The Effect of COVID-19 on Maternal Mental Health and Medical Support
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Respondents and Procedure
- By clicking “I agree” below you are indicating that you are between the age of 18 and 45 years old, have read and understood this consent form and agree to participate in this research study. Please print a copy of this page for your records.
- How old are you?
- What state do you currently reside?
- What is your highest level of education? If currently enrolled, highest degree received [multiple choice]
- Which of the following best describes you? [multiple choice]
- Where do you get your information regarding COVID-19? [multiple choice]
- Are/were you pregnant at any time during the timespan of March 2020-Present? [Y/N]
- Is this your first pregnancy? [Y/N]
- If No, how many times have you been pregnant? [multiple choice]
- If No, have routine appointments been affected due to difficulties of finding childcare? [multiple choice]
- Was/is your partner allowed to attend routine visits with you? [Y/N]
- If No, do you think it has negatively affected you? [multiple choice]
- Due to Healthcare staff being required to wear masks and protective gear, do/did you feel like your visits have been less personal? [multiple choice]
- Do you think COVID-19 has made you take more precautions during this pregnancy? [multiple choice]
- Have you already delivered your baby? [Y/N]
- If Yes, do you think the hospital rules of prohibiting visitors (family, friends, etc,) was positive for your postpartum? [multiple choice]
- If Yes, did your birthing plan change due to COVID? [multiple choice]
- If No, have you considered different birthing options due to COVID? [multiple choice]
- Has your doctor discussed how COVID-19 could affect your pregnancy/baby? [Y/N]
- Do you work in a job where you are at a higher risk of catching COVID-19? [Y/N]
- If Yes, have you considered a job change or working remotely because of the pregnancy? [multiple choice]
- Is/was your pregnancy considered high-risk? [Y/N]
- If Yes, do you think you have had support (from your doctor, spouse, family, etc.) in managing stress and concerns for your high-risk pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic? [multiple choice]
- Do you have any other concerns not mentioned or details about being pregnant during COVID-19 you’d like to discuss?
2.2. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Knowledge
3.3. Attitudes and Practices
3.4. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bergquist, S.; Otten, T.; Sarich, N. COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Health Policy Technol. 2020, 9, 623–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rajagopalan, M. Knowing Our Rival–Coronaviridae: The Virus Family. 2021. Available online: https://books.google.co.jp/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7bZaEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=2.%09Rajagopalan,+M.+Knowing+our+Rival%E2%80%93Coronaviridae:+The+Virus+Family.+2021&ots=DJe0dHHuOV&sig=90QSZMGtJGZeKWagKJnZndQ7xVo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- Ceulemans, M.; Verbakel, J.Y.; Van Calsteren, K.; Eerdekens, A.; Allegaert, K.; Foulon, V. SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Results from an Observational Study in Primary Care in Belgium. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haldane, V.; De Foo, C.; Abdalla, S.M.; Jung, A.S.; Tan, M.; Wu, S.; Chua, A.; Verma, M.; Shrestha, P.; Singh, S.; et al. Health systems resilience in managing the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons from 28 countries. Nat. Med. 2021, 27, 964–980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kotlar, B.; Gerson, E.; Petrillo, S.; Langer, A.; Tiemeier, H. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal health: A scoping review. Reprod. Health 2021, 18, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kazi, A.K.; Rowther, A.A.; Atif, N.; Nazir, H.; Atiq, M.; Zulfiqar, S.; Malik, A.; Surkan, P.J. Intersections between patient-provider communication and antenatal anxiety in a public healthcare setting in Pakistan. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0244671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, A.K.M.; Nickson, C.P.; Rudolph, J.W.; Lee, A.; Joynt, G. Social media for rapid knowledge dissemination: Early experience from the COVID -19 pandemic. Anaesthesia 2020, 75, 1579–1582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dadi, A.F.; Miller, E.R.; Bisetegn, T.A.; Mwanri, L. Global burden of antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes: An umbrella review. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Vazquez-Vazquez, A.; Dib, S.; Rougeaux, E.; Wells, J.; Fewtrell, M. The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the experiences and feeding practices of new mothers in the UK: Preliminary data from the COVID-19 New Mum Study. Appetite 2020, 156, 104985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naurin, E.; Markstedt, E.; Stolle, D.; Enström, D.; Wallin, A.; Andreasson, I.; Attebo, B.; Eriksson, O.; Martinsson, K.; Elden, H.; et al. Pregnant under the pressure of a pandemic: A large-scale longitudinal survey before and during the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur. J. Public Health 2020, 31, 7–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lebel, C.; MacKinnon, A.; Bagshawe, M.; Tomfohr-Madsen, L.; Giesbrecht, G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 277, 5–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ceulemans, M.; Foulon, V.; Ngo, E.; Panchaud, A.; Winterfeld, U.; Pomar, L.; Lambelet, V.; Cleary, B.; O’Shaughnessy, F.; Passier, A.; et al. Mental health status of pregnant and breast-feeding women during the COVID-19 pandemic—A multinational cross-sectional study. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2021, 100, 1219–1229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chapman, S.L.C.; Wu, L.-T. Postpartum Substance Use and Depressive Symptoms: A Review. Women Health 2013, 53, 479–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- van Gelder, M.M.H.J.; Bretveld, R.W.; Roeleveld, N. Web-based Questionnaires: The Future in Epidemiology? Am. J. Epidemiol. 2010, 172, 1292–1298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Measure | Item | Count | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy Status | Women who were Pregnant (March 2020–December 2020) | 51 | 100% |
Age | 18–45 | 51 | 100% |
State of Residence | Florida | 24 | |
Georgia | 1 | 47.06% | |
Kentucky | 13 | 1.96% | |
Louisiana | 1 | 25.49% | |
Massachusetts | 1 | 1.96% | |
Michigan | 1 | 1.96% | |
Mississippi | 1 | 1.96% | |
New Jersey | 1 | 1.96% | |
North Carolina | 1 | 1.96% | |
Tennessee | 2 | 1.96% | |
Texas | 2 | 3.92% | |
3.92% | |||
Highest Level of Education | High School Diploma/GED | 9 | 17.65% 13.73% 37.25% 25.49% 5.88% |
Associates Degree | 7 | ||
Bachelor’s Degree | 19 | ||
Master’s Degree | 13 | ||
Doctorate | 3 | ||
Race/Ethnicity | Black or African American | 7 | 13.73% |
Asian | 0 | 0% | |
White or Caucasian | 29 | 56.86% | |
Native American or Alaskan Native | 0 | 0% | |
Hispanic or Latino | 9 | 17.65% | |
Multiracial or Biracial | 6 | 11.76% | |
Not Listed | 0 | 0% | |
Number of Preganacies | Pregnant once | 31 | 60.78% |
Pregnant twice | 13 | 61.90% | |
Pregnant three times | 5 | 23.81% | |
Pregnant four times | 2 | 9.52% | |
Pregnant more than four times | 1 | 4.76% | |
Has the Child been Delivered at time of survey Completion? | Yes | 32 | 62.75% |
No | 19 | 37.25% | |
High Risk Occupation for Contracting COVID-19 | Yes | 30 | 60% |
No | 20 | 40% | |
Is this Pregnancy High Risk | Yes | 10 | 20% |
No | 40 | 80% |
Question | Item | Count | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Where do you primarily get your information regarding COVID-19? | Internet | 30 | 58.82% |
Television | 6 | 11.76% | |
Newspapers | 1 | 1.96% | |
Social Media | 8 | 15.69% | |
Family and Friends | 6 | 11.76% | |
Has your doctor discussed how COVID-19 could affect your pregnancy/baby | Yes | 21 | 42% |
No | 29 | 58% |
Measure | Item | Count | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Was your partner allowed to attend routine prenatal visits with you? | Yes | 12 | 23.53% |
No | 39 | 76.47% | |
If your Partner was not allowed to attend routine visits, do you think it has negatively affected you? | Extremely | 5 | 12.82% |
Very | 11 | 28.21% | |
Moderately | 7 | 17.95% | |
Slightly | 13 | 33.33% | |
Not at all | 3 | 7.69% | |
Due to Healthcare staff being required to wear masks and protective gear, do you feel your visits have been less personal? | Extremely | 3 | 5.88% |
Very | 6 | 11.76% | |
Moderately | 10 | 19.61% | |
Slightly | 14 | 27.45% | |
Not at all | 18 | 35.29% | |
Do you think COVID-19 has made you take more precautions this pregnancy? | Extremely | 23 | 45.10% |
Very | 15 | 29.41% | |
Moderately | 8 | 15.69% | |
Slightly | 5 | 9.80% | |
Not at all | 0 | 0% | |
If this is not your first child, have routine appointments been affected due to difficulties finding childcare? | Extremely | 2 | 9.52% |
Very | 2 | 9.52% | |
Moderately | 2 | 9.52% | |
Slightly | 3 | 14.29% | |
Not at all | 12 | 57.14% | |
If you work in a high risk environment for catching COVID-19, have you considered a job change or working remotely because of the pregnancy? | Extremely | 7 | 23.33% |
Very | 4 | 13.33% | |
Moderately | 3 | 10% | |
Slightly | 8 | 26.67% | |
Not at all | 8 | 26.67% | |
If you have already delivered your baby, do you think hospital rules prohibiting visitors was positive for you postpartum? | Extremely | 2 | 6.45% |
Very | 5 | 16.13% | |
Moderately | 7 | 22.58% | |
Slightly | 7 | 22.58% | |
Not at all | 10 | 32.26% | |
If your pregnancy was considered High risk, do you think you had support (from doctor, partner family, etc.) in managing stress and concerns for your high risk pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic? | Extremely | 4 | 40% |
Very | 3 | 30% | |
Moderately | 3 | 30% | |
Slightly | 0 | 0% | |
Not at all | 0 | 0% | |
If your baby is already born, did your birthing plan change due to COVID-19? | Extremely | 4 | 12.90% |
Very | 5 | 16.13% | |
Moderately | 6 | 19.35% | |
Slightly | 5 | 16.13% | |
Not at all | 11 | 35.28% | |
If your baby has not been born yet, have you considered different options due to COVID-19? | Extremely | 2 | 10.53% |
Very | 1 | 5.26% | |
Moderately | 3 | 15.79% | |
Slightly | 3 | 15.79% | |
Not at all | 10 | 52.63% | |
Has your doctor discussed how COVID-19 could affect your pregnancy/baby? | Yes | 21 | 42% |
No | 29 | 58% |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Merlano, L.C.; Nagarakanti, S.; Mitchell, K.; Wollmuth, C.; Magnusson, P.; Pergolizzi, J. The Effect of COVID-19 on Maternal Mental Health and Medical Support. Med. Sci. 2023, 11, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci11010002
Merlano LC, Nagarakanti S, Mitchell K, Wollmuth C, Magnusson P, Pergolizzi J. The Effect of COVID-19 on Maternal Mental Health and Medical Support. Medical Sciences. 2023; 11(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci11010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerlano, Laura Catalina, Sindhu Nagarakanti, Kailyn Mitchell, Charles Wollmuth, Peter Magnusson, and Joseph Pergolizzi. 2023. "The Effect of COVID-19 on Maternal Mental Health and Medical Support" Medical Sciences 11, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci11010002
APA StyleMerlano, L. C., Nagarakanti, S., Mitchell, K., Wollmuth, C., Magnusson, P., & Pergolizzi, J. (2023). The Effect of COVID-19 on Maternal Mental Health and Medical Support. Medical Sciences, 11(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci11010002