A Versatile 100 Hz Laser System with Few-Cycle and TeraWatt Pulses for Applications

Abstract

We developed a versatile 100 Hz laser system based on negatively and positively chirped pulse amplification. The few-cycle output provides pulses with 7.1 fs and 0.25 mJ, while the power output supports 26 fs pulses with 50 mJ. The energy as well as the pulse duration stability of the system are below 1%, while the pointing stability is within 25% of the diffraction-limited spot size. We also show applications in high repetition rate target development and preparation for a laser-generated X-ray source for industrial CT imaging.

1. Introduction

Ultrashort pulse laser systems operating in large-scale facilities like APOLLON, BELLA, CLF, ELI, etc., [1] are heavily booked for secondary source developments and user experiments. The need for scientific and technological developments related to high average power laser–matter interactions, e.g., target systems [2,3], diagnostics, etc., calls for frequent experimental testing with appropriate laser sources.

The choice of laser type and material is hence dictated by the near-infrared wavelength regime, and the broad bandwidth with which we aim to work. Potential applications in a wide range of R&D projects in a university setting pose two further, major criteria. First, the system must be tailored easily for various demands, and second, its basic design and assembly must ensure stable operation for long hours. Thus, an obvious choice is the Ti:Sa laser technology [4], mature enough even for the industrial production of lasers with a wide range of fixed parameters, from multi-kHz repetition rate high average power devices [5,6,7] through few Hz repetition rate several TW peak power lasers [8,9] to shot-on demand, multi-PW peak power ones [1,10,11,12].

Our versatile laser system was designed utilizing the recent achievements in Ti:Sa-based short pulse amplification. The three-stage, 100 Hz repetition rate laser system is based on the configuration of negatively and positively chirped pulse amplification [13], and utilizes extraction during pump [14]. The few-cycle output provides pulses with 7.1 fs and 0.25 mJ, while the power output supports 26 fs pulses with almost 50 mJ. The output energy stability is better than 0.9%. Such a system has been successfully used for the precise cutting of porous target materials, and the development of a high repetition rate liquid sheet target system.

2. Design Considerations

The major aim was to design a versatile system providing ultrashort pulses for time-resolved ultrafast spectroscopic research and high peak power applications such as target development, laser-generated X-ray source, and nonlinear optical studies. Due to the high demand, the system should be quickly and conveniently switchable between these two modes. One of the standard methods for few-cycle pulse generation is to spectrally broaden the mJ energy short pulses in a hollow core fiber and subsequently compress them [15]. Hence, the front end of the system called for a design which provides high efficiency and reliability. That is, the pulses with a mJ level need to be stretched only to a few tens of picoseconds.

High peak power laser pulses are expected to exhibit a sufficiently high temporal contrast [8]. As is widely known, regenerative amplifiers are efficient but leaking pulses as the finite extinction ratio of the polarizers limits the achievable temporal contrast [5]. Hence, only multipass amplifiers can be used to avoid the need for utilizing more complicated temporal cleaning methods like plasma mirrors.

A natural feature of broadband, high gain, saturated amplification is that the amplification bandwidth is substantially narrowed, and hence the amplified pulse spectrum supports a pulse duration of around 50 fs. One way to overcome this limitation is changing the sign of chirp of the pulses between the amplifier units [13]. For example, the first unit amplifies the negatively stretched pulses, where the temporally leading spectral parts, the “blue” components of the seed pulses, are amplified more than the trailing edge (“red” components), making the spectrum of the amplified pulse shift to “blue”. Before the next amplifier stage(s) have a similar gain, the sign of chirp is reversed, so that the “red” components would be amplified more than the trailing “blue” ones. The resulting amplified pulse spectrum would preserve more of the bandwidths than the pulses with only one sign of temporal stretching.

Both requirements can be simultaneously satisfied with the following scheme (Figure 1). Let us stretch the oscillator pulses negatively in a transmission grating stretcher to about 40 ps, then make a multipass front end amplifier where an acousto–optical dispersive programmable filter (AOPDF) is embedded. Towards the few-cycle branch, the pulses are compressed in bulk and with chirped mirrors, providing a high throughput. In the TW branch, the pulses go through a grating stretcher, providing the necessary large amount of group delay dispersion to reverse the sign of the chirp and lengthen the pulse duration to hundreds of ps. The two further multipass amplifiers provide the pulses with the necessary energy.

3. Front End (FE)

The front end consists of a Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:Sa oscillator, a negative stretcher, and a ten-pass preamplifier (Figure 1). The broadband pulses supporting a transform-limited duration of 7 fs are generated by a Kerr-lens mode-locked (KLM) Ti:Sa oscillator at 75 MHz repetition rate (Venteon Pulse One oscillator by Venteon Laser Technologies GmbH). The beam, actively stabilized for beam pointing (Figure 2), is steered into a transmission grating version of a single-grating folded stretcher [16]. The throughput of the stretcher is about 33%. The negatively stretched, ~40 ps pulses are sent to the multipass Ti:Sapphire amplifier pumped by ~25 mJ, 140 ns, frequency-doubled pulses from a Nd:YLF diode-pumped laser (DM-527-32 by Photonics Industries, Ronkonkoma, NY, USA).

There are two further tasks that the FE needs to fulfil. First, it must pick the pulses from the 75 MHz pulse train at 100 Hz. Second, it must ensure proper dispersion control of the pulses prior to compression. The standard method for the latter is the use of an AOPDF (Dazzler by FASTLITE). In a usual architecture, the AOPDF is positioned before the (first) amplifier stage. However, the throughput of an AOPDF is in the range of a few ten percent. Hence, the energy of the pulses entering the first pass of the amplifier would be in the range of hundreds of pJ, resulting in a high amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) content of amplification. In many cases, this requires an additional pre-amplifier with a few tens of gain.

In our design, we overcome this situation using a confocal (f = 500 mm), ring-type multipass amplifier with two layers (Figure 2). In the five passes of the upper layer (red line), the full train of pulses is amplified to about 1.1 mJ. Then, the pulses are sent through the AOPDF and a telescope to re-adjust the beam mode to the amplifier. The shaped pulses are amplified to 2.7 mJ in the next five passes of the bottom layer (violet line), resulting in a blue-shifted spectrum with a bandwidth over 50 nm and an energy stability better than 0.45% (RMS).

The additional Pockels cell (Lasermetrics 5046SC by FastPulseTechnology, Saddle Brook, NJ, USA), inserted just before the AOPDF, has an “open” time window of 10 ns. This selects the pulses at 100 Hz repetition rate from the 75 MHz pulse train with high extinction ratio (2000:1) pulses. Moreover, compared to the 140 ns long pump pulses, it also prevents the evolution of parasitic laser modes in the confocal multipass amplifier and further enhances the (ASE) temporal contrast.

4. Few-Cycle Branch

The few-cycle branch of the system is the unit that shortens the several ps, mJ level pulses below three optical cycles (Figure 1). Part of the stretched pulses from the front end is compressed in BK7 bulk (Figure 3), cut in a ‘snooker’ shape [17], so that the total length in the dispersive media can be tripled compared to a single pass. The following 24 reflections on 4 large aperture chirped mirrors (CM1512 by Ultrafast Innovations, München, Germany) compressed the pulses to 28.1 fs (Figure 4). For spectral broadening, these pulses with 450 µJ energy were steered through a non-stretched glass hollow core fiber (HCF) with a length and core diameter of 1 m and 250 µm, respectively [18]. The optimal broadening was found under 1.5 bar of static Ar gas, along with shaping the spectrum and fine-tuning the higher order spectral phase of the pulses with the Dazzler. The transmission of the HCF was better than 65%. After collimation, the pulses were compressed by three pairs of double-angle chirped mirrors (PC70 by Ultrafast Innovations, München, Germany), providing a full-wifth-half-maximum (FWHM) pulse duration of 7.1 fs (Figure 4) and a pulse energy of 250 µJ. The pulse duration was measured in all cases by a dispersion-scan device (D-cycle R XR, by Sphere Ultrafast Photonics, Boiro, Spain) [19]. The transform-limited pulse duration of the compressed FE pulses was 27.9 fs, which indicates an optimal choice of the amount of bulk and type of chirped mirrors. The transform-limited pulse duration after the HCF was 6.6 fs. The noticeable difference between the measured and achievable shortest pulse duration determined by the spectrum can be attributed to the “sub-7 fs” measurement range of the d-cycle device, as well as to the uncompensated higher order dispersion. It is worth mentioning that the peak power was still increased upon pulse compression from 16 GW to 35 GW. The beam profile was nearly ideal Gaussian (see insert of Figure 3) with aberration-free caustic having a size of 3.36 mm × 2.95 mm (FWHM). The pointing stability of the compressed beam was ±34 μrad.

5. The TW Laser

5.1. Pulse Stretcher

The other part of the FE laser beam is expanded, and the pulses are positively stretched in a positive chirp pulse compressor resembling an Öffner-type one (Figure 5) [20]. The groove density of the blazed grating is 1200 mm⁻¹, while the spherical mirrors have a focal length of –250 mm and +500 mm. In our case, the incoming and stretched pulses are separated not in space, as is common in such cases, but by polarization with the help of a Pockels cell (Lasermetrics 5046E by FastPulseTechnology, Saddle Brook, NJ, USA) at the input of the assembly. The major advantage of this arrangement is that the alignment of the grating stretcher is more accurate, as the incoming and leaving beams follow the same optical path and are equal in size and divergence. To avoid leakage from the polarizator to the FE, a Faraday optical isolator (FR) is used before the Pockels cell. The overall transmission of the stretcher is around 10%.

5.2. Amplifier Stages

The two Ti:Sa amplifiers share the 10 ns, 532 nm pump pulses with an energy of 200 mJ from a diode-pumped, frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser (Plasma 450–100 by Litron, Rugby, Warwickshire, UK). For each amplifier stage, the timing of the pump pulse from the side of the first pass seed pulse is optimized for its highest amplification, while the other pump timing from the other side is optimized for the highest overall gain. As a result, the delay between the two pump pulses is about 2 ns. This optimization method, resembling the extraction during pump scheme [14], allows for the use of somewhat smaller beam sizes in the Ti:Sa crystal, and hence the peak fluence on the Ti:Sa crystal is lowered, but the overall gain is maintained. The five-pass (Figure 6a) booster amplifier (BA) increases the incoming 0.14 mJ energy to 8 mJ, with an energy stability of 1.7% (RMS). The four-pass (Figure 6b) power amplifier (PA) provides a gain of almost 25, resulting in a pulse energy of 75 mJ. Due to the saturated amplification of the initial blue shaped spectrum, the outcoming spectral shape is red-shifted (Figure 7).

We also simulated the operation of the amplifier stages based on the Frantz–Nodvik model [4,21] adapted for broadband stretched pulses [22] and we took into account the spectral dependence of the emission cross-section of Ti:Sa [23]. The measured pump and seed pulse properties (energy, beam size, spectra) were used as input parameters. In the amplifier model, the spectral evolution was further affected by the spectral phase modulation of the seed pulses, and the spectral reflectance of the amplifier optics. The mode size of the pump and seed pulses was set according to the experimental conditions. By tuning the spatial overlap of the seed and the pump in the Ti:Sa crystal, the effective pump fluence was varied according to the experimentally observed output of each stage. We accurately reproduced both the amplified spectra and the pulse energies at the output of both the BA and PA stages with 8 mJ and 72.5 mJ output energies, respectively (Figure 8, PA measured and PA simulated). Due to the positive temporal stretch, the initially blue-shaped spectrum shifted towards the longer wavelengths, whereas the red side of the spectrum increased, in line with the expectation under saturated amplification.

The amplified output pulses were further broadened introducing a spectral dip into the spectrum by the AOPDF in the FE, resulting in a spectral shape close to super-Gaussian. With such a spectrally pre-shaped input pulse to the BA, the simulated amplified spectrum agrees well with the measured one. This shows not only the power of the simulation model, but also provides a possibility to find the optimum pre-shaping for the output spectrum of any application.

5.3. Compressor, and the Characteristics of the Output Beam

The pulses are sent to a classical, Treacy-type two-grating compressor [4] (Figure 1) through a 1:2 and a 1:3 beam expander, and the last beam stabilization unit (Figure 9). In the compressor, we use reflective gratings blazed to an angle of 28.7° with a groove density of 1200 mm⁻¹. The angle of incidence to the gratings is 24.3°, so that the total transmission is close to 70%. The 42.5 cm distance between the gratings was optimized to compensate for the dispersion in the TW branch, with the help of the AOPDF.

Upon the alignment of the compressor, first, the angular dispersion was checked with the use of an imaging spectrograph [24]. We managed to reduce the residual angular dispersion to a value lower than 0.15 μrad/nm in both directions. The duration of the compressed pulses was measured at the compressor chamber, picking up 1% of the compressed beam. The dispersion of the output window was compensated with a pair of chirped mirrors, resulting in a pulse duration of around 26.0 fs. This, combined with the 50 mJ pulse energy, results in a peak power of almost 2 TW.

The beam leaving the compressor has a size of 8.04 mm × 5.79 mm (FWHM) with a homogeneous profile (Figure 10a). The far-field, recorded in the focal plane of a f = 2000 mm achromatic lens, has a satisfactory Strehl ratio of 0.5 (Figure 10b).

For applications, it is essential that the laser should run in a stable manner over several hours. Hence, we measured the energy, spectral, and pointing stabilities for an hour. As can be seen, the energy stability of the system substantially exceeds that of the pump laser (Figure 11a), reaching a value of 0.84% (RMS). The stability of the spectrum over the operation period (Figure 11b) allows for a pulse duration stability of 0.96%. The pointing stability of the beam is ±2 μrad, which corresponds to 25% of the diffraction-limited focal size.

5.4. Laser Control System

The complexity of the laser system makes it necessary to implement a monitoring system and automated control units for smooth and long-term operation. The former includes the continuous observation of the spectrum and the energy of the laser pulses after each unit with spectrometers (SM) and photodiodes (PD), respectively. The path of the monitoring elements is marked with dashed lines in Figure 2, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 9. The stability of the beam is kept by four commercial stabilization systems, providing both the pointing stability and beam position stability via far-field and near-field monitoring, respectively. The stabilization system between the FE and BA has an additional machine protection feature. If the pointing of the beam from the FE deviates more than a predefined value, it stops the pump laser of the BA and PA to prevent damage to the components.

Due to the relatively short distance and to the image relay of the beam between the BA and PA amplifiers, in the absence of the seed beam, the emerging amplified spontaneous emission from the PA can be amplified by the BA one, and vice versa. The resulting parasitic amplification can evolve to a level which may damage the optical components of the laser system. To avoid this, a photodiode monitors the amplified pulses after the BA. It closes a shutter in the path of the laser beam between the major amplifier stages for the pump pulse if the seed pulse is missing.

The master clock signal of the control of the entire system was derived from the actual pulse train of the ultimate seed laser, the Venteon femtosecond KLM laser oscillator. The leaking pulses from the first turning mirror were steered to an amplified ultrafast photodiode module (Fastlite 11610, by Fastlite, Antibes, France). The resulting 75 MHz RF signal drove a smart synchronization unit for photonic systems (ISEO by Thales Laser, Elancourt Cedex, France), which provides an ultralow jitter trigger signal for all pump lasers, Pockels cells, and further devices.

5.5. Operation at Various Repetition Rates

For practical and scientific reasons, some experiments require running the laser at a lower repetition rate than 100 Hz. Changing the repetition rate for optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers is relatively easy [25], as there are no or negligible thermal effects in the amplifier crystals. As it is known, however, thermal lenses evolve in the Ti:Sa amplifiers during operation. The thermal equilibrium is basically determined by the energy absorbed in the amplifier crystals. To be able to run the system at various repetition rates, a shutter was inserted between the BA and PA. Both amplifiers were pumped at 100 Hz repetition rate. However, with the help of the shutter, the pulses could go through the PA only at an integer fraction of 100 Hz. As can be seen (Figure 12a), the beam size is somewhat smaller at 1 Hz, but constant within the error of the beam size measurement between 10 Hz and 100 Hz. The far-field of the beam (Figure 12b), which is of the highest interest in experiments, has a similar tendency.

6. Applications

The system was first applied to develop a high repetition rate target system for laser-initiated neutron generation experiments [26] to be conducted at the ELI ALPS laser facility. The neutrons are generated in a two-step process. First, ultrashort laser pulses accelerate deuterons from a primary target (pitcher). Next, the accelerated deuterium ions hit a second target (“catcher”) rich in deuterium. Neutrons are then generated through the DD fusion reaction. All such experiments are conducted in vacuum.

6.1. Development of a Liquid Sheet Target System

The intended maximum repetition rate for neutron generation is 1 kHz. To support this repetition rate, a liquid-based special target system was developed. Here, two microjets with round nozzles collide and create an ultrathin layer of liquid sheet. A metal cone with a hole in the middle, heated in vacuum and cooled in air, collects the liquid beneath the jets and ensures the liquid recirculation. The shape of the liquid sheet is maintained by a pulsation damping system. The length and width of the liquid sheet, depending on the liquid’s flow rate, is less than 1.5 mm and 0.4 mm, respectively. The position of the thinnest point of the liquid sheet slightly depends on the position from the top of the sheet as well as on the flow rate, so that the minimum thickness of 200 nm can be reached, in principle, at any flow rate [27].

Due to the tight focusing requirements with f/2 optics, the target needs to be positioned with a 10-micrometer accuracy to keep the focused peak intensity as high as possible. Therefore, the position stability of the liquid sheet is critical for providing the same accelerated ion yield shot by shot. In continuous operation, the ultrathin, consequently very light, liquid sheet may behave as a swinging pendulum when hit by laser pulses with a given frequency. To reveal this interaction dynamism between our custom-made liquid jet system and the laser pulses having a certain repetition rate, a series of experiments were carried out using the TW laser branch of the system, varying the repetition rate from 1 Hz up to 100 Hz. The pendulum-like behavior depends on the momentum of the pulse, hence on its energy, but not on the intensity. Therefore, the uncompressed laser pulses with an energy of 50 mJ and a duration of few hundred ps were used. In this way, we avoided the generation of particles.

In this experiment, the liquid sheet formed by two colliding round jets from glass nozzles (10 to 18 µm diameter and 0.48 to 1.28 mL/min flowrate) was shot under 45° incidence angle by the pulses of the laser system mimicking the particle generation arrangement (insert of Figure 13). The displacement of this sheet was measured perpendicular to the liquid sheet surface by a high precision laser ranger (ILD2300-20 by Micro-Epsilon, Ortenburg, Germany). It worked with a 1.5 kHz readout frequency and provided distance data with an accuracy of 0.24 µm. The measuring spot size was well below 100 μm diameter at the center of the liquid sheet surface. Scattered light of the exciting laser from the liquid sheet was eliminated with a colored bandpass filter for the wavelength of the laser of the ranger.

The results of the measurement series provided a detailed picture of the liquid target stability behavior during the laser’s interaction with liquid. Without any impact of the laser pulses, the stochastic motion ranged a few microns. However, the laser pulses caused a displacement of dozens of micrometers at 33 Hz repetition rate (resonant case), while any further increase in the repetition rate lowered the amplitude (Figure 13).

6.2. Femtosecond Cutting

One of the advantages of cutting with ultrashort laser pulses is that the thermal load on the material during the process is negligible [28,29]; therefore, the edge of the trimmed surface is clean without droplets and barbs. This is especially important in case of porous solid materials, where any thermal effect would result in large, melted droplets.

The secondary target, the neutron converter, for the laser-generated neutron experiments [26] is made of granulated C₂D₄. The powder is put into a round, stainless steel form, and pressed down with a 10 t device, resulting in a round tablet with a thickness between 0.5 mm and 1.2 mm. The accelerated deuterons hit this C₂D₄ tablet and generate neutrons through DD fusion reaction. To monitor and control deuteron acceleration from the liquid jet described above, the deuteron beam needs to be monitored and let through the tablet upon the irradiation. Hence, a sufficiently small hole, with a diameter of 0.5 mm, must be cut into the tablet. Mechanical boring and water jet cutting made this porous tablet crack into several pieces, while traditional laser cutting melted and pulverized the surroundings of the hole. Hence, we explored cutting with laser pulses from the FE. Since the diameter of the hole is relatively large, direct laser boring is out of question. Instead, an optical assembly was designed and implemented, when the hole is cut (instead of bored) with tightly focused femtosecond pulses.

The setup consisted of an optical shutter, a motorized rotation stage mounted on a three-axis translation stage system, and a focusing element. The former enabled the regulation of the number of pulses reaching the surface during the cutting process. Focusing was performed with a 1” bi-convex lens with a focal length of 25.4 mm (Figure 14a), providing a focal spot of 15.1 µm 1/e² on the sample. For the positioning of the sample, the rotation stage was put onto a manual three-axis stage. The horizontal positioning of the rotation axis of the sample relative to the optical axis of the lens allowed us to set the diameter of the hole. The smallest focal spot on the surface was adjusted by shifting the sample vertically, and was monitored and controlled regularly upon the cutting process. The precise, uniform, and constant-speed rotation was ensured by a DC servo motor-driven rotation stage. The optimal rotation speed and repetition rate were determined empirically.

For cutting the tablets, we used the ~450 µJ laser pulses from the FE, compressed in bulk and with chirped mirrors. We explored the cutting conditions for various hole diameters and tablet thicknesses. As for the extremes, it took around 5 min to cut a hole with a diameter of 0.5 mm into a 0.5 mm thick sample, while the preparation of a hole with a diameter twice this size in a 1 mm thick sample took almost 30 min. As can be seen, the hole was a regular circle with a very clean edge (Figure 14b).

6.3. Imaging with Laser Induced X-Ray

Currently, an experimental capacity is under construction, where an incoherent, point-like X-ray beam is to be generated on a tape target [30]. The major advantage of a point-like X-ray source is that it has extremely high spatial coherence compared to conventional sources, as well as very short light pulses [31,32,33]. Hence, the brightness of the laser-induced X-ray source is considerably higher than the conventional one [34]. It makes this source very promising even for conventional applications such as imaging metal barrels or engine blocks [35,36], as the time necessary for scanning an object is considerably shorter than with conventional sources.

In our system, the target chamber, including the tape target system, the focusing off-axis parabola, and the alignment objective are currently under testing. The image reconstruction algorithms have been developed and tested with a commercial X-ray tube (AXT-320 by YXLON, Hamburg, Germany), providing radiation in the 20 keV–320 keV range. The linear diode array (SEZ W2-480, by NTB, Dickel, Germany) consists of 5566 elements with a pixel pitch of 83 µm, and has a 12 bit depth AD conversion. Because of the linear array, we assume fan-beam imaging geometry. Upon imaging, the objects are moved vertically, and rotated (see Figure 15a for the schematics of the system). The images are reconstructed with the filtered back-projection algorithm (see, e.g., [37]) in MATLAB (v.R2020b), then the 2D slices are combined and the resulted 3D volume is visualized with the 3D Slicer software (v.5.2.2). As a case study, we scanned a Rubik’s cube with X-rays generated at 1.7 mA, 200 kV. The full rotation was made with a step of 0.2° in each height of 1 mm. Each recording took 0.02 s exposure time, while the total scanning process lasted for about 6 h. The tomographic reconstruction of the Rubik’s cube (Figure 15b) provides an impression of the robustness of the image algorithm.

To adopt the image acquisition system, Monte Carlo simulations were run to mimic the point-like x-ray source, using the Geant4-based, open-source simulation toolkit, GATE (v. 9.2) [38]. To investigate transmission radiography (and such CT) possibilities, we took the proportionally reduced experimental layout (Figure 16a). We assumed a monoenergetic X-ray source with a focal spot of 20 µm and a cone-beam angle of 10 degrees. The source was positioned in a vacuum chamber 10 mm far from a 0.5 mm thick Kapton window. Outside the chamber, we assumed dry ambient air. As a test object, we defined a small hollow plastic cylinder with an inner radius of 1 mm, an outer radius of 1.67 mm, and a height of 3.33 mm. We set the source-to-object and the object-to-detector distance both to 10 mm. The detector was a flat-panel array with 100 × 100 pixels 0.1 mm × 0.1 mm in size, thus, the physical resolution was very close to the one mentioned in the above experiment (the cone beam geometry and the flat panel detector were assumed to only speed up the simulation process). Figure 16b–e show the radiographs with different energy and photon counts. It turned out that in this case, 5 keV was too low, while 20 keV was too high to achieve an acceptable image quality. It appears that 10 keV is a good choice for this object.

As can be seen, the visibility of the cylinder decreases with the gradually increasing photon energies. One solution for this problem is propagation-based phase-contrast imaging [39,40]. The small size of the laser-generated X-ray source enables the adaptation of the technique with moderate source–sample distances that can be conveniently built in an optical laboratory. This technique allows us to investigate the features of small and weakly absorbing samples that are hard to observe with conventional absorption-based methods. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique, we simulated and juxtaposed the phase-contrast and absorption projections of a 200 μm diameter hollow plastic fiber with an inner diameter of 100 μm (Figure 17). The GATE simulation was performed with 1 m source–sample and sample–detector distances and 10 keV photon energies. It can be observed that the absorption image is barely discernible from the background, but the phase-contrast image is clearly visible as it has strong fringes at the inner and outer edges.

7. Conclusions

We designed and implemented a laser system with two outputs, utilizing the recent achievements in Ti:Sa-based short pulse amplification and pulse compression. One branch of the system was capable of providing pulses with almost 2 TW peak power, while in the other branch, the bandwidth was broadened to support 2.5 cycle pulses.

The three stage, 100 Hz repetition rate laser system is based on the configuration of negatively and positively chirped pulse amplification. This scheme maintains the bandwidth of the pulses under saturated amplification. This, complemented with three active beam pointing stabilization systems, ensures that the pulse energy of 50 mJ and duration of 26 fs were kept within 1% rms for several hours of daily operation. The repetition rate of the laser can be varied with a shutter prior to the power amplifier stage, while the repetition rate of the pump lasers was kept at 100 Hz. This solution maintains the thermal effects, so that the size of the output beam as well as the area of the focused beam change only a few percent upon varying the repetition rate of the laser between a few Hz and 100 Hz. In the few-cycle branch, the pulses from the first amplifier stage were temporally compressed with the combination of bulk and chirped mirrors. Such transform-limited, 28 fs pulses are spectrally broadened in a HCF. The temporally recompressed pulses exhibit a pulse duration of 7.1 fs and peak power of 35 GW, with an almost ideal Gaussian profile.

Such a versatile laser system has been successfully used for the development of a high repetition rate target system, as well as a stationary target for a laser-generated neutron source. The system will be used for the generation of high spatial coherence X-ray radiation for computer tomography of 3D-printed objects.

As the next step of laser development, we aim to combine the two branches. Here, the few-cycle pulses from the FE branch would be used for seeding the booster and power amplifiers. The amplification scheme would be altered for taking advantage of the broad bandwidth of polarization encoded chirped pulse amplification [41]. In this way, 12 fs laser pulses with 5 TW peak power are foreseen to be achieved, still at 100 Hz repetition rate.