 | 0.0037 ** |
Females | |||||||
Intense effort | 200 | 440 | 960 | 13 | 1280 | 640 | 0.0000 *** |
Moderate effort | 200 | 360 | 440 | 13 | 640 | 200 | 0.0022 ** |
Walking | 200 | 495 | 627 | 13 | 825 | 363 | 0.0007 *** |
Total effort | 200 | 1374 | 1751 | 13 | 2712 | 1088 | 0.0000 *** |
IPAQ | Pain Complaints | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | |||
ODI | NDI | ODI | NDI | |
Intense effort | 0.36 (p = 0.0000 ***) | −0.11 (p = 0.1063) | 0.36 (p = 0.0000 ***) | 0.02 (p = 0.8139) |
Moderate effort | 0.36 (p = 0.0000 ***) | −0.15 (p = 0.0360 *) | 0.30 (p = 0.0000 ***) | −0.02 (p = 0.7703) |
Walking | 0.31 (p = 0.0000 ***) | −0.19 (p = 0.0070 **) | 0.22 (p = 0.0011 **) | −0.12 (p = 0.0819) |
Total effort | 0.37 (p = 0.0000 ***) | −0.18 (p = 0.0093 **) | 0.33 (p = 0.0000 ***) | −0.08 (p = 0.2335) |
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Gałczyk, M.; Zalewska, A.; Sobolewski, M. Assessment of Dyspnoea, Physical Activity, and Back Pain Levels in Students at Medical Universities after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13101474
Gałczyk M, Zalewska A, Sobolewski M. Assessment of Dyspnoea, Physical Activity, and Back Pain Levels in Students at Medical Universities after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(10):1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13101474
Chicago/Turabian StyleGałczyk, Monika, Anna Zalewska, and Marek Sobolewski. 2023. "Assessment of Dyspnoea, Physical Activity, and Back Pain Levels in Students at Medical Universities after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 10: 1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13101474
APA StyleGałczyk, M., Zalewska, A., & Sobolewski, M. (2023). Assessment of Dyspnoea, Physical Activity, and Back Pain Levels in Students at Medical Universities after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(10), 1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13101474