Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection and Patient Information
2.2. Typing of Bacterial Isolates
2.3. Study Period and Patient Categories
2.4. Descriptive Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Decrease in Invasive Disease Cases Caused by Respiratory-Transmitted Pathogens in the First COVID-19 Year
3.2. Age-Specific Effects on Epidemiology of Invasive Disease
3.3. Serogroup-Specific Changes in Invasive Meningococcal Disease Cases
3.4. Serotype-Specific Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Cases
3.5. Serotype-Specific Changes in H. influenzae Invasive Disease
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serotype | Covered by Vaccine * | Average Annual Number (Range) of Cases, April 2015–March 2020 | Number of Cases in First COVID-19 Year (Range), April 2020–March 2021 | Decrease in COVID-19 versus Non-COVID-19 Year (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
All serotypes | 531 (503–576) | 175 | 67% | |
8 | PPV23 | 126 (118–129) | 30 | 76% |
19A | PCV13 | 76 (73–83) | 38 | 50% |
3 | PCV13 | 46 (38–59) | 18 | 61% |
22F | PPV23 | 35 (27–39) | 11 | 68% |
9N | PPV23 | 28 (21–34) | 9 | 68% |
12F | PPV23 | 23 (19–27) | 4 | 82% |
7F | PCV10 | 21 (4–43) | 0 | 100% |
6C | NVT | 18 (16–22) | 15 | 16% |
33F | PPV23 | 16 (11–20) | 2 | 87% |
15A | NVT | 14 (12–15) | 2 | 86% |
23B | NVT | 13 (10–16) | 5 | 60% |
23A | NVT | 11 (6–15) | 4 | 64% |
1 | PCV10 | 11 (0–30) | 0 | 100% |
10A | PPV23 | 11 (8–14) | 4 | 62% |
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Steens, A.; Knol, M.J.; Freudenburg-de Graaf, W.; de Melker, H.E.; van der Ende, A.; van Sorge, N.M. Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050972
Steens A, Knol MJ, Freudenburg-de Graaf W, de Melker HE, van der Ende A, van Sorge NM. Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(5):972. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050972
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteens, Anneke, Mirjam J. Knol, Wieke Freudenburg-de Graaf, Hester E. de Melker, Arie van der Ende, and Nina M. van Sorge. 2022. "Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands" Microorganisms 10, no. 5: 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050972
APA StyleSteens, A., Knol, M. J., Freudenburg-de Graaf, W., de Melker, H. E., van der Ende, A., & van Sorge, N. M. (2022). Pathogen- and Type-Specific Changes in Invasive Bacterial Disease Epidemiology during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in The Netherlands. Microorganisms, 10(5), 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050972