The Common Fruit-Piercing Moth in the Pacific Region: A Survey of the Current State of a Significant Worldwide Economic Pest, Eudocima phalonia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with a Focus on New Caledonia
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Geographic Distribution
3. Eudocima phalonia Complex Species
4. Economic Impact
5. Larval Host Plants
6. Biology of the Species
7. Predators and Parasitoids
7.1. Egg Parasitoids
7.2. Larval Parasitoids
7.3. Predators
8. Outbreak Phenomena in New Caledonia
8.1. Seasonal Influence
8.2. Availability of Larval Host Plants and Adult Host Fruits
8.3. Interhabitat Movement of Population
8.4. Biocontrol Agent Complex Imbalance
9. Pest Management
9.1. Mechanical and Physical Means
9.2. Fruit Crop Management
9.3. Larval Host Plant Suppression
9.4. Chemical Control with Synthetic and Natural Substances
9.5. Light Control
9.6. Introduction of Parasitoids and Predators for Population Control
9.7. Chemical Ecology: Attraction or Repellent Phenomena
9.7.1. Repellent Substances
9.7.2. Neutralizing Substances
9.7.3. Attractive Substances
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kitching, I.J. An historical review of the higher classification of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.) 1984, 49, 153–234. [Google Scholar]
- Haggis, M.J. Forecasting the severity of seasonal outbreaks of African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Kenya from the previous year’s rainfall. Bull. Entomol. Res. 1996, 86, 129–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, H.C.; Arora, R.; Pampapathy, G. Influence of transgenic cottons with Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ac gene on the natural enemies of Helicoverpa armigera. BioControl 2007, 52, 469–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, H.; Gould, F.; Huang, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Wu, K. Modeling the population dynamics of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) over a wide area in northern China. Ecol. Modell. 2010, 221, 1819–1830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aguillon, D.J.; Medina, C.; Velasco, L.R.I. Effects of Larval Rearing Temperature and Host Plant Condition on the Development, Survival, and Coloration of African Armyworm, Spodoptera exempta Walker (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). J. Environ. Sci. Manag. 2015, 18, 54–60. [Google Scholar]
- Klem, C.C.; Zaspel, J. Pest Injury Guilds, Lepidoptera, and Placing Fruit-Piercing Moths in Context: A Review. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2019, 112, 421–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hargreaves, E. Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Sierra Leone. Bull. Entomol. Res. 1936, 27, 589–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ngampongsai, A.; Barrett, B.; Permkam, S.; Suthapradit, N.; Nilla-or, R. A preliminary study on some ecological aspects of the fruit piercing moths in Songkhla Province of Southern Thailand. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 2005, 27, 1135–1145. [Google Scholar]
- Bhumannavar, B.S.; Viraktamath, C.A. Proboscis morphology and nature of fruit damage in different fruit piercing moths (lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pest Manag. Hort. Ecosyst. 2001, 7, 28–40. [Google Scholar]
- Zaspel, J.M.; Weller, S.J.; Branham, M.A. A comparative survey of proboscis morphology and associated structures in fruit-piercing, tear-feeding, and blood-feeding moths in Calpinae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Zoomorphology 2011, 130, 203–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaspel, J.M. Systematics, Biology, and Behavior of Fruit-Piercing and Blood-Feeding Moths in the Subfamily Calpinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Krenn, H.W. Feeding mechanisms of adult Lepidoptera: Structure, function, and evolution of the mouthparts. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2010, 55, 307–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ramkumar, J.; Swamiappan, M.; Raguraman, S.; Sadasakthi, A. Larval host specificity and proboscis morphology of fruit piercing moths. J. Biopest. 2010, 3, 428–431. [Google Scholar]
- Cochereau, P. Natural biological control of fruit piercing moths—Contrôle biologique naturel des papillons piqueurs de fruits. Fruits 1973, 28, 367–375. [Google Scholar]
- Cochereau, P. Fruit piercing moths and their secondary feeders—Les papillons piqueurs de fruits et leurs commensaux. Work. Doc. Orstom Sér. Biol. 1974, 22, 3–42. [Google Scholar]
- Cochereau, P. Biology and Ecology of Fruits Piercing Moths Populations Othreis fullonia Clerck (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae) in New Caledonia—Biologie et Ecologie Des Populations en Nouvelle-Calédonie d’un Papillon Piqueur de Fruits: Othreis fullonia Clerck (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Paris VI, Paris, France, 1977. [Google Scholar]
- Devi, D.; Verma, S.C.; Sharma, P.L.; Sharma, H.K.; Gupta, N.; Thakur, P. Effect of climate change on insect pests of fruit crops and adaptation and mitigation strategies: A review. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 2019, 7, 507–512. [Google Scholar]
- Comstock, J.A. A Fruit piercing moth of Samoa and the South Pacific Islands. Can. Entomol. 1963, 95, 218–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maddison, P.A. Fruit Piercing Moths. South Pacific Commission Advisory Leaflet, 14; South Pacific Commission: Noumea, New Caledonia, 1982. [Google Scholar]
- Hammes, C.; Putoa, R. Insects and Mites of Agricultural Interest in French Polynesia—Catalogue des Insectes et Acariens D’intérêt Agricole en Polynesie Française; Works and documents of the ORSTOM, Rural Economy Office of French Polynesia: Tahiti, French Polynesia, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Fay, H.A.C. Ecology and Control of Fruitpiercing Moths and Leaf-Eating Beetles in Developing Strategies for Their Management in Tropical Tree Crops; Technical Report PAQ-47A; Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Mareeba, Australia, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Denton, G.R.W.; Muniappan, R.; Marutani, M.; Lali, T.S.; Cruz, L.; Afaisen, D.; Meyer, S.; Chiu, C.H.; Esguerra, N. The distribution and biological control of the fruit-piercing moth, Othreis fullonia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Micronesia. In Proceedings of the Second Agricultural Development in the American Pacific Crop Protection Conference (ADAP Project), Mangilao, Guam, 29–30 May 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Herbison-Evans, D.; Crossley, S. Eudocima fullonia (Clerck, [1874]) Fruit Piercing Moth. Available online: http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/calp/fullonia.html (accessed on 25 November 2020).
- Muniappan, R.; Silva-Krott, I.U.; Lali, T.S. Distribution of larval host plants of the fruit piercing moth, Othreis fullonia. Chemoecology 1994, 5, 75–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Denton, G.R.W.; Muniappan, R.; Austin, L.; Diambra, O.H. Fruit Piercing Moths of Micronesia; Technical Report #217; Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam: Mangilao, Guam, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Muniappan, R.; Purea, M.; Tarilongi, B.; Berukilukilu, L.; Bule, S.; Reddy, G.V.P. Fruit piercing moths and their management in Vanuatu. J. South Pac. Agric. 2002, 9, 16–27. [Google Scholar]
- Fay, H.A.C.; Halfpapp, K.H. Non-odorous characteristics of lychee (Litchi chinensis) and carambola (Averrhoa carambola) pertaining to fruitpiercing moth susceptibility. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 1993, 33, 227–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fay, H.A.C.; Halfpapp, K.H. Fruit maturity and soundness relevant to feeding choice by fruit-piercing moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in citrus crops in northeast Australia. Int. J. Pest Manag. 2006, 52, 317–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grandgirard, J. Guide to the Recognition of Insects and Mites from Vegetable, Fruit and Food Crops in French Polynesia—Guide de Reconnaissance des Insectes et Acariens des Cultures Maraîchères, Fruitières et Vivrières de Polynésie Française; Rural Economy Office of French Polynesia: Tahiti, French Polynesia, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Leong, S.C.T.; Roland, J.H.K. Seasonal abundance and suppression of fruit-piercing moth Eudocima phalonia (L.) in a citrus orchard in Sarawak. Sci. World J. 2011, 11, 2330–2338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Roland, J.H.K.; Leong, S.C.T.; Kundat, F.R. Biology and ecology of fruit piercing moth Eudocima phalonia (L.) in a citrus orchard in Sarawak, Malaysia. J. Trop. Biol. Conserv. 2012, 9, 176–182. [Google Scholar]
- Baptist, B.A. The fruit-piercing moth (Othreis fullonica L.) with special reference to its economic importance. Ind. J. Entomol. 1944, 6, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
- Fay, H.A.C.; Halfpapp, K.H. Differential habitat affinities of five species of fruitpiercing moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in their utilization of Tinospora smilacina Benth as a larval host plant in north Queensland. Aust. J. Ecol. 1993, 18, 451–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramkumar, J.; Swamiappan, M.; Raguraman, S.; Sadasakthi, A. Species diversity and seasonal abundance of fruit piercing moth complex in Tamil Nadu. J. Biopest. 2010, 3, 11–15. [Google Scholar]
- Gurule, S.A.; Nikam, S.M. Inventory of lepidopterous insects in survey for moth diversity. Flora Fauna 2011, 17, 165–174. [Google Scholar]
- Gadhikar, D.Y.A.; Sambath, S.; Yattoo, Y.I. A Preliminary Report on the Moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Heterocera) Fauna from Amravati, Maharashtra. Int. J. Sci. Res. 2015, 4, 883–887. [Google Scholar]
- Sivasankaran, K.; Anand, S.; Mathew, P.; Ignacimuthu, S. Checklist of the superfamily Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) from Tamil Nadu, Western Ghats, India. Check List. 2017, 13, 1101–1120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cotterell, G.S. Citrus Fruit-piercing Moths—Summary of Information and Progress. Paper presented at the 3rd West Africa Agriculture Conference, Nigeria, 1940 (abstr.). Available online: www.cabdirect.org (accessed on 17 March 2017).
- Golding, F.D. Fruit-piercing lepidoptera in Nigeria. Bull. Entomol. Res. 1945, 36, 181–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Younghusband, J.E. The life history and description of the fruit-piercing moth, Elygea (Othreis) materna Billberg, with brief notes on the related species Othreis fullonia (Clerck) and O. divitiosa Wlk. Rhod. Agric. J. 1979, 76, 119–121. [Google Scholar]
- Marsberg, T.; Hill, M.P.; Moore, S.D.; Timm, A.E. DNA-based identification of Lepidoptera associated with citrus in South Africa. Afr. Entomol. 2015, 23, 165–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brou, V.A.; Zilli, A. An overlooked sibling of the fruit-piercing moth Eudocima phalonia (Linnaeus, 1763) from Africa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Calpinae). Zootaxa 2016, 4109, 391–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davis, E.E.; French, S.; Venette, R.C. Mini risk Assessment: Fruit Piercing Moth: Eudocima fullonia Green (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, CAPS PRA: St Paul, MN, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Bänziger, H. Biological and taxonomic studies on immature and adult fruit-piercing moths in Nepal, with reference to Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 1987, 35, 1–17. [Google Scholar]
- Chhagan, A.; McKenna, C. Fruit-piercing moth, Eudocima phalonia (Linneaus, 1763) review: Biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit. In A Plant & Food Research Report Prepared for Zespri International Limited; No. Milestone No. 77646. Contract No. 35746. Job code: P/310119/01. SPTS No. 17607; Plant and Food Research: Auckland, New Zealand, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Heu, R.A. New Noctuid Discovered on Oahu; Memorandum to Chief, Plant Pest Control Branch: Honolulu, HI, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Zilli, A.; Brou, V.A.; Klem, C.; Zaspel, J. The Eudocima Billberg, 1820 of the Australian Region (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Calpinae). In Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea; Telnov, D., Barclay, M.V.L., Pauwels, O.S.G., Eds.; The Entomological Society of Latvia: Rïga, Latvia, 2017; Volume 3, pp. 631–655. [Google Scholar]
- Zilli, A.; Hogenes, W. An annotated list of the fruit piercing moth genus Eudocima Billberg, 1820 (sensu Poole) with descriptions of four new species (Lepidoptrera: Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Quadrifina 2002, 5, 153–207. [Google Scholar]
- Zilli, A.; Natural History Museum, London, UK. Personal communication, 2020.
- Jourdan, H.; Research Institute for Development (IRD), Noumea, New Caledonia. Personal communication, 2020.
- Holloway, J.D. A Survey of the Lepidoptera, Biogeography and Ecology of New Caledonia; Junk, W.B.V., Ed.; Springer: The Hague, The Netherlands, 1979. [Google Scholar]
- Hare, J.D.; Kennedy, G.G. Genetic variation in plant-insect associations: Survival of Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations on Solanum carolinense. Evolution 1986, 40, 1031–1043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scriber, J.M. Origins of the Regional Feeding Abilities in the Tiger Swallowtail Butterfly: Ecological Monophagy and the Papilio glaucus australis Subspecies in Florida. Oecologia 1986, 71, 94–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fay, H.A.C.; Halfpapp, K.H. Activity of fruit-piercing moths, Eudocima spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in north Queensland crops: Some effects of fruit type, locality and season. Aust. J. Entomol. 1999, 38, 16–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cochereau, P. Population management of the fruit-sucking moth—Othreis fullonia (Clerck) in New Caledonia. In Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Entomology, Camberra, Australia, 22–30 August 1972. [Google Scholar]
- Bhumannavar, B.S.; Viraktamath, C.A. Biology and behaviour of Euplectrus maternus Bhatnagar (Hymenopera: Eulophidae), an ectoparasitoid of Othreis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from southern India. Pest Manag. Hort. Ecosyst. 2000, 6, 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Reddy, G.V.P.; Cruz, Z.T.; Muniappan, R. Attraction of fruit-piercing moth Eudocima phalonia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to different fruit baits. Crop Prot. 2007, 26, 664–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jayanthi, P.K.; Aurade, R.M.; Kempraj, V.; Verghese, A. Aromatic fruits as baits for the management of fruit-piercing moths in pomegranate: Exploiting olfaction. Curr. Sci. 2015, 109, 1476–1479. [Google Scholar]
- Kumar, K.; Lal, S.N. Studies on the biology, seasonal abundance and host-parasite relationship of fruit sucking moth Othreis fullonia (Clerck) in Fiji. Fiji Agric. J. 1983, 45, 71–77. [Google Scholar]
- Fay, H.A.C. Fruitpiercing moths and fruitspotting bugs: Intractable pests of tree fruits in a reduced-insecticide environment. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Cairns, Australia, 26 November–1 December 2000; Acta Horticulturae: Cairns, Australia, 2002; pp. 485–493. [Google Scholar]
- Fay, H.A.C.; Halfpapp, K.H. Attractants and Repellents for Fruits Piercing Moths. Horticultural Research and Development Corporation; Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Mareeba, Australia, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Box, H.E. Citrus moth investigations. Report on investigations carried out from December 1939 to August 1941. Rev. Appl. Ent. 1941, 30, 505–506. [Google Scholar]
- Dodia, J.F.; Yadav, D.N.; Patel, R.C. Management of fruit sucking moth, Othreis fullonia Cl. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in citrus orchards at Anand (Gujarat). Gujarat Agric. Univ. Res. J. 1986, 11, 72–73. [Google Scholar]
- Fay, H.A.C.; Halfpapp, K.H. Potential methods for the control of fruit-piercing moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tropical Australia. In Proceedings of the First Asia-Pacific Conference of Entomology, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 8–13 November 1989. [Google Scholar]
- Cai, H.; Geng, Z. Occurrence and control of Ophideres fullonica Linnaeus. Plant Prot. 1997, 23, 33–34. [Google Scholar]
- Fullerton, R.A. A Review of Production Methods and Problems and Guidelines for Future Development of the Fiji Citrus Products Orchards at Batiri; Unpublished Report; Plant Diseases Division, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research: Vanua Levu, Fiji, 1982. [Google Scholar]
- Dadmal, S.M.; Pawar, N.P. The fruit sucking moth, Eudocima (Othreis) fullonica on Nagpur mandarin in Vidarbha Region. Insect Environ. 2001, 6, 167. [Google Scholar]
- Patel, G.M. Diagnostic symptoms and assessment of losses due to arthropod pests in tropical fruit crops including some plantation crops. In Proceedings of the Advances of Diagnosis of Athropod Pests Damage and Assessment of Losses, Hisar, India, 6–16 September 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Bajpai, R.N. A simple method of controlling fruit piercing moths (Othreis fullonica L. and O. materna L.). Sci. Cult. 1955, 20, 387. [Google Scholar]
- Sontakay, K.R. Short note on the life and seasonal history of Othreis materna L., and Othreis fullonica L. Indian J. Entomol. 1944, 5, 247–248. [Google Scholar]
- Ramachandrachari, C.; Padmanabham, V. A method for attracting and capturing fruit sucking moth, Achaea janata L. Agric. J. 1960, 7, 197–198. [Google Scholar]
- Baghel, B.S.; Sarnaik, D.A.; Nadakarni, P.G. Efficacy of different control measure against the fruit sucking moth (Ophideres spp.) in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) var. Nucellar. J. Farming Syst. 1987, 3, 72–75. [Google Scholar]
- Mosse Robinson, I. Fruit sucking moths (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). Aust. Zool. 1968, 14, 290–293. [Google Scholar]
- Fay, H.A.C. Fruit-piercing moth—A perspective including control developments. Qld. Citrus Bull. Autumn 1995, 19–21. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, S.C.; Yoo, J.K.; Yoo, C.Y. Survey on the kinds of the fruit sucking moths and their damages on Korea. Korean J. Plant Prot. 1970, 9, 99–102. [Google Scholar]
- Balikai, R.A.; Kotikal, Y.K.; Prasanna, P.M. Status of pomegranate pests and their management strategies in India. Acta Hortic. 2009, 890, 569–583. [Google Scholar]
- Risbec, J. Observations on the Insects of the Plantations in New Caledonia—Observations Sur Les Insectes des Plantations en Nouvelle-Calédonie; Nationale Printing Office: Paris, France, 1942. [Google Scholar]
- Cochereau, P. Biological pest control in the Pacifique—La lutte biologique dans le Pacifique, Works and documents of the ORSTOM. Sér. Biol. 1972, 16, 89–104. [Google Scholar]
- Muniappan, R.; Bamba, J.; Cruz, J.; Reddy, G.V.P. Biology, rearing and field release on Guam of Euplectrus maternus, a parasitoid of the fruit-piercing moth, Eudocima fullonia. BioControl 2004, 49, 537–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waterhouse, D.F. The Major Invertebrate Pests and Weeds of Agriculture and Plantation Forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, Australia, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Cochereau, P. Parasitic complex of a fruit-piercing moths in New Caledonia: Othreis fullonia Clerck (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae—Complexe parasitaire en Nouvelle-Calédonie d’un papillon piqueur de fruits: Othreis fullonia Clerck (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae), Works and documents of the ORSTOM, Paris, France. Sér. Biol. 1974, 25, 35–65. [Google Scholar]
- Cochereau, P. The problem of the fruit piercing moths—Le problème du papillon piqueur de fruits. Nouv. Éd. Rev. Agric. Nouv. Caléd. Dépend. 1969, 7, 8–11. [Google Scholar]
- Cochereau, P. Population Dynamic of a Fruit Piercing Moths Othreis Fullonia Clerck (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae) in New Caledonia—Dynamique des Populations d’un Papillon Piqueur des Fruits, Othreis Fullonia Clerck (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae) en Nouvelle Calédonie; Works and Documents of the ORSTOM: Paris, France, 1969. [Google Scholar]
- Plant Health Bulletin (Bulletin de Santé Végétale), 2014. Direction des Affaires Vétérinaires Alimentaires et Rurales (DAVAR); Government of New Caledonia: Noumea, New Caledonia, 2014; Volume 4, pp. 1–4.
- Leroy, L.; neo Caledonian Agronomic Institut (IAC), La Foa, New caledonia. Personal communication, 2017.
- Leroy, L.; neo Caledonian Agronomic Institut (IAC), La Foa, New caledonia. Personal communication, 2018.
- Leroy, L.; neo Caledonian Agronomic Institut (IAC), La Foa, New caledonia. Personal communication, 2019.
- Leroy, L.; neo Caledonian Agronomic Institut (IAC), La Foa, New caledonia. Personal communication, 2020.
- Brinon, J.; neo Caledonian Agronomic Institut (IAC), La Foa, New caledonia. Personal communication, 2019.
- Cochereau, P. Population dynamics of a fruit sucking moth, Othreis fullonia Clerck (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in New Caledonia. In Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Entomology, Camberra, Australia, 22–30 August 1972. [Google Scholar]
- Plant Health Defense Group (GDS-V); Agriculture chamber of New Caledonia. Technician communication, 2016.
- Cohic, F. Animal Parasites of Cultivated Plants in New Caledonia Other dependent Territories—Parasites Animaux des Plantes Cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances; Works and Documents of the ORSTOM: Paris, France, 1956. [Google Scholar]
- Plant Health Defense Group (GDS-V). Fruit Piercing Moths Outbreak 2015: Impacts on Caledonian Orchards—Pullulation de Papillons Piqueurs 2015: Impacts sur les Vergers Calédoniens; Technical Note; Direction des Affaires Vétérinaires Alimentaires et Rurales (DAVAR), Government of New Caledonia: Noumea, New Caledonia, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Cohic, F. Seasonal Activity of New Caledonian Economic Wildlife—Activité Saisonnière de la Faune Economique Néo-Calédonienne; Works and Documents of the ORSTOM: Paris, France, 1950. [Google Scholar]
- Plant Health Defense Group (GDS-V); Agriculture chamber of New Caledonia. Technician communication, 2015.
- Agriculture Chamber of New Caledonia; La Calédonie AGRICOLE: Noumea, New Caledonia, 2020; Volume 173, pp. 24–25.
- Michel, P.; President of the Southern Province of New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia. Official letter, 2016.
- Fay, H.A.C. The relative acceptabilities of three Australian Menispermaceae as food plants for larvae of the fruitpiercing moth, Othreis fullonia. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1994, 72, 67–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fay, H.A.C. Evolutionary and taxonomic relationships between fruit-piercing moths and the Menispermaceae. Aust. Syst. Bot. 1996, 9, 227–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoyt, C.P. Notes on larvaevorid flies reared from Prodenia litura Fab. and Othreis fullonia (Clerck) larvae in American Samoa. Proc. Hawaii Entomol. Soc. 1954, 15, 419–423. [Google Scholar]
- Muniappan, R.; Denton, G.R.W.; Marutani, M.; Lali, T.S.; Kimmons, C.A. Fruit piercing moths in Micronesia and their natural enemies. Micronesica 1993, 4, 33–39. [Google Scholar]
- Reddy, G.V.P.; Cruz, Z.T.; Bamba, J.; Muniappan, R. Host adaptation of the fruit piercing moth, Eudocima fullonia. Physiol. Entomol. 2005, 30, 398–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morat, P.; Jaffré, T.; Tronchet, F.; Munzinger, J.; Pillon, Y.; Veillon, J.-M.; Chalopin, M.; Birnbaum, P.; Rigault, F.; Dagostini, G.; et al. The Florical taxonomic framework and the characteristics of the vascular flora native to New Caledonia—Le référentiel taxonomique Florical et les caractéristiques de la flore vasculaire indigène de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Adansonia 2012, 34, 179–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sands, D.P.A.; Chan, R.R. Survivorship of Australian Othreis fullonia on Erythrina variegata: Hypotheses for development of host-plant biotypes in the Pacific. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1996, 80, 145–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thorpe, W.H. Further studies on pre-imaginal olfactory conditioning in insects. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 1939, 127, 424–433. [Google Scholar]
- Tryon, H. Orange piercing moths. Qld. Agric. J. 1924, 2, 308–315. [Google Scholar]
- Bosch, J.E. Fruit piercing moth research. Rhod. Agric. J. 1971, 68, 19–21. [Google Scholar]
- Magar, P.N. Seasonal Incidence, Larval Hosts, Biology and Management of Fruit Sucking Moth. Master’s Thesis, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth University, Rahuri, India, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Moore, F., VI. On the Genera and Species of the Lepidopterous Subfamily Ophiderinae inhabiting the Indian Region. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, 11, 63–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leefmans, S. Van een in lrruchten borende uil (Ophideres fullonia Linn.) dr Indische Banduil. Trop. Natuur. 1932, 21, 224–228. [Google Scholar]
- Rakshpal, R. Citrus fruit-sucking moths and their control. Indian Farming 1945, 6, 441–443. [Google Scholar]
- Atwal, A.S. Insect pests of citrus in the Punjab IV. Biology and control of fruit-piercing moth, Ophideres fullonica L. (Lepidoptera). Punjab Hortic. J. 1963, 3, 43–45. [Google Scholar]
- Baptist, B.A. The fruit piercing moth (Othreis fullonia L.) with special reference to its economic importance. Indian J. Entomol. 1945, 6, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
- Heraty, J. Parasitoid biodiversity and insect pest management. In Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society; Foottit, G.R., Adler, P.H., Eds.; Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex, UK, 2009; pp. 445–462. [Google Scholar]
- Denton, G.R.W.; Muniappan, R.; Marutani, M.; McConnell, J.; Lali, T.S. Biology and natural enemies of the fruit-piercing moth Othreis fullonia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Guam. In Proceedings of the ADAP Crop Protection Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA, 18–19 May 1989. [Google Scholar]
- Sands, D.; Liebregts, W. Biological control of fruit piercing moth (Eudocima fullonia (Clerck)) (lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Pacific: Exploration, specificity, and evaluation of parasitoids. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Davos, Switzerland, 12–16 September 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Teramoto, K. Fruit-Piercing Moth; Memorandum to Chief, Plant Pest Control Branch: Honolulu, HI, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Sands, D.P.A.; Liebregts, W. Establishment of Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in Western Samoa, for biological control of Othreis fullonia (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In Proceedings of the Second Agricultural Development in the American Pacific Crop Protection Conference (ADAP project), Mangilao, Guam, 29–30 May 1990; pp. 16–21. [Google Scholar]
- Jones, P.; Sands, D.P.A. Euplectrus melanocephalus Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an ectoparasitoid of larvae of fruit-piercing moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Catocalinae) from northern Queensland. Aust. J. Entomol. 1999, 38, 377–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhumannavar, B.S.; Viraktamath, C.A. Seasonal incidence and extent of parasitization of fruit piercing moths of the genus Othreis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Bio. Contr. 2001, 15, 31–38. [Google Scholar]
- Fay, H.A.C. Fruit Piercing Moth on Citrus, a Perspective Including Control Developments; Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries: Mareeba, Australia, 2004.
- Mille, C.; neo Caledonian Agronomic Institut (IAC), La Foa, New Caledonia. Personal communication, 2020.
- Mille, C. Pests and Useful Insects of the Gardens and Orchards of New Caledonia—Animaux Nuisibles et Utiles des Jardins et Vergers de Nouvelle-Calédonie; Société Entomologique de Nouvelle-Calédonie: Noumea, New Caledonia, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Svensson, A.M.; Rydell, J. Mercury vapour lamps interfere with the bat defence of tympanate moths (Operophtera spp.; Geometridae). Anim. Behav. 1998, 55, 223–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yager, D.D. Predator detection and evasion by flying insects. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2012, 22, 201–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ter Hofstede, H.M.; Goerlitz, H.R.; Ratcliffe, J.M.; Holderied, M.W.; Surlykke, A. The simple ears of noctuoid moths are tuned to the calls of their sympatric bat community. J. Exp. Biol. 2013, 216, 3954–3962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nakano, R.; Ihara, F.; Mishiro, K.; Toyama, M.; Toda, S. High duty cycle pulses suppress orientation flights of crambid moths. J. Insect Physiol. 2015, 83, 15–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, F.; Subramanyam, B. Behavioral and reproductive effects of ultrasound on the Indian meal moth, Plodia Interpunctella. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2004, 113, 157–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, F.; Subramanyam, B.; Taylor, R. Ultrasound affects spermatophore transfer, larval numbers, and larval weight of Plodia interpunctella (Huebner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 2003, 39, 413–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, L.A.; Surlikke, A. How some insects detect and avoid being eaten by bats: Tacticts and countertactics of prey and predator. Bioscience 2001, 51, 570–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yela, J.L.; Holyoak, M. Effects of moonlight and meteorological factors on light and bait trap catches of noctuid moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environ. Entomol. 1997, 26, 1283–1290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harvey, A.W.; Mallya, G.A. Predicting the severity of Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) outbreak seasons in Tanzania. Bull. Entomol. Res. 1995, 85, 479–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whitehead, V.B.; Rust, D.J. Control of the fruit-piercing moth Serrodes parfifa (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Phytophylactica 1972, 4, 9–12. [Google Scholar]
- Jayanthi, P.D.K.; Verghese, A.; Nagaraju, D.K. Studies on feeding preference of adult fruit sucking moth, Eudocima (Othreis) materna (L.): A clue for devising trap cropping strategies. Pest Manag. Hortic. Ecosyst. 2009, 15, 107–113. [Google Scholar]
- Sands, D.P.A.; Schotz, M. Advances in research on fruit piercing moths of subtropical Australia. In Proceedings of the 4th Aust’lasian Conference on Tree and Nut Crops, Lismore, Australia, 14–20 August 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Sands, D.P.A.; Schotz, M.; Bourne, A.S. Effects of temperature on development and seasonality of Eudocima salaminia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in eastern Australia. Bull. Entomol. Res. 1991, 81, 291–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoon, J.-K.; Kim, K.-S. Control of the fruit-piercing moths. Korean. J. Appl. Entomol. 1977, 16, 127–131. [Google Scholar]
- Bhumannavar, B.S.; Viraktamath, C.A. Biology, ecology and management of fruit piercing moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pest Manag. Hort. Ecosyst. 2012, 18, 1–18. [Google Scholar]
- Ali, L.; Vargo, A.M. The Effect iveness of a Net Barrier in Excluding the Fruit-Piercing Moth from Tomato Fruit in American Samoa. In Proceedings of the Second Agricultural Development in the American Pacific Crop Protection Conference (ADAP project), Mangilao, Guam, 29–30 May 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Soury-Lavergne, Y.; SARL L’Orangeraie Company, La Foa, New Caledonia. Personal communication, 2018.
- Dadant, R. Contribution to the study of the citrus parasite Oospora citri aurantii Ferraris, in New Caledonia—Contribution à l’étude de Oospora citri aurantii Ferraris parasite des agrumes en Nouvelle Calédonie. Rev. Pathol. Vég. Entomol. Agric. Fr. 1953, 32, 87–92. [Google Scholar]
- Rageau, J.; Schmid, M. The Medicinal Plants of New Caledonia—Les Plantes Médicinales de la Nouvelle-Calédonie; Works and Documents of the ORSTOM: Paris, France, 1973. [Google Scholar]
- Carpinella, M.C.; Defago, M.T.; Valladares, G.; Palacios, S.M. Antifeedant and Insecticide Properties of a Limonoid from Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) with Potential Use for Pest Management. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 369–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Isman, M.B. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2006, 51, 45–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rani, P.U.; Rajasekharreddy, P. Toxic and antifeedant activities of Sterculia foetida (L.) seed crude extract against Spodoptera litura (F.) and Achaea janata (L.). J. Biopest. 2009, 2, 161–164. [Google Scholar]
- Wada, K.; Manakata, K. Naturally occurring insect control cheive measurement of heptachlor in the soil and certain products of animal and plant origin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1968, 16, 471–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soloway, S.B. Naturally occurring insecticides. Environ. Health Perspect. 1976, 14, 109–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brem, B.; Seger, C.; Pacher, T.; Hofer, O.; Vajrodaya, S.; Greger, H. Feeding Deterrence and Contact Toxicity of Stemona Alkaloids, A Source of Potent Natural Insecticides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 6383–6388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Almadiy, A.A.; Nenaah, G.E.; Shawer, D.M. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using harmala alkaloids and their insecticidal and growth inhibitory activities against the khapra beetle. J. Pest. Sci. 2018, 91, 727–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amoabeng, B.W.; Stevenson, P.C.; Pandey, S.; Mochiah, M.B.; Gurr, M.G. Insecticidal activity of a native Australian tobacco, Nicotiana megalosiphon Van Heurck & Muell. Arg. (Solanales: Solanaceae) against key insect pests of brassicas. Crop Prot. 2018, 106, 6–12. [Google Scholar]
- Kulkarni, S.K.; Patil, S.K.; Guru, P.N. Host specificity and bioratonal management of fruit sucking moth, Eudocima (Othreis) materna L. Pest Manag. Hortic. Ecosyst. 2017, 23, 12–16. [Google Scholar]
- Beegle, C.C.; Yamamoto, T. History of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner research and development. Canad. Entomol. 1992, 124, 587–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; Zhang, Q.; Zhao, J.-Z.; Cai, Q.; Xu, H.; Li, J. Effects of the Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis on Microplitis mediator, a parasitoid of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2005, 114, 205–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franklin, M.T.; Myers, J.H. Refuges in reverse: The spread of Bacillus thuringiensis resistance to unselected greenhouse populations of cabbage loopers Trichoplusia ni. Agric. For. Entomol. 2008, 10, 119–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dyer, J.M.; Sappington, T.W.; Coates, B.S. Evaluation of Tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins Among Laboratory-Reared Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2013, 106, 2467–2472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- González-Cabrera, J.; García, M.; Hernández-Crespo, P.; Farinós, G.P.; Ortego, F.; Castañera, P. Resistance to Bt maize in Mythimna unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is mediated by alteration in Cry1Ab protein activation. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2013, 43, 635–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xiao, Y.; Wu, K. Recent progress on the interaction between insects and Bacillus thuringiensis crops. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2019, 374, 20180316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- López, J.D.; Latheef, M.A.; Hoffmann, W.C. Mortality and reproductive effects of ingested spinosad on adult bollworms. Pest Manag. Sci. 2011, 67, 220–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jayma, L.; Ronald, F.L. Othreis Fullonia. 1993. Available online: http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/othreis.htm (accessed on 17 March 2017).
- Zenker, M.M.; Botton, M.; Teston, J.A.; Specht, A. Noctuidae moths occurring in grape orchards in Serra Gaúcha, Brazil and their relation to fruit-piercing. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 2010, 54, 288–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nomura, K. Studies on orchard illumination against fruit-piercing moths. III. Inhibition of moths’ flying to orchard by illumination. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1967, 11, 21–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fay, H.A.C.; Halfpapp, K.H. Feeding attractants and light barriers as control measures for fruit piercing moths- progress in their evaluation. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop of Tropical Entomology, Townsville, Australia, 1–5 July 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Fay, H.A.C.; Halfpapp, K.H. Reducing fruit piercing moth damage in orchards with illumination barriers. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Fruit Piercing Moths, Brisbane, Australia, 16–21 January 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Kajiura, I. Studies on the recent advances and future trends of Asian pear in Japan. Acta Hort. 2002, 587, 113–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Green, D.; MacKay, D.; Whalen, M. Next generation insect light traps: The use of LED light technology in sampling emerging aquatic macroinvertebrates. Aust. Entomol. 2012, 39, 189–194. [Google Scholar]
- Shimoda, M.; Honda, K. Insect reactions to light and its applications to pest management. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 2013, 48, 413–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nomura, K.; Watanabe, I.; Kawamura, H. Studies on orchard illumination against fruit-piercing moths. I. Analysis of illumination effects, and influence of light elements on moths’ activities. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1965, 9, 179–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sands, D.P.A.; Liebregts, W.; Broe, R.J. Biological control of the fruit piercing moth, Othreis fullonia (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Pacific. Micronesica 1993, 4, 25–31. [Google Scholar]
- Waterhouse, D.F.; Norris, K.R. Biological Control: Pacific Prospects; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, Australia, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Reddy, G.V.P.; Kikuchi, R. Laboratory host range assessment of a predatory pentatomid, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) for field release on Guam. Fla. Entomol. 2011, 94, 853–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, R.; Izumi, Y.; Sonoda, S.; Yoshida, H.; Fukumoto, T.; Saito, T.; Tsumuki, H. Estimation of repellency of a volatile compound, sec-butyl β-styryl ketone, against fruit-piercing moths. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 2007, 42, 433–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jayanthi, P.D.K.; Verghese, A.; Nagaraju, D.K.; Jhansi, R. Studies on the possibility of managing fruit sucking moth, Eudocima (Othreis) materna L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using feeding repellents. Pest Manag. Hortic. Ecosyst. 2010, 16, 124–130. [Google Scholar]
- Nerio, L.S.; Olivero-Verbel, J.; Stashenko, E. Repellent activity of essential oils: A review. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 372–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sansoni, M.; Organic farmer, Dumbea, New Caledonia. Personal communication, 2019.
- Hussein, H.S.; Salem, M.Z.M.; Soliman, A.M. Repellent, attractive, and insecticidal effects of essential oils from Schinus terebinthifolius fruits and Corymbia citriodora leaves on two whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci, and Trialeurodes ricini. Sci. Hortic. 2017, 216, 111–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M.A.; Kainulainen, P.; Aflatuni, A.; Tiilikkala, K.; Holopainen, J.K. Insecticidal, repellent, antimicrobial activity and phytotoxicity of essential oils: With special reference to limonene and its suitability for control of insect pests. Agric. Food. Sci. Fin. 2001, 10, 243–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rae, D.J.; Liang, W.G.; Watson, D.M.; Beattie, G.A.C.; Huang, M.D. Evaluation of petroleum spray oils for control of the Asian citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in China. Int. J. Pest. Manag. 1997, 43, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mallikarjun, K.R.M.; Thippaiah, M.; Raghavendra, A.; Sharma, J.; Chakravarthy, A.K. Role of fruit volatiles and sex pheromone components in mate recognition in fruit piercing moth Eudocima materna Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 2019, 7, 1381–1387. [Google Scholar]
Fruit Species | Country | Damage | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Africa | |||
All fruit species | Pacific islands | <80% | [16,38,62,63] |
Sri Lanka | |||
Carambola (Averrhoa carambola) | Australia | <50% | [64] |
Citrus | Australia | <80% | [64] |
(All cultivars, Citrus sp.) | China | <50% | [65] |
Fiji islands | 10–15% | [59] | |
73% | [66] | ||
India | 10–55% | [67] | |
Malaysia | 3–5% | [68] | |
5–90% | [30] | ||
17–39% | [30] | ||
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) | Thailand | 20–36% | [8] |
India | 4–90% | [69,70,71,72] | |
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) | New Caledonia | 70–100% | [15,55] |
Thailand | 11–18% | [8] | |
Orange (Citrus sinensis) | Australia | 25% | [73] |
India | >50% | [28,74] | |
30–40% | [70] | ||
Sri Lanka | 10–55% | [67,70] | |
21–42% | [32] | ||
Grape (Vitis sp.) | South Korea | 8.9% | [75] |
Lychee (Litchi chinensis) | Australia | <50% | [64] |
Pear (Pyrus sp.) | South Korea | 3.4% | [75] |
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) | South Korea | 20–40% | [58,76] |
Tomato (Punica lycopersicum) | Samoa | 100% (outbreak) | [14,18] |
Scientific Name | Reference |
---|---|
ANACARDIACEAE | |
Mangifera indica (Mango) | [14,16,82,83,84,85,86,87,88] |
Spondias dulcis (Golden apple, Ambarella, Polynesian plum) | [85,89] |
ANNONACEAE | |
Annona sp. | [55] |
Annona muricata (Soursop) | [16,82,83,85] |
Annona reticulata (Custard apple) | [55] |
Annona squamosa (Sugar apple) | [16,83,85] |
BROMELIACEAE | |
Ananas comosus (Pineapple) | [14,82,83] |
CARICACEAE | |
Carica papaya (Papaya) | [16,81,82,83,84,85,86] |
CUCURBITACEAE | |
Cucumis melo (Melon) | [15,16,55,83,90] |
Citrullus lanatus = C. vulgaris (Watermelon) | [16] |
ELAEOCARPACEAE | |
Elaeocarpus sp. (Shiva’s tear) | [14] |
LAURACEAE | |
Persea sp. (Avocado) | [91] |
MORACEAE | |
Ficus sp. (Wild fig) Ficus carica (Fig) | [14,16,89,90] |
MUSACEAE | |
Musa sp. Musa x paradisiaca = Musa sapientum (Banana) Plantain cultivars | [16,82,83,92] |
MYRTACEAE | |
Psidium sp. i.e., Psidium guajava (Guava) | [14,16,82,83,85,86,87,88,89,90] |
Syzygium cumini = Eugenia jambolana (Black plum) | [14,16,83,85,86,89] |
Syzygium jambos = Eugenia jambosa (Pink-apple) | [90] |
OXALIDACEAE | |
Averrhoa carambola (Carambola) | [16,85,86,87,88] |
PASSIFLORACEAE | |
Passiflora edulis (Passion fruit) | [86,91] |
ROSACEAE | |
Fragaria sp. (Strawberry) | [93] |
Prunus persica (Peach) | [16,85,86] |
RUBIACEAE | |
Coffea sp. (Coffee) | [82,83,92] |
Coffea arabica (Arabian coffee) | [16,83,92] |
RUTACEAE | |
Citrus sp. | [55,85,86,87,88,89,90,94] |
Citrus aurantiifolia (Key lime) | [85,86,91] |
Citrus grandis = Citrus maxima = Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit) | [16,85,86,88,93] |
Citrus latifolia (Tahitian Lime) | [86,88,91,93] |
Citrus limon = C. medica var. limon = C. limonum (Lemon) | [16,88,92] |
Citrus nobilis = C. aurantium = C. tangelo (Bitter orange) | [16,85,86,87,88,92,93] |
Citrus reticulata (Mandarin) including all cultivars | [16,55,82,83,85,86,87,88,93] |
Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange) including all cultivars | [16,55,83,85,86,87,88,90,91,93,95] |
SAPINDACEAE | |
Litchi chinensis (Lychee) | [16,85,86,87] |
SOLANACEAE | |
Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) | [16,55,81,82,83,90] |
VITACEAE | |
Vitis spp. Vitis vinifera (Grape vine) | [82,83] |
Country | Host Plant | Egg | Larva | Chrysalis | Total | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaysia | Leea indica (Vigna) | 3 ± 1 d | 20.8 ± 1 d | 15.8 ± 0.5 d | 39.6 ± 2.2 d | [31] |
Guam | Cocculus sp. (Menispermaceae) | - | - | - | 24.3 ± 0.75 d | [24] |
Erythrina variegata (Fabaceae) | - | - | - | 23.2 ± 1.02 d | [24] | |
Erythrina variegata (Fabaceae) | - | 25.1 ± 8.7 d | - | - | [102] | |
Tinospora homosepala (Menispermaceae) | - | 22.2 ± 0.8 d | - | - | [102] | |
Fiji Islands | Erythrina variegata Er. lithosperma (Fabaceae) | 4 d | 14–28 d | 17–21 d | 43 d | [59] |
India | Not specified | 3–4 d | 14–16 d | 13–14 d | 30–34 d | [109] |
Tiliacora sp. (Menispermaceae) | 3–4 d | 13–17 d | 12–18 d | 28–39 d | [110] | |
Tiliacora sp. (Menispermaceae) | 3–4 d | 15 d | 21 d | 39–40 d | [111] | |
Tiliacora sp. (Menispermaceae) | 14 d | 28 d | 15 d | 57 d | [112] | |
India | Tiliacora sp. (Menispermaceae) | 3–4 d | 13–15 d | 8–10 d | 24–29 d | [70] |
Sierra Leone | Not specified | 3 d | 13–20 d | 10–14 d | 26–37 d | [7] |
Sri Lanka | Anamirta sp. (Menispermaceae) | 2–3 d | 17–20 d | 14–16 d | - | [113] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Leroy, L.; Mille, C.; Fogliani, B. The Common Fruit-Piercing Moth in the Pacific Region: A Survey of the Current State of a Significant Worldwide Economic Pest, Eudocima phalonia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with a Focus on New Caledonia. Insects 2021, 12, 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020117
Leroy L, Mille C, Fogliani B. The Common Fruit-Piercing Moth in the Pacific Region: A Survey of the Current State of a Significant Worldwide Economic Pest, Eudocima phalonia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with a Focus on New Caledonia. Insects. 2021; 12(2):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020117
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeroy, Lise, Christian Mille, and Bruno Fogliani. 2021. "The Common Fruit-Piercing Moth in the Pacific Region: A Survey of the Current State of a Significant Worldwide Economic Pest, Eudocima phalonia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with a Focus on New Caledonia" Insects 12, no. 2: 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020117
APA StyleLeroy, L., Mille, C., & Fogliani, B. (2021). The Common Fruit-Piercing Moth in the Pacific Region: A Survey of the Current State of a Significant Worldwide Economic Pest, Eudocima phalonia (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with a Focus on New Caledonia. Insects, 12(2), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020117