Condition-Specific Competitive Effects of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus on the Resident Culex pipiens among Different Urban Container Habitats May Explain Their Coexistence in the Field
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Surveys
2.2. Competition Trial
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Field Surveys
3.2. Competition Trial
3.3. Nutrient Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Observed Density Per Container | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Container Type | Total Number of Water-Filled Containers | Sampled Containers | Aedes albopictus | Culex pipiens | Aedes albopictus + Culex pipiens | Neither | Proportion Culex pipiens (N) | Mean Density (Larvae/mL) | SD |
Early season (May) | |||||||||
Bucket | 38 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.692 (45) | 0.065 | 0.045 |
Fence pole | 78 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0.813 (87) | 0.149 | 0.286 |
Trash can | 90 | 14 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 0.907 (567) | 0.284 | 0.218 |
Discarded plastic | 203 | 32 | 1 | 18 | 4 | 9 | 0.957 (667) | 0.161 | 0.175 |
Dumped tire | 75 | 46 | 2 | 27 | 7 | 10 | 0.921 (1136) | 0.242 | 0.375 |
Discarded styrofoam | 77 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0.936 (117) | 0.558 | 0.323 |
Middle season (July–August) | |||||||||
Bucket | 41 | 19 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 0.621 (174) | 0.154 | 0.163 |
Fence pole | 85 | 25 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 0.013 (147) | 0.295 | 0.491 |
Trash can | 56 | 18 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 0.556 (266) | 0.197 | 0.258 |
Discarded plastic | 112 | 46 | 21 | 4 | 17 | 4 | 0.332 (449) | 0.366 | 0.554 |
Dumped tire | 72 | 59 | 29 | 3 | 22 | 5 | 0.162 (308) | 0.316 | 0.359 |
Discarded styrofoam | 50 | 12 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.116 (41) | 0.886 | 0.816 |
Late season (September) | |||||||||
Bucket | 46 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0.257 (38) | 0.217 | 0.181 |
Fence pole | 129 | 27 | 26 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 (1) | 0.154 | 0.198 |
Trash can | 71 | 15 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0.455 (80) | 0.163 | 0.183 |
Discarded plastic | 99 | 11 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0.276 (214) | 0.234 | 0.151 |
Dumped tire | 57 | 27 | 13 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 0.255 (130) | 0.228 | 0.232 |
Discarded styrofoam | 31 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Nutrient | Test Strip (mg/L) | Spectrophotometer (mg/L) | df | t | P | r | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||||
Nitrate | 5.21 | 10.34 | 15.64 | 19.21 | 98 | −9.30 | <0.0001 | 0.885 | <0.0001 |
Ammonia | 0.67 | 0.99 | 1.52 | 1.95 | 94 | −6.82 | <0.0001 | 0.855 | <0.0001 |
Phosphate | 15.96 | 16.09 | 8.80 | 14.44 | 93 | 6.89 | <0.0001 | 0.787 | <0.0001 |
Canonical Variates | Standardized Canonical Coefficients | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of Variation | Pillai’s Trace (F) | df | p | Variate Number | Percent Variation | p | Nitrate | Ammonia | Phosphate |
Container type | 1.87 | 15, 54 | 0.0481 | 1 | 95.6 | 0.0017 | 0.89 | 1.42 | −0.53 |
2 | 3.4 | 0.8680 | 0.72 | −0.76 | 0.88 | ||||
3 | 1.0 | 0.8314 | −1.71 | −1.62 | 0.41 | ||||
Functional vs. Discarded | 9.86 | 3, 16 | 0.0006 | 1 | 100 | 0.0006 | 0.69 | 1.60 | −0.54 |
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Leisnham, P.T.; LaDeau, S.L.; Saunders, M.E.M.; Villena, O.C. Condition-Specific Competitive Effects of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus on the Resident Culex pipiens among Different Urban Container Habitats May Explain Their Coexistence in the Field. Insects 2021, 12, 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12110993
Leisnham PT, LaDeau SL, Saunders MEM, Villena OC. Condition-Specific Competitive Effects of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus on the Resident Culex pipiens among Different Urban Container Habitats May Explain Their Coexistence in the Field. Insects. 2021; 12(11):993. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12110993
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeisnham, Paul T., Shannon L. LaDeau, Megan E. M. Saunders, and Oswaldo C. Villena. 2021. "Condition-Specific Competitive Effects of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus on the Resident Culex pipiens among Different Urban Container Habitats May Explain Their Coexistence in the Field" Insects 12, no. 11: 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12110993
APA StyleLeisnham, P. T., LaDeau, S. L., Saunders, M. E. M., & Villena, O. C. (2021). Condition-Specific Competitive Effects of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus on the Resident Culex pipiens among Different Urban Container Habitats May Explain Their Coexistence in the Field. Insects, 12(11), 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12110993