Small Punch Test to Estimate the Threshold Stress in Aggressive Environments by Incremental Step Loading
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Aggressive Environments
2.3. Tensile Tests According to ASTM F1624 [3]
2.4. Small Punch Test (SPT) Main Concepts
- Py: elastic-to-plastic load, which marks the beginning of plastics effects on the specimen; this means the end of pure elastic behavior, so the beginning of the plasticity hydrogen-assisted effect; it is identified with the first convexity change in the curve;
- Pmax: maximum load reached during the test, after which the sample’s collapse is imminent. The energy below the test curve, ESP, is defined up to this load.
2.5. Application of ASTM F1624 [3] Step Methodology to SPT
- Also, for a similar reason, according to [8], the optimal step times, combining a complete environmental affection with the shortest possible time, were phenomenologically proved to be equal to one-sixth of the durations indicated in the ASTM F1624 standard [8] for each hardness range (Table 3), as presented in Table 4.
2.6. Estimation of the Threshold Stress (σth) Based on the SPT Threshold Load (Pth-SPT)
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C | Si | S | P | Mn | Ni | Cr | Mo | Cu | Al | V | Ti | Nb | W | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X80 | 0.070 | 0.180 | <0.005 | <0.005 | 1.830 | 0.030 | - | 0.150 | 0.020 | 0.030 | - | - | 0.030 | - |
S420 | 0.080 | 0.280 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 1.440 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.003 | 0.015 | 0.026 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.031 | - |
50 HRC | 0.947 | 0.310 | <0.035 | <0.005 | 1.093 | - | 0.614 | - | - | - | 0.113 | - | - | 0.598 |
60 HRC | 0.951 | 0.300 | <0.035 | <0.005 | 1.013 | - | 0.599 | - | - | - | 0.109 | - | - | 0.611 |
E (GPa) | σy (MPa) | σu (MPa) | eu (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
X80 | 209.9 | 621.3 | 692.9 | 29.6 |
S420 | 206.4 | 447.7 | 547.1 | 21.7 |
50 HRC | 216.6 | 1810.7 | 1935.9 | 3.1 |
60 HRC | 190.8 | 929.8 | 1995.5 | 1.9 |
Hardness | Step | Step Load | Step Time (h) | Profile Code [3] |
---|---|---|---|---|
33 ≤ HRC < 45 | 1–10 | 5% of PFFL | 2 | (10/5/2,4) |
11–20 | 4 | |||
45 ≤ HRC < 55 | 1–10 | 5% of PFFL | 1 | (10/5/1,2) |
11–20 | 2 | |||
≥55 | 1–20 | 5% of PFFL | 1 | (10/5/1) |
Hardness | Step | Step Load | Step Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
33 ≤ HRC < 45 | 1–10 | 5% of PFFL-SPT | 20 |
11–20 | 40 | ||
45 ≤ HRC < 55 | 1–10 | 5% of PFFL-SPT | 10 |
11–20 | 20 | ||
≥55 | 1–20 | 5% of PFFL-SPT | 10 |
Py (SPT) | Fast Fracture Load | 1 mA/cm2 | 5 mA/cm2 | 10 mA/cm2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proposal Py (N) | Proposal PFFL-SPT (N) | ASTM FFL (MPa) | Proposal Pth-SPT (N) | ASTM σth (MPa) | Proposal Pth-SPT (N) | ASTM σth (MPa) | Proposal Pth-SPT (N) | ASTM σth (MPa) | |
X80 (35 HRC) | 121 | 1490 | 693 | 943 | 556 | 638 | 446 | 620 | 436 |
S420 (33 HRC) | 69 | 1465 | 548 | 812 | 379 | 625 | 265 | 594 | 257 |
50 HRC | 22 | 1428 | 1917 | 321 | 337 | 291 | 295 | 257 | 247 |
60 HRC | 10 | 677 | 1975 | 182 | 293 | 142 | 185 | 114 | 152 |
Material (HRC) | Hardness (HRC) | α |
---|---|---|
S420 | 33 | 0.0753 |
X80 | 35 | 0.0933 |
50 HRC | 50 | 0.2331 |
60 HRC | 60 | 0.3585 |
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Arroyo, B.; Andrea, L.; Álvarez, J.A.; Cicero, S.; Gutiérrez-Solana, F.; Abarca, L. Small Punch Test to Estimate the Threshold Stress in Aggressive Environments by Incremental Step Loading. Metals 2024, 14, 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14111234
Arroyo B, Andrea L, Álvarez JA, Cicero S, Gutiérrez-Solana F, Abarca L. Small Punch Test to Estimate the Threshold Stress in Aggressive Environments by Incremental Step Loading. Metals. 2024; 14(11):1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14111234
Chicago/Turabian StyleArroyo, Borja, Laura Andrea, José A. Álvarez, Sergio Cicero, Federico Gutiérrez-Solana, and Luis Abarca. 2024. "Small Punch Test to Estimate the Threshold Stress in Aggressive Environments by Incremental Step Loading" Metals 14, no. 11: 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14111234
APA StyleArroyo, B., Andrea, L., Álvarez, J. A., Cicero, S., Gutiérrez-Solana, F., & Abarca, L. (2024). Small Punch Test to Estimate the Threshold Stress in Aggressive Environments by Incremental Step Loading. Metals, 14(11), 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14111234