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Article

Determination of Site Suitability for a Sanitary Landfill Using GIS and Boolean Logic: The Case of the Regional Unit of Chalkidiki, Northern Greece †

by
Eleni Parastatidou
1,
Konstantinos Voudouris
1 and
Nerantzis Kazakis
2,*
1
Laboratory of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
2
Laboratory of Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
This paper is an extended version of that published in the proceedings of the 12th International Hydrogeological Conference of Greece and Cyprus. Parastatidou E. (2022) Methodology for site selection for sanitary landfill: The case of Chalkidiki, Northern Greece. 12th International Hydrogeological Conference, Cyprus, 20–22 March 2022, pp. 404–413.
Environments 2024, 11(8), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080175
Submission received: 22 July 2024 / Revised: 13 August 2024 / Accepted: 15 August 2024 / Published: 17 August 2024
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Abstract

:
This study deals with the determination of sites suitable for landfill in the Prefecture of Chalkidiki, North Greece, using Boolean logic and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Landfill siting is an arduous process as it combines environmental, social, and technical factors. Solid waste management is an urgent requirement in tourist sites worldwide. The Prefecture of Chalkidiki is considered a tourist area where volumes of generated waste increase in the summer. The Boolean logic approach was used in the study area to exclude areas not suitable for the establishment of a landfill site and to select areas that meet all the criteria. Nine criteria were selected to create the final map showing areas with the highest suitability for solid waste disposal. According to the Boolean logic method, suitable areas were given a value of one (1), while unsuitable areas were given a value of zero (0). According to the final thematic map of proposed sites, 12.7% of the study area is suitable for landfill construction. The suitable areas identified include pre-existing landfill sites, thus suggesting that the applied method has a high degree of reliability.

1. Introduction

A major challenge facing many developing countries today is the disposal of waste into the environment, which significantly affects aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems [1,2,3,4]. Pollutants from municipal solid waste have adverse effects on aquatic life, groundwater aquifers, the food chain, and local ecology, leading to several public health issues [5,6].
Presently, illegal landfill sites still operate in many countries worldwide producing high concentrations of leachates, contributing to climate change, and causing natural disasters like fires and floods [7]. Based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definition, landfill leachates are liquids that are formed when rainwater meets buried waste. Notably, they pose a significant risk to the environment as they consist of large quantities of salts, metals, dissolved organic matter, and other organic compounds [8].
The upward trend in population numbers, combined with urbanization and improved living standards, contributes to an increased volume of municipal waste [9,10,11], making it imperative to find suitable landfill sites. Finding suitable landfill sites is a key objective in achieving sustainable development [12].
A landfill site is a specially selected, designed, and equipped area with operation and management that meet certain standards. Landfill sites are where residues end up after sorting, recycling, and recovery of useful materials. According to the European Parliament (EU 2022), minimal volumes of municipal waste are dumped in landfills in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. However, over 75% of the municipal waste generated in Greece, Cyprus, Latvia, Croatia, Turkey, and Malta is still placed in landfills. It is worth noting that by 2035, European Union countries (EU-27) are obligated to limit the proportion of solid waste deposited in landfills to a maximum of 10% of the total waste generated [13,14].
Identifying suitable landfill sites is a difficult process that considers social, environmental, and technical factors [15,16] and requires extensive evaluation [9]. It is an important process that has engaged several scientific disciplines in recent years [17,18] and affects the environment, public health, and society [19]. Landfill operation requires the adoption of specific criteria, which are related to the geology, ecology, climate, seismicity, and hydrogeological conditions of the area, to name a few. Therefore, the main objective is to find an optimum location where environmental impacts are minimal [20,21,22].
According to the Regional Association of Solid Waste Management Agencies of Central Macedonia (2016), three landfills exist in the Prefecture of Chalkidiki: the inactive landfill of the Municipality of Kassandra, and two active landfills in the Municipalities of Poligyros and Anthemounta. The Municipalities of Sithonia and Aristotle do not have landfill sites; however, there is a Municipal Solid Waste Transfer Station in Nikiti. Although 14 uncontrolled waste disposal sites are present within the region, only 10 of these have been restored (FODSA 2024).
The innovation of this study is the development of a GIS-based model that incorporates a statistical methodology to determine landfill site suitability within a tourist region. More specifically, the model determines suitable sites for the establishment of a landfill by applying Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Boolean logic method. The Chalkidiki region in Northern Greece was selected for the development of this model due to the data availability and tourist activity in the region. GIS is a powerful and flexible tool for such model development and is used by many researchers worldwide [9] to collect, store, and process spatial reference data [23,24,25,26,27]. By using appropriate tools, the final map of suitable and unsuitable sites is generated [18,28,29,30]. The Boolean logic method was applied to identify sites unsuitable for landfill construction and select areas meeting all criteria.
Nine criteria were chosen to create the suitability map highlighting the most suitable sites for municipal solid waste disposal. Based on Boolean logic principles, suitable areas were assigned a value of one (1), while unsuitable areas were given a value of zero (0). Areas belonging to the Natura 2000 network, community protection sites, special protection zones, the Municipality of Aristotle, and the eastern peninsula of Chalkidiki in Mount Athos are excluded from this study. In the final stage, the most suitable areas for the disposal of solid waste are mapped according to the criteria.

2. Description of the Study Area

The study area includes the Municipalities of Kassandra, Nea Propontida, Sithonia, and Poligyros (Figure 1), which covers an area of about 2174 km2 and has a population of 87,614, while during the summer there is a large increase in population that can reach 1,000,000 visitors (Hellenic Statistical Authority ELSTAT).
The area’s average annual production of municipal solid waste in 2015–2019 was 75,000 tons and in 2006 the average composition of waste was: 49% organic, 20% paper, 8.5% plastic, 4.5% metal, 4.5% glass, and 13.5% other items. It should be noted that during the first year of the Greek economic crisis (2014), organics (44%) decreased, while paper (22%) and plastics (14%) increased in the waste composition (source: https://fodsakm.gr (accessed on 30 July 2024)).
According to the statistical data of the Regional Association of Solid Waste Management Agencies of Central Macedonia (2016), the area’s municipalities showed increased waste production rates in the year 2022. The Municipality of Kassandra showed the highest waste production with a value of 3.91 kg/inhabitant/day, while the Municipality of Sithonia came in second place with a value of 3.42 kg/inhabitant/day. In the year 2022, Poligyros Landfill received 22,848 tons of municipal solid waste, Anthemounta Landfill 62,654 tons, while 15,075 tons of waste were transferred to the waste transfer station. The volume of waste in the study area is significantly higher during the summer because of high tourist activity.
The study area belongs to the Serbo-Macedonian Massif, the Perirodopic Zone, and the subzone of Paionia, which belongs to the Axios Zone. The geological formations of the area are divided into high permeability formations (recent deposits, carbonate formations) and medium to low permeability formations (igneous, metamorphic rocks). High permeability geology formations cover 34.7% of the study area, while medium to low permeability geology formations cover 65.3%.
The area comprises lowland, hilly, and mountainous parts with a maximum altitude of 1135 m. The central and northern parts of Chalkidiki are dominated by the mountain range of Cholomontas, while Mt. Itamos dominates the southern and eastern parts. Regarding land use, 44.9% of the study area is covered with sclerophyllous vegetation and non-irrigated arable land, 18.7% by olive groves and arable land, while smaller parts are covered with forests, vineyards, and pastures.

3. Materials and Methods

The study area was chosen due to the existing available data and the necessity for waste management arising from the impact of tourism. Data collection and several field measurements were obtained to update the site’s geological and hydrogeological regime data. Additionally, the geological maps of Arnea, Sithonia Peninsula, Zagliveri, Vasilika, Kassandra Peninsula, and Poligyros (Institute of Geological and Mineral Exploration—IGME) were digitized to elaborate the area’s geological background (Figure 2).
A database was developed within the Geographic Information System (GIS) that allowed model management and development. GIS constitutes a powerful tool for hydro informatic analysis by capturing, storing, updating, manipulating, displaying, mapping, and analyzing geospatial phenomena occurring on the earth’s surface [31]. Geospatial methods based on GIS are widely applied in various environmental issues with proven reliability [32,33,34,35].
The methodological approach includes nine parameters (Table 1), while the suitability ratings (distance, slope, permeability, etc.) were obtained from Voudouris (2009) [36]. A flowchart of the parameters and process is presented in Figure 3. Initially, the base maps (geological and topographical) were digitized within GIS to produce the corresponding maps (roads, settlements, coastline, slope gradients, drainage network, springs, faults). The data was validated from field measurements and hydrogeological mapping (springs, permeability of formations, faults). Additionally, a Natura 2000 map was used to identify the protection zones. The thematic maps were used to obtain model parameters, which were each rated with 0 and 1 and the raster calculator was used to overlay the maps and produce the final suitability map. A detailed description is provided below.
The slope map of the study area was obtained in GIS from the Digital Elevation Model. The hydraulic permeability map was then created based on the geological and hydrogeological data of each geological formation according to the existing literature. Similarly, the road network of the area was mapped according to the topographic maps of the Hellenic Military Geographical Service. Maps of settlements, the hydrographic network, springs, protected areas, and the coastline were obtained from the national open data catalogue, Geodata (www.geodata.gov.gr). All maps previously mentioned were processed within ArcMap and buffer zones were created based on the exclusion criteria. The exclusion zones were derived using the buffer tool from the ArcMap toolbox in ArcGIS.
The nine criteria used were: distance of 2000 m from residential locations, distance of 300 m perimeter from the main road network, distance of 100 m perimeter from the main hydrographic network, exclusion of morphological slope gradients greater than 15%, exclusion of highly permeable geological formations, distance of 200 m perimeter from faults, complete exclusion from protected areas, distance of 150 m from springs, and distance of 1000 m from the coastline. The criteria were allocated a value of zero (0) and one (1). Value one (1) represents areas suitable for the construction of a landfill, while zero (0) represents unsuitable areas.
The maps were converted to raster files using ArcGIS tools. The exclusion criteria were then applied to the maps using the reclassify tool of the Spatial Analyst Tools. The final thematic map was created using the raster calculator tool of the Spatial Analyst Tools after superimposing each map. The classical Boolean logic applied is binary, i.e., each zone is assigned either the value zero (0) or the value one (1). This method divides the study area into suitable and unsuitable without allowing the identification of areas of moderate suitability [37]. Areas with a value of zero (0) are excluded, while areas with a value equal to one (1) are suitable for future evaluation for the establishment of a landfill. Finally, the raster calculator was used to overlay the thematic maps and suitable sites were identified.
It should be noted that modern standards require the construction of landfills and a combination of waste recovery actions, including the integration of waste into the circular and green economy.

4. Results

Nine parameters were used for the development of the final map and the delineation of site suitability for sanitary landfills. Table 1 lists the parameters as well as the criteria of selection and the corresponding value (0 or 1). The values of the criteria were obtained from current Hellenic legislation, which is in accordance with that of the EU. The analysis of each parameter is described below and the corresponding thematic maps are shown in Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6, while Figure 7 presents charts with the coverage of suitable and unsuitable sites of each parameter.

4.1. Distance from Settlements

Landfills have a negative impact on an area’s aesthetics due to unpleasant odors, noise from heavy machinery, and the nuisance and attraction of birds, rodents, and other organisms. Therefore, the proposed site must be at least 2000 m away from settlements. Zones with a distance less than 2000 m away from settlements are given a value of zero (0) and are unsuitable for the construction of a landfill site, while areas more than 2000 m from settlements are suitable and are given a value of one (1). In summary, 20% of the study area is not suitable for the construction of a landfill site, while 80% is suitable. These results are logical due to the low number of settlements located within the study area; however, the 80% characterized as suitable is based on the first criterion alone and this figure will become more realistic in the following stages.

4.2. Distance from Main Roads

Site distance from the main road network is also a criterion, mainly for social reasons, as well as for the safety of passing vehicles. For safety reasons, a landfill must be at least 300 m from a main road. Distances less than 300 m are considered unsuitable for a landfill site and are thus allocated a value of zero (0), while areas with a distance over 300 m are suitable and therefore given a value of one (1). In this study, 10% of the study area is unsuitable for the construction of a landfill, while 90% is suitable according to this criterion. The study area has a small road network due to its substantial forest and agricultural land cover, therefore the model produces only a small percentage of unsuitable sites within the study area.

4.3. Distance from the Main Hydrographic Network

Areas located more than 100 m from the hydrographic network are considered suitable for a landfill site location and are therefore allocated a value of one (1) based on this method, while areas less than 100 m from the network are unsuitable and given the value of (0). In this study, 92.5% of the area is considered suitable for landfill site development, while the remaining 7.5% is unsuitable. The drainage network is of utmost importance in landfill site development due to its link with flooding events and the transfer of pollutants. The drainage network is well-developed in the mainland and in the Sithonia Peninsula where unsuitable sites cover much of the Peninsula.

4.4. Distance from Faults

Distance from fault lines is of great importance when selecting a suitable location for a landfill site. Areas located more than 200 m away from a fault are given a value of one (1), while areas less than 200 m from a fault line are allocated a value of zero (0) and are not recommended for landfill construction. In this study, 13.9% of the study area is considered unsuitable, while 86.1% is suitable. Fault lines usually occur in fractured rock aquifers, such as those recorded in the center of the study area and the Sithonia Peninsula. The relatively low percentage of unsuitable sites is explained by the frequent occurrence of sedimentary formations and the absence of major faults in the study area.

4.5. Distance from Springs

Areas located more than 150 m away from springs are given a value of one (1), while areas less than 150 m away are allocated a value of zero (0). In this case study, areas close to springs cover just 0.3% of the study area. Freshwater springs are the points where groundwater exits an aquifer onto the earth’s surface. In the study area in question, springs are located within the fractured aquifer and exclude a small part of the study area. The unsuitable site protects groundwater resources from potential pollution as well as the landfill infrastructure itself from the impacts of groundwater. However, the small coverage percentage this parameter constitutes is critical for landfill establishment.

4.6. Distance from the Coastline

The study area is a popular tourist destination. For this reason, the distance of the landfill site from the coastline is an important criterion. The minimum acceptable distance used in this study is 1000 m. Results show that 79.6% of the study area is suitable and 20.4% is unsuitable for new landfill construction. Coastlines are of utmost importance for the socio-economic sustainability of tourist regions. The length of coastline in this case study is high and, consequently, the percentage of sites unsuitable for landfill is third highest in order within this model.

4.7. Permeability of Geological Formations

The permeability of geological formations is an important criterion for the selection of a landfill site as it is related to the protection of groundwater and there is an urgent need to avoid the potential seeping of pollutants into the local groundwater reserves.
In this study, a distinction is made between permeable, semi-permeable, and permeable formations. Permeable formations are given a value of zero (0) as they are not suitable for the establishment of a landfill. Semi-permeable and permeable formations are given a value of one (1) and allow for the construction of a landfill site if sealing and monitoring measures are adopted. Permeable formations are loose recent deposits, such as alluvial, coastal deposits, and fans.
In addition, limestones are given a value of zero (0), while granites, gneisses, shales, phyllites, amphibolites, and quartzites are scored with a value of one (1). It is calculated that 68.4% of the study area is suitable for the establishment of a landfill, while 31.6% is unsuitable. The permeability of the geological formations has the second highest percentage of unsuitable sites of the model, thus highlighting the importance of hydrogeology mapping in waste disposal research.

4.8. Morphological Slope

Slope gradients play an important role in the construction of landfill sites. Areas with slope gradients of more than 15% are not suitable and are given a value of zero (0). Conversely, areas with a slope gradient of less than 15% are considered suitable and are given a value of (1). High slopes deter landfill establishment, especially as they contribute to runoff and flood events. This criterion produced the highest percentage of unsuitable sites of the model due to the number of mountains in the study area.

4.9. Distance from Protected Areas

Protected areas are those of community importance, special protection, and Natura 2000 zones, and they cover 16.5% of the total study area. Landfills are not permitted in these areas to help protect rare species, habitats, and areas of environmental beauty. There are four Natura 2000 areas located within the study area, one in the Northeast, one in Sithonia Peninsula, and two in the West. The percentage of sites unsuitable for landfills calculated for this criterion is high compared to the other criteria, thus highlighting the importance of environmental protection in the study area.

4.10. Final Map

The final map of site suitability for landfills is shown in Figure 8. In total, 12.7% of the total study area is considered suitable for the potential construction of a landfill site (Figure 9). This would form the first stage of site selection, with the final decision being made after an evaluation of social and economic criteria. In the figure, non-suitable areas are shown in red, while suitable areas are shown in green. In addition, the rate of suitability for the installation of a landfill was calculated for each exclusion criterion and is expressed as a percentage in Table 1.

5. Discussion

In this study, the Boolean logic method was applied with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify the most suitable locations for the construction of a landfill site in the study area of Halkidiki region. Digital Cartography and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are useful tools for data capture and processing and contribute to the implementation of the research study. Nine (9) criteria were used, which resulted in the production of the final thematic map of the proposed locations (Figure 8).
For each exclusion criterion, the percentage of suitability for the establishment of a landfill site was calculated (Table 1). The suitability rate was expressed as a percentage (%) of areas suitable for the installation of a landfill site in the study area. The map of distance to settlement locations shows a land suitability rate of 80%, the map of distance to the main road network 90%, the map of distance to the main hydrographic network 92.5%, the map of faults 86.1%, the map of springs 99.7%, the map of the coastline 79.6%, the map of hydro-permeability of geological formations 68.4%, the map of slope gradients 62.5%, and, lastly, the map of protected areas 83.5% suitability. According to the final thematic map of proposed sites, it was estimated that 12.7% of the study area is suitable for the construction of a landfill. The final percentage of suitable sites is logical, although lower than that calculated for each individual criterion. This highlights the importance of using multiple parameters to determine the suitability of a landfill site, while Boolean logic helps to exclude unsuitable sites. These sites cover a significant proportion of the study area. Pre-existing landfills are found to fall inside areas identified as suitable, thus indicating that the GIS/Boolean method has a significant degree of reliability.
Identification of suitable landfill sites could also be performed using methods such as fuzzy logic [38] and the analytical hierarchy process. Fuzzy logic, introduced by Zadeh in 1965, is flexible and, compared to Boolean logic, it is not characterized by perfectly defined boundaries [18,39]. Yousefi et al. [1] and Ali and Ahmad [40] used the analytical hierarchy method to calculate the weight of each parameter to find a suitable landfill location. The analytical hierarchy process is an alternative approach, although it can be combined with GIS to greatly facilitate the decision-making process [41,42,43]. Mustafa et al. [44] applied a holistic approach, incorporating analytical hierarchy process with GIS to determine site suitability for landfills. Furthermore, Rapti-Caputo et al. [45], applied a calibration method to propose a danger index to assess land suitability for a landfill. This method considers the vulnerability of the potential groundwater aquifer and specific technical characteristics such as: the rate of waste deposition, the drainage collection system, the type of coating, the sealing system, waste composition, etc. Multi-criteria methods can be more efficient as they apply several scenarios based on specific conditions of the studied area [46,47]. Multi-criteria decision approaches are widely used in waste management and can involve several approaches that contribute to environmental sustainability and the circular economy [48].
The use of Boolean logic identifies suitable and unsuitable zones compared to fuzzy logic and index rating models that create more than two classes of landfill suitability. This approach provides stakeholders with more straightforward data for decision-making.
The methodological approach developed in this research is the first step towards the combined installation of landfills and accompanying projects (transfer stations, green points, etc.), aiming at the sustainable management of waste and its integration into the circular, green economy. According to the European Union Directive (EU) 2018/850, by 2035, member states have the obligation to reduce the amount of municipal waste deposited in landfills to 10% or less of the total amount of municipal waste generated. Nevertheless, until this goal is achieved, the use of landfills located in suitable sites can provide environmental protection. The approach can account for groundwater vulnerability [49] and depletion [50] in order to advance the environmental protection and fulfil the final model. Additionally, more parameters could be added in the model and applied to the simulation model for pollution transport in water resources [50]. Landfilling of waste should be the last option, as the processes of reusing, recycling, and composting take precedence. Composting is an environmentally friendly biochemical method for the sustainable management of municipal solid waste. It can form a critical process of the circular economy and help close the waste management cycle. Moreover, it has a multitude of advantages, such as economic benefits, improvement of soil properties, reduction of chemical fertilizer usage, and minimization of environmental pollution [51,52].
Waste management is especially a challenge in areas with high tourism as unbalanced rates of waste are generated throughout the calendar year. Alternative and backup locations should be identified and be ready for use when conditions deem necessary. In this context, the methodological approach developed here can assist as it is flexible and can be simply applied to different environments by adopting specific local conditions.

6. Conclusions

Nine criteria were applied in a GIS environment to identify sites potentially suitable for landfill construction. Boolean logic was then applied to rate each criterion. The Regional Unit of Chalkidiki was used as a case study due to its high tourist activity and the occurrence of Natura sites. The seasonality of tourism, increased water demands, and small number of landfills in the region make it necessary to manage waste rationally and identify new suitable landfill sites to protect the environment and water resources. In times of high production, the suggested method contributes to the allocation of backup waste disposal sites. Water resources and environmental protection are considered, eliminating landfills near coastlines, groundwater reserves, and environmentally protected areas. Applying this method, 12.7% of the study area was identified as suitable for landfill construction. The method has a high degree of reliability as the areas identified include pre-existing landfills. The Boolean logic approach for the model development provided a more straightforward tool to support stakeholder decision-making.
It should be noted that the final output is a general guide for scientists and is in no way a substitute for field research. Nevertheless, it provides a flexible tool for waste management and contributes to environmental protection. The methodology can be applied to other sites, and it would be interesting to compare the results with other sites to update the methodological approach.

Author Contributions

E.P. contributed to the data collection, application of the method, and preparation of the manuscript. N.K. contributed to the application of the method, field measurements, and preparation of the manuscript. K.V. contributed to the review of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The results of this study are freely available.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank local authorities for helping to collect data.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Morphological map of the study area.
Figure 1. Morphological map of the study area.
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Figure 2. Geological map of the study area.
Figure 2. Geological map of the study area.
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Figure 3. Flowchart of the methodology used to determine landfill site suitability.
Figure 3. Flowchart of the methodology used to determine landfill site suitability.
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Figure 4. Reclassified suitability maps of the study area as derived by the Boolean method using the criteria: (a) Distance from settlements, (b) Distance from main roads, (c) Distance from the main hydrographic network.
Figure 4. Reclassified suitability maps of the study area as derived by the Boolean method using the criteria: (a) Distance from settlements, (b) Distance from main roads, (c) Distance from the main hydrographic network.
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Figure 5. Reclassified suitability maps of the study area as derived by the Boolean method using the criteria: (a) Distance from faults, (b) Distance from springs, (c) Distance from the coastline.
Figure 5. Reclassified suitability maps of the study area as derived by the Boolean method using the criteria: (a) Distance from faults, (b) Distance from springs, (c) Distance from the coastline.
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Figure 6. Reclassified suitability maps of the study area as derived by the Boolean method using the criteria: (a) Permeability of the geological formations, (b) Morphological slope gradient, (c) Distance from protected areas.
Figure 6. Reclassified suitability maps of the study area as derived by the Boolean method using the criteria: (a) Permeability of the geological formations, (b) Morphological slope gradient, (c) Distance from protected areas.
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Figure 7. Pie charts of the thematic maps of suitable and unsuitable land identified for each criterion.
Figure 7. Pie charts of the thematic maps of suitable and unsuitable land identified for each criterion.
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Figure 8. Final map of sites suitable for sanitary landfills according to the Boolean method (The three landfills shown on the map are those that already exist in the study area).
Figure 8. Final map of sites suitable for sanitary landfills according to the Boolean method (The three landfills shown on the map are those that already exist in the study area).
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Figure 9. Percentages of suitable and unsuitable land identified in the final suitability map.
Figure 9. Percentages of suitable and unsuitable land identified in the final suitability map.
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Table 1. Percentage of suitability (%) per exclusion criterion based on Boolean logic.
Table 1. Percentage of suitability (%) per exclusion criterion based on Boolean logic.
CriteriaDistance (m)RatingSuitability (%)
Settlements0–2000020.0
>2000180.0
Main roads0–300010.0
>300190.0
Hydrographic network 0–10007.50
>100192.5
Faults0–200013.9
>200186.1
Springs0–15000.30
>150199.7
Coastline0–1000020.4
>1000179.6
PermeabilityHigh031.6
Middle–Low168.4
Slope gradient>15%037.5
<15%162.5
Protected areasFull exclusion016.5
183.5
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Parastatidou, E.; Voudouris, K.; Kazakis, N. Determination of Site Suitability for a Sanitary Landfill Using GIS and Boolean Logic: The Case of the Regional Unit of Chalkidiki, Northern Greece. Environments 2024, 11, 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080175

AMA Style

Parastatidou E, Voudouris K, Kazakis N. Determination of Site Suitability for a Sanitary Landfill Using GIS and Boolean Logic: The Case of the Regional Unit of Chalkidiki, Northern Greece. Environments. 2024; 11(8):175. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080175

Chicago/Turabian Style

Parastatidou, Eleni, Konstantinos Voudouris, and Nerantzis Kazakis. 2024. "Determination of Site Suitability for a Sanitary Landfill Using GIS and Boolean Logic: The Case of the Regional Unit of Chalkidiki, Northern Greece" Environments 11, no. 8: 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080175

APA Style

Parastatidou, E., Voudouris, K., & Kazakis, N. (2024). Determination of Site Suitability for a Sanitary Landfill Using GIS and Boolean Logic: The Case of the Regional Unit of Chalkidiki, Northern Greece. Environments, 11(8), 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080175

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