Enhancing 5G Antenna Manufacturing Efficiency and Reliability through Blockchain and Smart Contract Integration: A Comprehensive AHP Analysis

Abstract

This study pioneers the enhancement of 5G antenna manufacturing efficiency and reliability by integrating blockchain and smart contract technologies, supported by an in-depth Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis. At the heart of our innovation lies the blockchain-based SER-M (B-SER-M) model, which delineates ‘Subject’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resources’ as crucial factors in the manufacturing process. Our refined AHP analysis reveals ‘Subject’ as the paramount factor, with a pivotal influence weight of 0.465, underscoring its significance in elevating production efficiency and reliability. The integration of blockchain technology facilitates impeccable record-keeping and tracking at each production stage, thereby bolstering data integrity and enhancing traceability. Furthermore, the incorporation of smart contracts streamlines operations by automating processes, enabling the rapid identification and resolution of issues. These technological advancements not only significantly elevate manufacturing efficiency but also markedly improve reliability and quality control across antenna production. The enhanced results of our study demonstrate the formidable potential of integrating cutting-edge technologies in manufacturing, presenting a solid model for sustaining industry competitiveness in an increasingly digital and interconnected realm. Our contributions lay the groundwork for transformative advancements in manufacturing practices, setting a new benchmark for the integration of blockchain and smart contract technologies in enhancing 5G antenna production efficiency and reliability.

1. Introduction

1.1. Blockchain and 5G: Revolutionizing Industry and Telecom

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, distinguished by rapid technological advancements, positions blockchain and smart contract technologies as central to innovation in manufacturing and supply chain management. Their role extends beyond traditional digital tools, offering new paradigms for addressing contemporary challenges in these sectors [1,2,3]. These technologies, transcending their initial conception as mere digital instruments, are at the forefront of orchestrating transformative changes in how global enterprises navigate the complexities and vulnerabilities inherent in today’s digital ecosystem, particularly in response to the escalating occurrences of information security breaches [4,5,6]. The rising frequency of such breaches underscores the pressing necessity for enhanced transparency, unwavering data integrity, and robust security measures—principles that are fundamentally ingrained in the architecture of blockchain technology [7,8,9]. Concurrently, smart contracts are gaining more recognition for their intrinsic ability to address security concerns through their distinctive mechanisms of automated enforcement and execution, thereby heralding a new paradigm in securing digital transactions and interactions [10,11]. This paradigm shift not only showcases the potential of smart contracts in mitigating risks associated with digital engagements but also emphasizes the broader implications of blockchain technology as a cornerstone for fostering a secure, transparent, and efficient digital infrastructure.

In this era of rapid technological change, the 5G revolution is redefining the landscape of communication technology, ushering in a new era characterized by enhanced connectivity and efficiency. A key development in this revolution is the advent of 5G ceramic antennas, which represent a significant technological leap over traditional PCB-based designs. These advanced antennas are poised to play a pivotal role in modern telecommunications, primarily due to their superior performance and efficiency. The integration of blockchain and smart contract technologies into the production of these antennas represents a novel frontier in research, with significant potential to enhance their security features and operational efficiency, thereby positioning them at the forefront of the telecommunications revolution [12,13,14,15]. Building on this innovative approach, the current study aims to identify the factors that contribute to the creation of an efficient manufacturing process for 5G ceramic antennas. By exploring these elements, this study endeavors to further advance production technology, ensuring that these antennas not only meet the high demands of modern telecommunications but also leverage the full potential of blockchain and smart contract technologies in their production [16,17,18,19].

The swift advancement of 5G technology is not only redefining communication technology but is also driving innovation across various sectors. It is opening up new avenues for novel services and products, particularly in the specialized field of 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing. Within this domain, there is a growing emphasis on bolstering security measures, ensuring strict compliance with regulatory standards and achieving operational efficiency. Blockchain technology, with its hallmark features of decentralization, immutability, and transparency, is playing an instrumental role in enhancing security protocols and ensuring data integrity in this process. Compliance with regulatory standards is not just about meeting legal requirements; it also helps reinforce the credibility of antenna manufacturers and aligns them with international quality benchmarks. Moreover, achieving operational efficiency in antenna production is critical and involves streamlining processes, optimizing resource utilization, and managing costs effectively [20,21,22].

1.2. Objective of this Study

This paper focuses on novel applications within 5G antenna manufacturing, introducing the blockchain-based SER-M (B-SER-M) model for unprecedented efficiency and reliability. We employ the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for strategic decision-making, recognizing the complexity and the high stakes of precision in the antenna manufacturing process, which is prone to defects. At the core of our study is an exploration of the interplay among the three key elements of the SER-M model: ‘Subject’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resources’. We propose a novel blockchain-based SER-M (B-SER-M) model, which skillfully integrates blockchain and smart contract technologies into the antenna manufacturing process. This model presents an enhanced information flow and procedural steps, aimed at ensuring augmented security, heightened transparency, and seamless traceability within the manufacturing process. Through the application of the AHP, our study conducts a thorough evaluation of the weight and impact of the ‘Subject’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resources’ factors, delving into an in-depth analysis of these components and their sub-factors. The primary objective of this research is to place a significant emphasis on identifying and prioritizing the critical elements that are central to refining the manufacturing process. It is crucial to highlight these elements prominently, as they are fundamental to this study’s goals, and the main focus and purpose of this research should be clearly understood. By integrating these weights into our strategic decision-making framework, we aim to significantly enhance the reliability and efficiency of the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process.

2. Theoretical Background and Literature Review

2.1. The Core of 5G Networks: Advanced Ceramic Antenna Technologies

2.1.1. Overview of 5G Communications and the Significance of Antenna Technology

The advent of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications marks a significant departure from its predecessors, heralding a new era in telecommunications. This transformation is characterized by groundbreaking advancements over 3G and 4G technologies. 5G stands out with its ultra-high data rates, minimal latency, and unprecedented connectivity, laying the foundation for innovative services and applications across diverse sectors. It boasts data transmission speeds reaching up to an astonishing 20 Gbps, a leap that is about twenty times faster than 4G’s 1 Gbps and more than a thousand-fold increase over 3G’s 384 Kbps. This quantum leap in speed is pivotal in enhancing high-bandwidth services, including ultra-high-definition video streaming, real-time gaming, and immersive virtual and augmented reality experiences. Designed to achieve sub-millisecond response times, 5G technology brings exceptional precision and stability, essential for real-time services and applications. Its advanced connectivity capabilities are set to meet the burgeoning demands of smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and industrial automation. This technology’s ability to support a vast array of devices concurrently is a game-changer, opening up possibilities for interconnected systems on a scale previously unimaginable [23,24].

Central to the success of 5G is the evolution of antenna technologies, particularly in supporting higher bandwidths and data transfer rates, while also offering increased directional flexibility. Ceramic antennas, in this context, have emerged as a focal point due to their potential to reduce antenna size while maintaining, or even enhancing, performance efficiency. These advancements in antenna technology are crucial for realizing the high data speeds and reliability promised by 5G [25,26,27,28,29]. Concurrently, there is a growing interest in integrating blockchain technology in the manufacturing of 5G communication components. This emerging field of research aims to address key challenges such as transparency, security, and efficiency within the manufacturing process. The potential of blockchain to transform supply chain management through smart contracts is being explored actively. However, this innovative approach is not without its challenges. Issues like processing speed, security concerns, cost implications, and the need for standardization are at the forefront of ongoing research endeavors. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the successful integration of blockchain technology in the manufacturing of 5G components, particularly as the world increasingly embraces the potentials of this new era of communication technology [30,31,32].

2.1.2. Advantages of 5G Ceramic Antennas and Comparison with PCB Antennas

The advancement of 5G technology has brought to the forefront the critical role of antenna technologies in shaping the future of telecommunications. Among these, 5G ceramic antennas have emerged as a significant improvement over the traditional Printed Circuit Board (PCB) antennas, offering a range of benefits that are pivotal in the advancement of 5G networks [33,34,35,36,37,38]. One of the primary advantages of 5G ceramic antennas lies in their compact and efficient design. These antennas are designed to support higher bandwidths and data transmission rates, which directly translates to enhanced flexibility and directivity. This improvement is crucial for expanding coverage and improving signal quality within 5G networks, aspects that are fundamental to the reliability and effectiveness of these advanced communication systems. Additionally, the use of ceramic materials in these antennas brings about an improvement in durability, making them more robust and suitable for diverse environmental conditions. This enhancement in durability not only extends the lifespan of the antennas but also contributes to increased manufacturing efficiency. The inherent characteristics of ceramic antennas, therefore, are vital in driving the progress and adoption of 5G communication technologies and are expected to become a cornerstone in future 5G network infrastructures [39,40].

A technical aspect that highlights the superiority of ceramic antennas is their physical construction and the principles governing their design. The length of a 5G antenna, denoted as L, is intrinsically linked to its effective wavelength, λ_eff, a relationship that is defined by specific equations in antenna design theory. The effective wavelength is influenced by various factors, including the wavelength in a vacuum (λ₀), the relative permeability (μᵣ), and, most importantly, the relative permittivity (εᵣ). In the realm of antenna materials, the relative permittivity is a key determinant of antenna size and performance. The physical length L of a 5G antenna is determined by Equation (1), which is half the effective wavelength λ_eff. The effective wavelength λ_eff is given by Equation (2) [41,42,43].

$$L=\frac{{\lambda }_{eff}}{2}$$

(1)

$${\lambda }_{eff}=\frac{{\lambda }_0}{\sqrt{{\mu }_r\cdot {\epsilon }_r}}$$

(2)

Since the permeability of conventional dielectric materials is typically unity, the length of the antenna is closely related to the permittivity. Comparing the materials used in traditional PCB antennas and the proposed ceramic antennas reveals a stark difference in their relative permittivities. PCB antennas typically have a relative permittivity of around 3.47, whereas the ceramic material proposed for 5G antennas boasts a much higher permittivity of 9.45 [44]. This higher permittivity of ceramic materials implies a significant reduction in the physical size of the antenna, by as much as 39.4%, when calculated using the fundamental antenna design equations. This reduction in size does not come at the cost of performance; in fact, ceramic antennas maintain, or even enhance, their efficiency and effectiveness. This attribute of ceramic antennas, to significantly reduce size while maintaining high performance, positions them as a highly desirable choice for 5G networks, offering an optimal balance between physical footprint and technological capability.

As exemplified in Figure 1, an integrated 5G ceramic chip antenna array manifests this advantage by featuring a combination of low-band and high-band units, specifically tailored for 24.25 GHz to 29.5 GHz and 37 GHz to 40 GHz frequency ranges, respectively. These units are arranged in a 1 × 5 configuration, culminating in a comprehensive 5G antenna system module. This configuration not only demonstrates the reduced size of individual antennas due to the higher permittivity of ceramic materials but also showcases the system’s capacity to address a wide spectrum of 5G frequencies within a single, streamlined module.

2.2. Blockchain and Smart Contracts

2.2.1. Blockchain Technology: The Theoretical Foundation

Blockchain technology, first brought into the public eye under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto [45] with the introduction of Bitcoin, has rapidly evolved to become a key pillar in modern digital infrastructure. At its core, blockchain technology is highly regarded for its capacity to create an unchangeable record of transactions within a decentralized system. This feature is central to its acclaim in the digital world, as it provides strong security and reliability, making blockchain a pivotal technology in the era of digital transformation [46,47,48]. The essence of blockchain lies in its decentralized nature, which is a significant departure from traditional centralized systems. In a blockchain network, every participant has access to and can verify the transactions in the public ledger. This transparency is a paradigm shift, enabling direct transactions between parties without the need for intermediaries, thereby enhancing both the transparency and integrity of the transactions. The unique structure of blockchain, where transactions are recorded in blocks and linked cryptographically to previous blocks, forms a chain that is virtually impossible to alter. This immutability is one of blockchain’s most defining characteristics. Moreover, the integration of distributed computing across the network nodes ensures that transaction verification and storage are secure and tamper-proof. This technology has found its applications spanning various sectors, from finance, where it revolutionizes payments and trading, to manufacturing, where it streamlines supply chains, and even to realms like smart cities and healthcare. Blockchain’s versatility and security have made it a technology that holds diverse meanings and enormous potential for the future, promising to play an increasingly vital role across multiple domains [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65].

Blockchain technology, applied across diverse sectors, enhances the integrity and efficiency of various processes, from financial transactions to supply chain management. Its decentralized nature, pivotal in manufacturing, ensures product quality and cost-effectiveness. When combined with 5G technology, blockchain’s potential multiplies, offering rapid, secure data transmission and processing, critical in areas like finance and healthcare. This synergy particularly benefits IoT applications in smart cities and healthcare, where secure data management is crucial. The fusion of blockchain’s reliability and 5G’s speed not only improves existing services but also paves the way for innovative applications, such as the swift execution of smart contracts [66,67,68,69].

Biswas and Wang [70] explore the integration of IoT, Edge Intelligence, 5G, and blockchain in autonomous vehicles, reviewing their impact on AV architecture. Muntaha and colleagues [69] discuss blockchain’s potential to enhance dynamic spectrum access and network slicing for 5G and beyond, emphasizing its role in secure, efficient, and transparent network slicing. Karim et al. [71] develop a blockchain-based secure data collection and exchange scheme for the Internet of Vehicles in a 5G environment, focusing on enhancing communication security using Elliptic Curve Cryptography. They aim to address potential attacks in IoV environments with a detailed security analysis. Rathod and others [72] highlight the use of blockchain and 5G to boost the security, reliability, and privacy of IoT-based public safety applications, focusing on the architecture’s performance and the challenges of implementing blockchain in 5G networks. Maroufi et al. [73] focus on developing a lightweight blockchain architecture tailored for 5G-enabled IoT networks. Their research evaluates both local and public transactions within IoT devices, assessing the architecture’s performance. The study particularly emphasizes the architecture’s enhanced security and efficiency, demonstrating its superiority over traditional 5G networks.

2.2.2. Blockchain Algorithm: Hyperledger Fabric

In expanding upon the section for the blockchain algorithm, we delve deeper into the intricacies of Hyperledger Fabric and its pivotal role in 5G antenna manufacturing. Selected for its enterprise-grade capabilities, Hyperledger Fabric offers a versatile platform that supports an array of components critical for building a robust blockchain ecosystem. This includes a modular architecture that is conducive to tailoring consensus protocols, managing membership services efficiently, and enabling the deployment of smart contracts through chaincode. The ability of Hyperledger Fabric to facilitate the creation of private blockchains is particularly advantageous in manufacturing contexts where data sensitivity is paramount. With security and efficiency at the core, this blockchain framework ensures that proprietary manufacturing data are managed with the utmost integrity. The platform’s support for smart contracts, written in contemporary and versatile programming languages like Go (accessed at https://golang.org, accessed on 1 January 2024), JavaScript (information available through https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript, accessed on 1 January 2024), and Java (details found on https://www.oracle.com/java/, accessed on 1 January 2024), empowers developers to embed sophisticated logic into the manufacturing workflow, thereby optimizing process management and quality assurance.

Customization is another forte of Hyperledger Fabric, with its consensus mechanism being particularly adaptable to suit the specific needs of a network, which is crucial for accommodating the varying scales of operation within the manufacturing industry. This flexibility ensures that the system can grow and evolve in tandem with the enterprise, maintaining performance and scalability. The strategic selection of Hyperledger Fabric underscores a commitment to advancing the manufacturing process through enhanced security, transparency, and collaboration. By integrating this technology, we are setting the stage for a manufacturing ecosystem that not only thrives on mutual trust and streamlined operations but also stands at the forefront of innovation in industrial practices. This integration is a testament to the transformative potential of blockchain technology in the manufacturing sector, particularly within the realm of 5G antenna production, where it can serve as a catalyst for efficiency and strategic partnership among all stakeholders in the supply chain.

2.2.3. Detailed Blockchain Configuration

In this section, we elaborate upon the intricate blockchain configurations that have been meticulously designed and employed within the 5G antenna manufacturing process. These configurations have been strategically crafted to meet the high standards of security, efficiency, and interoperability that are essential in a sophisticated production environment. The blockchain architecture we have developed is not merely an adjunct to our manufacturing processes but a fundamental component that enhances the integrity and traceability of our production chain.

Table 1. Detailed blockchain configuration for 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing. This table provides a summary of the specific blockchain infrastructure components, their functions, and the corresponding technologies applied to enhance the manufacturing process, including platform selection, consensus mechanisms, smart contract languages, network types, node configurations, security protocols, data storage solutions, interoperability capabilities, and scalability features.

Configuration Aspect	Details
Blockchain Platform	Ethereum for smart contracts; Hyperledger for private blockchain operations
Consensus Mechanism	Proof of Authority (PoA) for efficiency and control within manufacturing ecosystem
Smart Contract Language	Solidity for Ethereum-based contracts
Network Type	Consortium blockchain for collaboration between manufacturing partners
Node Configuration	Full nodes operated by major stakeholders for integrity and consensus; light nodes for supply chain participants for verification purposes
Security Protocols	AES encryption for data security; SSL/TLS for secure communication channels
Data Storage	On-chain for critical manufacturing data and smart contract states; off-chain for bulky data storage using IPFS
Interoperability Features	APIs for integration with existing ERP and supply chain management systems
Scalability Solutions	Layer 2 scaling solutions (e.g., state channels) for enhanced transaction throughput

presents a comprehensive overview of the various components of our blockchain solution, articulating their functions and the technologies we have harnessed. This includes our choice of blockchain platform, which leverages the strengths of Ethereum for its smart contract capabilities and Hyperledger Fabric for its private blockchain operations, ensuring a robust and secure framework for our decentralized data management needs. We adopt the Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism, which has been chosen for its efficiency and the level of control it offers within the manufacturing ecosystem, a critical factor when considering the precision required in antenna fabrication. The smart contract language is centered around Solidity for Ethereum-based contracts, providing a reliable and developer-friendly syntax that is essential for crafting complex contractual stipulations that are self-executing and self-enforcing.

Regarding network type, we have opted for a consortium blockchain, which facilitates collaboration between manufacturing partners while maintaining the privacy and security of shared data. The node configuration is structured such that full nodes are operated by major stakeholders, ensuring data integrity and consensus across the network, while light nodes are utilized by supply chain participants for verification purposes, thus optimizing network resources. Our security protocols incorporate AES encryption to safeguard data security and SSL/TLS for secure communication channels, both of which are pivotal in protecting the data exchange within our manufacturing processes. Data storage is managed with a dual approach; critical manufacturing data and smart contract states are stored on-chain, while bulk data storage is handled off-chain using IPFS, striking an optimal balance between accessibility and efficiency.

Finally, the interoperability features with existing ERP and supply chain management systems are made possible through well-defined APIs, ensuring that our blockchain solution can seamlessly integrate with established business processes. Scalability is addressed through Layer 2 solutions, like state channels, which provide the necessary infrastructure for enhanced transaction throughput, a non-negotiable requirement in the fast-paced world of 5G telecommunications. In summary, the blockchain configuration we propose is a tailored, sophisticated ensemble of technologies that work in concert to propel the 5G antenna manufacturing process into the forefront of industrial innovation and efficiency.

2.2.4. Smart Contracts: Automating Trust in Blockchain

Smart contracts represent a significant innovation in the blockchain space. Conceptualized by Szabo in 1994 [74], these are self-executing contracts where the terms of agreement are directly written into code and run on the blockchain. They are designed to automatically execute and enforce contracts, thereby enhancing the reliability of transactions and minimizing the risk of breaches.

The practical applications of smart contracts are vast and varied. In the financial sector, they are revolutionizing processes like the trading of financial instruments and the management of insurance claims, introducing unprecedented levels of operational efficiency. In manufacturing, smart contracts are increasingly being used to manage production stages, enhancing both productivity and product quality. Beyond finance and manufacturing, the potential applications of smart contracts extend to areas such as smart cities, where they can manage real estate transactions, and healthcare, where they can secure patient data and manage treatment protocols. This wide applicability is indicative of the transformative potential of smart contracts, which are evolving rapidly on the backbone of blockchain technology [75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82].

Smart contracts are significantly enhancing the integrity and efficiency of various processes by automating trust and transaction execution. As this technology matures, it is expected to drive innovative changes across numerous fields, including the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process. The integration of smart contracts in manufacturing processes, particularly in complex and technologically advanced fields like 5G antenna production, could lead to significant improvements in efficiency, transparency, and quality control, marking a new era in manufacturing practices. In our previous research [38], we embarked on a comprehensive exploration of the integration of blockchain technology within the 5G antenna manufacturing domain. This investigation was driven by the recognition of blockchain’s potential to fundamentally transform manufacturing processes by enhancing data integrity, ensuring transparency, and facilitating secure and efficient transactions across the supply chain. Our study delineated a blockchain-based framework specifically tailored for the manufacturing of 5G ceramic antennas. This framework leverages the immutable and decentralized characteristics of blockchain to create a transparent and secure record-keeping system. Such a system is instrumental in mitigating common challenges in manufacturing, including supply chain opacity, data tampering, and the inefficient reconciliation of transactions. Through the deployment of smart contracts, our approach automates key processes within the manufacturing and supply chain operations, significantly reducing manual interventions, minimizing errors, and streamlining workflow. This automation extends to compliance verification, quality control measures, and logistical coordination, thereby enhancing operational efficiency and reducing lead times.

Crucially, our research highlighted the blockchain’s capacity to foster a collaborative ecosystem among stakeholders, including manufacturers, suppliers, regulators, and customers. By providing a shared and trusted ledger, blockchain technology facilitates a higher degree of collaboration and trust. This collaborative environment is essential for addressing the complex demands of 5G antenna manufacturing, characterized by stringent quality requirements and the need for agile response to market changes. Furthermore, our analysis shed light on the blockchain’s role in improving traceability and accountability throughout the antenna manufacturing process. This improvement is particularly relevant in the context of ensuring compliance with evolving industry standards and environmental regulations. The enhanced traceability enabled by blockchain not only aids in the rapid identification and rectification of production issues but also contributes to a more sustainable manufacturing practice by ensuring responsible sourcing and waste reduction.

To empirically validate the theoretical benefits identified in our study, we conducted a series of case studies and simulations. These empirical investigations focused on specific aspects of the manufacturing process, such as supply chain management, quality assurance, and product lifecycle management. The preliminary findings from these studies corroborate the theoretical benefits, demonstrating tangible improvements in efficiency, cost savings, and product quality. The incorporation of blockchain technology into the 5G antenna manufacturing process, as elaborated in our previous research [38], presents a compelling solution to contemporary manufacturing challenges. The blockchain-based framework not only enhances operational efficiency and security but also promotes sustainability and collaboration across the manufacturing ecosystem. Our ongoing and future empirical research aims to further quantify these benefits, providing a solid foundation for the adoption of blockchain technology in manufacturing practices.

2.3. SER-M Model

In the intricate landscape of corporate growth, the SER-M model, as depicted in Figure 2 and conceptualized by Professor Cho [83], stands as a testament to the dynamic interplay of core organizational elements. This model serves as a comprehensive framework, elucidating how ‘Subjects’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resources’ synergize to shape a company’s competitive edge and its journey towards sustainable success [84,85].

At the very heart of this model lies the concept of ‘Subjects’—the decision-makers who form the nucleus of any organization. This group encompasses the management, the workforce, and the clientele, whose collective decisions and strategies chart the course of the company’s future. Their concerted actions are a reflection of the organization’s decision-making process, which ultimately guides its strategic direction and operational methodology. It is through their vision and execution that the essence of the organization’s capabilities and potential is realized.

Encircling this core is the ‘Environment’—a tapestry of external variables that a company must adeptly navigate. This includes the ever-evolving market dynamics, competitive forces, and the regulatory framework that define the playing field. These elements are not static; they demand that the business remains agile, continuously adapting its strategies to the fluctuating tides of the economic and competitive landscape.

The third cornerstone of the model is ‘Resources’—the tangible and intangible assets at an organization’s disposal. From financial capital to human talent and intellectual property, the judicious allocation and management of these resources are critical. They are the fuel that powers the company’s performance engine, laying the groundwork for the development of competitive strategies and operational excellence.

Central to the utility of the SER-M model is its elucidation of the interactions between these elements through three primary mechanisms: adjustment, learning, and selection. The ‘adjustment mechanism’ is focused on achieving equilibrium, resolving conflicts, and surmounting challenges by fostering alignment among ‘Subjects’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resources’. The ‘learning mechanism’ propels the accumulation of knowledge and organizational adaptation through experiential learning, catalyzing the company’s evolutionary progress. Lastly, the ‘selection mechanism’ is the strategic process of making informed choices, ensuring that the company’s trajectory aligns with its envisioned future.

The SER-M model is particularly insightful when analyzing the role of informatization in corporate management. It aids businesses in formulating and implementing comprehensive information strategies that cut across the technological, organizational, and managerial spectrums. These strategies are indispensable for firms that aspire to solidify their market presence and thrive in an environment characterized by rapid digital transformation. Moreover, the SER-M model empowers businesses to devise bespoke competitive strategies and react swiftly to environmental shifts. This adaptability is vital; it enables businesses to distinguish themselves and succeed, even when resources are consistent across the board. Through this model, organizations can adeptly maneuver through the complexities of market behavior and resource management, armed with a proactive and flexible strategic plan. Such a plan positions them not merely to compete but to achieve enduring growth and success [86]. Numerous studies are applying the SER-M model, among which BY Kim’s [87] research stands out. This study uses the SER-M model to delve into performance creation mechanisms within small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) management consulting. By examining the SME environment, resources, and mechanisms through the SER-M lens, the study offers an in-depth understanding of the elements crucial to SME consulting success. This model proves essential in pinpointing the key drivers behind effective performance and success in SME management.

2.4. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

In our investigation, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to dissect and understand the multifaceted decision-making landscape inherent in 5G antenna manufacturing. While the task may appear straightforward, the underlying complexities and interdependencies between factors such as ‘Subject’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resources’ are substantial. These factors involve layered considerations of technical specifications, environmental conditions, and resource allocation, each with a significant impact and influence on the others. The AHP allows us to deconstruct these complex relationships into a hierarchical framework for systematic evaluation and comparison, providing a quantitative basis for integrating blockchain technology where it can be most effective.

Moreover, the subjective judgments inherent in determining priorities among these factors are converted into a quantitative form through the AHP, bringing a level of objectivity to decisions traditionally driven by expert opinion. This quantification is essential in a field where technological advancements rapidly change the parameters of decision-making. Through the AHP, we ensure that our recommendations for blockchain integration are rooted in a comprehensive analysis of all relevant factors, objectively measured and compared. This meticulous approach is vital for substantiating our proposal and reinforcing the integration strategy’s alignment with industry-specific challenges and objectives [88,89].

The AHP fundamentally relies on the method of pairwise comparisons. Similar to choosing the best new office location by systematically contrasting pairs of locations against various factors like cost and amenities, AHP evaluates each pair to determine which better fulfills a given criterion. This detailed method allows for a refined analysis, effectively quantifying subjective preferences by measuring the degree of preference for one option over another, a process often complex in nature [90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. Consistency is the linchpin of the AHP method. The process goes beyond making isolated pairwise comparisons; it requires that these comparisons collectively manifest a coherent judgment. To achieve this, the AHP employs a consistency index that scrutinizes the logical coherence of the decisions. This index is crucial; it ensures that the resultant decision is not only reliable but also logically sound, reinforcing the robustness of the decision-making process. The true value of the AHP is most apparent when decision-makers encounter scenarios where standard data analysis falls short. It has the unique capability to distill the insights and intuitive judgments of experienced professionals into tangible data that can guide pivotal decisions. Since its inception in the 1970s, the AHP has become an indispensable tool for navigating complex decision-making landscapes, applicable in a wide array of fields, from shaping public policy to crafting nuanced business strategies [99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109].

Kim and Kim [110] utilized the SER-M model in conjunction with the AHP to examine the key factors influencing a company’s digital transformation strategy. Their study centered on identifying and assessing the essential elements crucial for the successful execution of these strategies, with a particular focus on the dynamic capabilities and resources of an organization. The goal was to establish a comprehensive framework and decision-making model to assist businesses in navigating digital transformation, especially in the context of rapidly changing technology landscapes. Chen et al. [111] employed the AHP alongside blockchain technology to develop an innovative credit rating system. Javaherikhah and Lopes [112] combined the AHP with blockchain technology to tackle specific challenges in Martian building management. Their research aimed at pinpointing and prioritizing the vital factors for effective building information management under the harsh conditions of Mars. By integrating the AHP with blockchain, they devised a systematic approach to enhance the structure and security of building operations on the Red Planet. Priya and Malhotra [113] implemented the AHP in tandem with 5G technology to devise an intelligent network selection framework for industrial environments. This framework is tailored to improve network choice and vertical handover decisions, ensuring robust and consistent connectivity for diverse industrial applications. The fusion of the AHP and 5G technology was designed to streamline decision-making in the intricate and dynamic settings typical of Industry 4.0.

In essence, the AHP serves as a compass in navigating the murky waters of intricate decisions, charting a course towards a clear and confident conclusion. It transforms the art of decision-making from a subjective quest into a transparent and systematic journey, leading decision-makers to informed and justifiable choices.

3. Research Design and Methodology, and Model Integration

3.1. System Configuration

Within the context of our research, we have delineated a detailed system configuration, crucial for the fusion of blockchain and smart contract technologies into the 5G antenna manufacturing paradigm.

Table 2. System configuration for integrating blockchain and smart contract technologies in 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing. This table outlines the key components of the system, their descriptions, and the technologies applied to establish a decentralized, efficient, and secure manufacturing process.

Component	Description	Technology Used
Blockchain platform	Core infrastructure for decentralized data management.	Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric
Smart contracts	Automated contracts for process efficiency and integrity.	Solidity, chaincode
Manufacturing system	System integration blockchain for tracking, verification, and management of production.	IoT devices, ERP systems
Analytic tools	Tools for AHP analysis and decision-making support.	AHP software, custom scripts
Security and compliance	Mechanisms ensuring data integrity, privacy, and regulatory adherence.	Encryption, access controls

meticulously catalogues the integral components, their specific roles, and the associated technological implementations that collectively form the backbone of our blockchain-enabled manufacturing framework. This includes a decentralized blockchain platform, utilizing Ethereum for its smart contract functionality and Hyperledger Fabric for its private blockchain features, which serve as the core infrastructure for secure and transparent data management across the manufacturing lifecycle. Smart contracts, built using Solidity and chaincode, are deployed to automate key processes, thereby enhancing efficiency and ensuring integrity within the production workflow.

Additionally, the integration of IoT devices and ERP systems illustrates our commitment to a manufacturing system that not only embraces cutting-edge technology for process optimization but also prioritizes the rigorous tracking, verification, and management of production activities. The analytic tools we have adopted, including AHP software (accessed at https://www.expertchoice.com, accessed on 1 January 2024) and custom scripts, provide robust support for strategic decision-making, allowing for a thorough and systematic analysis of complex production decisions. To fortify the architecture against contemporary cyber threats and to ensure compliance with stringent industry regulations, we have incorporated sophisticated security mechanisms such as encryption protocols and access controls. These are vital for maintaining data integrity, safeguarding privacy, and ensuring that the manufacturing process adheres to current regulatory standards. This system configuration is designed not merely as a theoretical model but as a practical, implementable framework that promises to revolutionize 5G antenna manufacturing. By providing a clear and coherent structure, it lays the groundwork for a production process that is both agile and robust, capable of responding to the dynamic demands of modern telecommunications industries while upholding the highest standards of quality and security.

3.2. Blockchain-Based Business Model Proposal

In the innovative pursuit to integrate blockchain technology into 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing, this study proposes a transformative business model, the nuances of which are encapsulated in Figure 3. The figure delineates a comparative workflow analysis, juxtaposing the conventional manufacturing process (AS-IS) against the re-envisioned process augmented by blockchain and smart contracts (TO-BE).

The AS-IS side of Figure 3 outlines the traditional flow, beginning with the initial manufacturing phase and moving through multiple stages of quality checks. This conventional method relies heavily on manual tracking and is characterized by potential delays in information sharing between stages, culminating in a qualification test that precedes mass production. Although this workflow has been the industry standard, it exhibits vulnerabilities in terms of time efficiency, traceability, and real-time data sharing, which can lead to increased production costs and a prolonged time to market.

Transitioning to the TO-BE framework, we introduce a blockchain-infused process where each manufacturing step is undergirded by blockchain-based process integrity verification. This enhancement immediately sets a higher standard of data integrity and auditability. Following manufacturing, smart contracts automate compliance monitoring, thereby streamlining operations by providing real-time, immutable recording of each antenna’s adherence to predefined quality standards. Should a product fail at any stage, the smart contract initiates an evaluation process to determine corrective measures before proceeding, enhancing responsiveness to quality issues.

The subsequent steps in the TO-BE model ensure authentication and signature verification, a necessary advancement over manual tracking that significantly mitigates the risk of information silos and unauthorized access. The blockchain’s inherent transparency and traceability features support a seamless flow of authenticated information, enhancing collaborative efforts across the supply chain.

The culmination of the blockchain-enabled process is a qualification test akin to the traditional model but reinforced by data and process integrity validated by blockchain technology. Passing this test indicates compliance not only with manufacturing standards but also with the smart contracts’ stringent, automated checkpoints. Only then does the process transition to mass production, now backed by a comprehensive, tamper-evident ledger of the entire manufacturing history. Attempts are being made to introduce such blockchain technology into semiconductor manufacturing processes as well [114].

This proposed model, as visually elucidated in Figure 3, provides a stark contrast to the current methodologies. It leverages the decentralized nature of blockchain to offer a resilient and transparent system while smart contracts bring automation and efficiency to the forefront of manufacturing. Together, they form a cohesive solution that not only enhances quality control but also reduces operational bottlenecks, fostering a more reliable and robust manufacturing ecosystem.

Furthermore, by integrating blockchain and smart contracts, we anticipate a substantial reduction in the overall risk of production defects, a heightened capacity for rapid issue resolution, and an enhanced ability to meet evolving regulatory requirements. These improvements, facilitated by the adoption of blockchain technology, have the potential to set a new industry standard, aligning the manufacturing of 5G ceramic antennas with the cutting-edge technological landscape of the telecommunications sector.

We propose a blockchain-based business model specifically designed for 5G antenna manufacturing in Figure 4. This model leverages blockchain’s inherent security and transparency to address current industry challenges, setting it apart from traditional models by ensuring data integrity and streamlining the supply chain. This figure serves as a conceptual map, articulating the workflow intricacies and demonstrating how blockchain technology can be embedded within the core of a 5G antenna production system to enhance security and efficiency. The process initiates with a “Request manufacturing information” step (①), where the impetus for data engagement is established. This step represents the pivotal moment when stakeholders involved in the manufacturing of 5G ceramic antennas—such as engineers, project managers, or compliance officers—seek access to proprietary manufacturing data, which are likely to encompass design specifications, material composition, and production schedules pertinent to 5G antenna production. Progressing to “Access control” (②), the system meticulously examines the requestor’s authority to ensure the sanctity of sensitive information. This safeguard is implemented to ensure that only individuals with proper clearance can access critical data, effectively preventing intellectual property breaches and maintaining the confidentiality required in high-tech manufacturing. At the “Verification of legal validity” stage (③), the system conducts a thorough legal compliance check to ensure the request aligns with statutory requirements, regulatory frameworks, and the company’s internal protocols. Given the competitive and proprietary nature of 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing, this step is instrumental in preventing unauthorized dissemination of trade secrets and in safeguarding against industrial espionage. Should the request not satisfy the legal criteria, a feedback loop indicates a mechanism for revision or consultation, allowing the requester to address any discrepancies or to understand the grounds for the request’s rejection.

Upon passing legal verification, the workflow advances to an “Approval” stage (④), where a designated authority within the manufacturing hierarchy authorizes the data extraction. This gatekeeping role is critical, as it introduces an accountable human element into the automated process, ensuring that the approval for data access is not just a rubber stamp but a deliberate decision. The “Data Integrity Check & Transaction logging” phase (⑤) follows, wherein the system ensures that the data are unaltered and authentic, critical for maintaining the high standards of quality and reliability necessary for 5G antenna production. The transaction logging implies meticulous record-keeping of each interaction with the data, likely facilitated by blockchain technology, providing an immutable and transparent ledger of operations. Subsequently, the ‘Feedback’ phase (⑥) allows for the evaluation and refinement of the process based on the responses collected, ensuring continuous improvement. The final stage, “Provide extraction information” (⑦), sees the secure delivery of the requested data to the process officer. In the context of 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing, this information could include technical drawings, production batch records, or quality control reports, which are vital for ongoing operations and strategic planning. Figure 4 presents a blockchain-based system designed to uphold the integrity, confidentiality, and compliance of the manufacturing process for 5G ceramic antennas. The steps outlined in the diagram suggest a robust framework that not only ensures secure and compliant data access but also capitalizes on the traceability and transparency afforded by blockchain technology, making it an integral part of the innovative manufacturing domain. The blockchain-based business model presented in this proposal constitutes a substantial advancement over the established procedures, addressing the critical need for increased manufacturing efficiency and reliability. By providing a direct, comparative visualization through Figure 3 and Figure 4, we underscore the tangible benefits and the robust justification for the proposed model, substantiating its potential to redefine industry practices. To strengthen the connection between our proposed blockchain-based business model and the AHP analysis, we have utilized the findings from the AHP to directly influence the design and implementation strategies of the blockchain model. The AHP analysis allowed us to rank and prioritize the various challenges within the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process, such as quality assurance, supply chain transparency, and compliance. These prioritizations were then used to tailor the blockchain solution to target these key areas effectively. This link ensures the cohesive and strategic application of blockchain technology, directly derived from empirical research and expert insights.

3.3. Blockchain-Based SER-M (B-SER-M) Model

Building upon the foundational SER-M model, the B-SER-M model presents an innovative approach that incorporates blockchain technology to enhance the traditional system of manufacturing 5G ceramic antennas, as depicted in Figure 5. The model analyzes the synergy between ‘Subjects’ (S), ‘Environment’ (E), and ‘Resources’ (R), and demonstrates how their interaction is crucial for implementing the proposed blockchain mechanisms.

In the B-SER-M model, ‘Subjects’ are key players within the manufacturing ecosystem, including the manufacturing companies (MCs) themselves, supply chain partners (SCPs), quality verifiers (QVs), and technical service providers (TSPs). The manufacturing company is at the forefront, responsible for designing and producing antennas with a focus on the quality and efficiency of the manufacturing process. Supply chain partners encompass a wide range of entities, from raw material suppliers to logistics providers, who collaborate with manufacturers to supply the necessary components and services. Quality verifiers ensure that the products comply with standards and regulations, while technical service providers support the blockchain infrastructure and are in charge of system maintenance and updates. Collectively, these subjects leverage blockchain technology to elevate transparency, traceability, and reliability in the manufacturing process.

The ‘Environment’ factor in the model pertains to external conditions that impact the manufacturing process. For 5G ceramic antenna production, this includes industry standards and regulations (ISRs), market trends (MTs), the economic environment (EE), technological advancements (TAs), socio-cultural factors (SCFs), and political factors (PFs). These environmental factors are critical as they shape the context in which the integration of blockchain into the antenna manufacturing process occurs.

‘Resources’ refer to the assortment of assets available to a company, which are integral to the manufacturing process. This includes physical resources (PRs) like manufacturing facilities and materials; human resources (HRs) comprising skilled labor involved in R&D, manufacturing, and quality control; technical resources (TRs) such as 5G antenna design and manufacturing technologies; financial resources (FRs) needed for R&D and scaling production; and informational resources (IRs) like market data and technical documentation. These resources play a pivotal role in maintaining efficiency, fostering innovation, and sustaining competitiveness in the manufacturing process.

Blockchain technology, characterized by decentralization, immutability, and transparency, ensures trust among businesses and transparency in transactions. Smart contracts, a key feature of blockchain, are automated programs that execute contractual terms when predefined conditions are met, addressing issues such as process inefficiencies in the manufacturing of communication components.

Within the B-SER-M model, blockchain is utilized to record and verify the interactions among ‘Subjects’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resources’. This not only resolves trust issues among enterprises but also strengthens data integrity and security. Moreover, it allows for transparent tracking and analysis of factors influencing corporate growth, utilizing smart contract functionality to automate contract execution and transaction processes. The data recorded on the blockchain are employed to trace corporate decision-making, resource utilization, and performance outcomes. This ensures accountability for corporate actions and decisions, with a verification process that guarantees reliability. Additionally, this mechanism emphasizes corporate responsibility and transparency, promoting ethical management practices and building trust among stakeholders.

The proposed B-SER-M model maintains the integrity of the SER-M model while utilizing blockchain mechanisms to target the stabilization, efficiency, and reliability of the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process. Through this model, enterprises aim to navigate the complexities of the modern manufacturing landscape, ensuring that their operations are at the cutting edge of technology and management.

3.4. Research Design Description

The research design depicted in Figure 6 is centered on leveraging the B-SER-M model within the framework of the AHP to meticulously evaluate the factors impacting the production of 5G ceramic antennas, particularly focusing on aspects improved by blockchain integration. The depicted workflow commences with the crucial step of defining the research goal, which, in this case, is the enhancement of stability, efficiency, and reliability in 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing.

Following the establishment of this overarching aim, the process advances to the identification of relevant criteria and sub-criteria, rooted in the SER-M model’s principles. These criteria, which include pivotal factors such as ‘Subject’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resources’, are integral to the AHP methodology. Sub-criteria offer a deeper dive into each main criterion, adding layers of detail necessary for a comprehensive analysis. Subsequent to this, an AHP questionnaire is carefully crafted to capture expert assessments regarding the importance of each criterion and sub-criterion. This study’s questionnaire, informed by the B-SER-M model, likely integrates additional considerations pertinent to blockchain technology.

The subsequent stage involves gathering expert weights for the identified criteria, a critical process where experts assign numerical values reflecting the significance of each criterion and sub-criterion. This quantitative step is instrumental in transforming subjective expert opinions into measurable data suitable for further analytical evaluation. Pairwise comparisons are then systematically carried out, constituting the AHP’s core. Each criterion is juxtaposed against others in a pairwise manner to determine relative importance, thereby streamlining the complex decision-making into a series of straightforward evaluations. The results from these pairwise comparisons feed into the calculation of priority vectors and the maximum eigenvalue. The priority vector is essential for establishing a rank order of criteria based on their prioritization, while the maximum eigenvalue plays a role in measuring the consistency of the experts’ comparisons.

Consistency inspection follows, utilizing the Consistency Ratio. A CR of less than 0.1 is typically acceptable, indicating that the judgments are consistent enough to be reliable. If the CR is not acceptable, the previous steps may be revisited to check for inconsistencies. Once a consistent set of data is established, the study proceeds to calculate the global weights of each criterion and sub-criterion. This combines the local priorities derived from pairwise comparisons into a global perspective, considering the entire hierarchy of criteria. The final step before drawing conclusions is the derivation of the final weight and ranking. This consolidates all the preceding analysis into a definitive ranking of criteria and sub-criteria, which in turn informs decision-making.

The process culminates in result interpretation, where the findings are analyzed and discussed in the context of the research goal. This step translates the numerical results into actionable intelligence, which can guide the optimization of the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process.

Figure 7 showcases the structured AHP used in this study, which is instrumental in dissecting the B-SER-M model into its fundamental components: ‘Subject’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resource’. This AHP framework is meticulously designed to evaluate the influence of blockchain technology and smart contracts on the efficiency, stability, and reliability of 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing.

Within the B-SER-M model, the ‘Subject’ encompasses key players involved in the production process. This includes the manufacturing company, which directs the antenna’s production; supply chain partners, responsible for delivering essential materials; quality verifiers, who ensure adherence to standards and regulations; and technical service providers, who maintain the blockchain infrastructure vital to manufacturing.

The ‘Environment’ is detailed by sub-factors that shape the manufacturing context, including industry standards, market trends, economic conditions, technological advancements, socio-cultural influences, and political climate—all of which collectively impact the manufacturing lifecycle.

The ‘Resources’ aspect identifies the assets at the company’s disposal, from the physical resources of facilities and equipment to the human and technical expertise, financial capital for operations, and informational assets like market intelligence and intellectual property rights.

A pivotal step in the AHP process is the pairwise comparison, which our study employs to gauge the relative significance of each factor and sub-factor. This quantitative evaluation is fundamental to understanding each element’s contribution to the manufacturing process within the B-SER-M framework. The AHP method provides a systematic approach, allowing for a structured analysis and a clear identification of areas to focus on for optimizing the manufacturing process via blockchain technology. The culmination of this research modeling is the interpretation of results. This study interprets the numerical data derived from the AHP, translating them into strategic insights that can directly inform and refine the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process, aligning them with the latest in blockchain applications.

3.5. AHP Analysis

In our research, we adopt a novel application of the AHP methodology, which is uniquely tailored to evaluate key factors in the 5G antenna manufacturing process, especially considering the integration of blockchain technology. This approach is designed to overcome the limitations often encountered in traditional AHP applications, making it highly specific to our research needs. The methodology begins with data collection through a standardized questionnaire. This questionnaire uses Saaty’s nine-point scale, as outlined in

Table 3. Saaty’s 9-point scale: scoring system and definitions for AHP analysis [115].

Intensity of Importance	Definition	Explanation
1 2	Equal importance Weak or slight	Two activities contribute equally to the objective
3	Moderate importance	Experience and judgement slightly favor one activity over another
4	Moderate plus
5	Strong importance	Experience and judgement strongly favor one activity over another
6	Strong plus
7	Very strong or Demonstrated importance	An activity is favored very strongly over another; its dominance demonstrated in practice
8	Very, very strong
9	Extreme importance	The evidence favoring one activity over another is of the highest possible order of affirmation
Reciprocals of above	If activity i has one of the above non-zero numbers assigned to it when compared with activity j, then j has the reciprocal value when compared with i	A reasonable assumption
1.1–1.9	If the activities are very close	May be difficult to assign the best value but when compared with other contrasting activities, the size of the small numbers would not be too noticeable, yet they can still indicate the relative importance of the activities.

of our study [115]. The scale ranges from 1 (indicating equal importance) to 9 (signifying extreme importance), enabling a nuanced differentiation of the importance of various factors. This approach is particularly effective in capturing the subjective judgments of experts and aligning them with objective analysis.

Following the data collection, we converted the responses into a pairwise comparison matrix. This matrix is crucial in our methodology as it simplifies the analysis process. By comparing two elements at a time, it becomes easier for evaluators to manage the assessment than dealing with multiple comparisons simultaneously. This step is critical for ensuring a focused and efficient analysis. Our in-depth analysis particularly focuses on the relative significance of several key factors—‘Subject’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resources’—within the context of manufacturing 5G ceramic antennas. These factors are examined not in isolation but in their interconnected roles in the manufacturing process. This examination sheds light not only on the individual importance of these factors but also on their interplay and collective impact on the manufacturing process.

Moreover, our study extends beyond just identifying these factors. We delve into how the integration of blockchain technology can influence each factor and the overall manufacturing process. Blockchain’s potential to enhance transparency, security, and traceability in the supply chain is considered in relation to the efficiency and quality control in antenna production. This comprehensive approach allows us to provide a quantitative evaluation of these critical factors. It also offers insights into the practical implications of integrating advanced technologies like blockchain in the 5G antenna manufacturing industry. By doing so, our study contributes to both theoretical and practical knowledge, paving the way for more informed decision-making in this rapidly evolving field.

In the AHP, the element a_ij in the pairwise comparison matrix A, as represented in Equation (3), is an approximation of the relative importance of element i compared to j, expressed as w_i/w_j. This matrix A is reciprocal, meaning that a_ij = 1/a_ji, and it possesses the characteristic that all elements in its main diagonal are 1. This reflects the fundamental principle that each element is equally important to itself.

$$A=(a_{ij})=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{w}_1/w_1& w_1/w_2& \cdots & w_1/w_n\\ w_2/w_1& w_2/w_2& \cdots & w_2/w_n\\ ⋮& ⋮& \cdots & ⋮\\ w_n/w_1& w_n/w_2& \cdots & w_n/w_n\end{array}\right]$$

(3)

The column vector w, representing the relative importance of evaluation items in matrix A, can be denoted as Equation (4). When w is multiplied by matrix A, this relationship conforms to Equation (5).

$$w=\left[\begin{array}{c}{w}_1\\ w_2\\ ⋮\\ w_n\end{array}\right]$$

(4)

$$\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{w}_1/w_1& w_1/w_2& \cdots & w_1/w_n\\ w_2/w_1& w_2/w_2& \cdots & w_2/w_n\\ ⋮& ⋮& \cdots & ⋮\\ w_n/w_1& w_n/w_2& \cdots & w_n/w_n\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{c}{w}_1\\ w_2\\ ⋮\\ w_n\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}n{w}_1\\ n{w}_2\\ ⋮\\ n{w}_n\end{array}\right]$$

(5)

Saaty [116] suggested that by employing the eigenvalue method and using the principal eigenvector of the pairwise comparison matrix A, this concept can be formulated as depicted in Equation (6).

$$A\cdot w={\lambda }_{\max }\cdot w$$

(6)

where λ_max refers to the maximum eigenvalue (principal eigenvalue) of matrix A. Equation (6) represents an eigenvalue problem that seeks a non-zero solution within a system of n simultaneous linear equations. The solution obtained for w from Equation (6) is utilized as the weight vector for each evaluation criterion. The process for deriving matrix A through pairwise comparison involves setting the importance of elements in each column as 1 as a baseline, and then determining the relative importance of the elements above the diagonal. If the elements a_ik of matrix A, obtained through pairwise comparison, each correspond to the ratio w_i/w_j, cardinal consistency must be established, as demonstrated in Equation (7).

$$a_{ij}\times a_{jk}=a_{ik}$$

(7)

Equation (7) implies that if element i is deemed x times more important than j, and j is y times more important than k, then i should be evaluated as x × y times more significant than k. However, maintaining such cardinal consistency in actual survey responses is challenging. As a result, verifying the cardinal consistency of matrix A becomes essential. Inconsistencies in pairwise comparison responses could affect the reliability of the outcomes. The value of λ_max is always greater than or equal to the number of elements n, and the closer λ_max is to n, the more consistent matrix A is deemed. Perfect consistency is achieved when λ_max = n. Therefore, the consistency index and ratio, derivable using Equations (8) and (9), are critical for assessing whether the importance assigned in pairwise comparisons is consistent.

$$CI=\frac{{\lambda }_{\max }-n}{(n-1)}$$

(8)

$$CR=\frac{CI}{RI}$$

(9)

In the context of the AHP analysis, ‘n’ signifies the number of elements being compared within a single layer. The term ‘RI’, which stands for random index, varies with the dimension of the matrix. The RI, as presented in

Table 4. Saaty random index (RI) values for AHP consistency assessment and CR calculation [115].

n	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
RI	0	0	0.58	0.9	1.12	1.24	1.32	1.41	1.45	1.49

, is derived from the CI calculated by randomly generating integers from 1 to 10 and forming a reciprocal matrix. Consequently, the Consistency Ratio (CR) measures the relative consistency of this study’s CI against the RI, indicating inconsistency. A critical aspect for ensuring the AHP analysis validity is the response consistency, typically ascertained by focusing on responses where the CR value is less than 0.1 (CR < 0.1). To maintain analytical reliability, responses with CR values exceeding this threshold are generally excluded.

3.6. AHP Analysis Research Process and Data Collection

In this study, the AHP questionnaire was designed to reflect the complexities of 5G antenna manufacturing, incorporating insights not just from industry specialists but also from experts across various related domains, including 5G technology, artificial intelligence, blockchain, manufacturing, and supply chain management. This interdisciplinary approach aimed to capture a comprehensive view of the industry by embracing a wide breadth of knowledge and experience.

The data collection period extended over the month of December 2023. To qualify for our expert panel, individuals were required to hold at least a bachelor’s degree and possess a minimum of ten years of professional experience. Out of the 44 returned questionnaires, 35 met the criteria for inclusion in our analysis. The selected responses adhered to a Consistency Ratio threshold of 0.1, a standard set to ensure data reliability.

The demographics of the respondents, as elaborated in

Table 5. Demographic data of the respondents involved in the study, including information such as the distribution of gender, age groups, and professional experience.

Section	Characters	Frequency	Ratio (%)
Gender	Male	25	71.4
	Female	10	28.6
	Total	35	100
Age	30s	9	25.7
	40s	16	45.7
	50s	10	28.6
	Total	30	100
Work experience in the related field	10–15 years	8	22.9
	15–20 years	21	60.0
	Over 20 years	6	17.1
	Total	35	100
Professional area	Blockchain technology	7	20.0
	5G technology	7	20.0
	Artificial intelligence	6	17.1
	Manufacturing	9	25.8
	Supply chain management	6	17.1
	Total	30	100

, were predominantly male (71.4%), with the majority aged in their 40s (45.7%). The respondents in their 50s constituted 28.6%, while those in their 30s made up 25.7%. The experience levels were diverse, with 22.9% having over ten years in the field, 60.0% with more than fifteen years, and 17.1% possessing over twenty years of expertise. This demographic diversity provided a rich and varied foundation for analysis, offering multiple perspectives to dissect and understand the complex dynamics of 5G antenna manufacturing.

4. Results and Discussion

This study utilized the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify the relative importance of key factors that enhance the efficiency and reliability of the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process through the integration of blockchain and smart contract technologies. The results, summarized in Figure 8, present the relative weights of the elements within the B-SER-M model: ‘Subject’ (S), ‘Environment’ (E), and ‘Resources’ (R).

The ‘Subject’ factor (S) is assigned a weight of 0.465, marking it as the most influential component in the manufacturing process. This factor encompasses both the human and systemic aspects of manufacturing, including workforce expertise, decision-making efficiency, technology implementation, and management practices. Key components under this factor are the manufacturing company itself, supply chain partners, quality verifiers, and technical service providers. The dominant weight of this factor indicates the critical impact of human and systemic elements on the manufacturing process, highlighting the importance of addressing human-induced defects and improving efficiency through focused management of the ‘Subject’ element.

The ‘Resources’ factor (R), with a weight of 0.310, ranks as the second most critical element. This factor encompasses all the tangible and intangible assets necessary for the production of 5G ceramic antennas, including physical resources like facilities and materials, human resources such as labor and expertise, technical resources involving specialized equipment and technology, financial resources for funding, and informational resources that provide strategic data and insights. The multifaceted consideration of these resources in our AHP analysis reflects their crucial role in the production process.

The ‘Environment’ factor (E) is given a weight of 0.225, denoting its role as an external influence on the manufacturing process. This factor includes a range of external elements such as industry standards and regulations, market trends, economic environments, technological advancements, socio-cultural factors, and political conditions. Although it has the lowest weight among the three, its importance lies in its encompassing nature, affecting various aspects of the manufacturing process.

The distribution of these weights provides a strategic framework for stakeholders in the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing sector, emphasizing the importance of enhancing human capital (‘Subject’), effectively managing resources (‘Resources’), and navigating the external manufacturing landscape (‘Environment’).

In addition,

Table 6. The AHP results for the primary dimensions or top-level factors in the context of 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing.

Top Factor	Weight	Rank	CI	CR	λmax
Subject	0.465	1	0.016	0.031	3.031
Environment	0.225	3
Resource	0.310	2

of our study presents critical metrics for verifying the consistency of the AHP analysis, such as the consistency index (CI), Consistency Ratio (CR), and the maximum eigenvalue (λ_max), along with their calculated values. These measures are crucial for ensuring the reliability of the AHP method. In our approach, eigenvectors derived from the pairwise comparison matrices of individual surveys were utilized to determine the weights. These eigenvectors are pivotal as they translate the comparative judgments into quantifiable weights, reflecting the relative importance of each factor. The degree of consistency of these judgments was then calculated based on the corresponding eigenvalues, a standard procedure in the AHP to assess the rationality of the pairwise comparisons.

For aggregating the weights across multiple surveys, we employed the geometric mean method. This approach is particularly effective in the AHP for synthesizing individual judgments, as it balances out the variances in individual survey responses, leading to a more representative and robust consensus weight. To further validate the consistency of our AHP analysis, we computed the CI, CR, and λ_max for each individual survey and then calculated their geometric mean method [117,118]. This method offers a comprehensive view of consistency across all individual assessments, rather than relying on a single survey’s data.

For a matrix size of n = 3, the average CI across the surveys was calculated to be 0.016. The CR, when compared against an RI of 0.58, was determined to be 0.031. Additionally, the average λ_max was found to be 3.031. The fact that the CR value is well below the widely accepted threshold of 0.1 indicates a high level of consistency in the surveyor ratings used in our study. This significantly strengthens the reliability and credibility of our findings, providing a robust foundation for the conclusions drawn from our AHP analysis.

In the results presented in

Table 7. The AHP calculated weights for sub-factors under the top-level factor of ‘Subject’ in the context of 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing.

Sub-Factors	Rank	Weight
Manufacturing Company	1	0.443
Supply Chain Partner	4	0.112
Quality Verifier	3	0.129
Technical Service Provider	2	0.316
SUM		1.000
CI		0.028
CR		0.031
λmax		4.084

, which delve into the manufacturing of 5G ceramic antennas, we utilized the AHP to meticulously evaluate and assign weights to various sub-factors within the ‘Subject’ top factor category. This analysis is crucial for understanding the hierarchical significance of each sub-factor’s contribution to the manufacturing process. According to the B-SER-M model analysis, the sub-factors of ‘Subject’ include the ‘Manufacturing Company’, ‘Supply Chain Partner’, ‘Quality Verifier’, and ‘Technical Service Provider’.

The ‘Manufacturing Company’ is the entity primarily responsible for producing the final product. In the realm of 5G ceramic antennas, these companies oversee the actual manufacturing and assembly processes, employing various resources to produce the final antennas. The ‘Supply Chain Partner’ refers to any entity that manages the logistics and delivery of materials and parts essential for manufacturing. In the production of 5G ceramic antennas, such partners may encompass providers of raw materials, components, and logistics services, all ensuring the timely and efficient provision of the necessities for production. A ‘Quality Verifier’ is tasked with ensuring that products adhere to specific standards and specifications. In the manufacturing of 5G ceramic antennas, quality verifiers perform inspections and testing on the antennas to confirm their compliance with performance, safety, and regulatory benchmarks. This role may involve both internal quality management teams and external certification agencies. A ‘Technical Service Provider’ is a specialist offering technical expertise and support. For the manufacturing of 5G ceramic antennas, these providers may offer consultation on design and engineering, assistance in resolving production issues, or guidance in optimizing manufacturing processes for better efficiency and quality. Additionally, the integration of blockchain and smart contract technologies may enhance the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process, offering new avenues for efficiency and traceability.

The ‘Manufacturing Company’ emerges as the most critical sub-factor, with a significant weight of 0.443. This indicates its pivotal role in the overall production process. As the primary entity responsible for the entire production lifecycle of the antennas, from design to assembly, the manufacturing company is central to managing resources, orchestrating the manufacturing stages, and ensuring the quality of the final product. The high weight assigned to this sub-factor underscores its dominant influence on the success and efficiency of the manufacturing process.

Following the ‘Manufacturing Company’ in importance is the ‘Technical Service Provider’, with a weight of 0.316. This substantial weighting reflects the crucial role of technical expertise in the manufacturing of 5G ceramic antennas. Technical service providers are instrumental in offering guidance on design and engineering, addressing production challenges, and optimizing the processes to enhance both efficiency and product quality. Their involvement is key to the technological advancement and innovation in antenna production. The ‘Quality Verifier’, assigned a weight of 0.129, stands as the third significant sub-factor. This role is integral to ensuring that the manufactured antennas meet the required performance, safety, and regulatory standards. The weight accorded to ‘Quality Verifiers’, which includes both internal quality control teams and external certification bodies, highlights their essential contribution in maintaining the trustworthiness and reliability of the antennas. Despite being the lowest in weight, the ‘Supply Chain Partner’, with a value of 0.112, remains an indispensable component in the manufacturing process. They are responsible for the logistics and delivery of necessary materials and components, playing a key role in maintaining the flow of resources essential for uninterrupted production.

Further underscoring the methodological rigor of our study are the consistency metrics—the CI, CR, and λ_max. For our matrix of size n = 4, the CI was calculated to be 0.028, the CR stood at 0.031 against an RI of 0.9, and λ_max was determined to be 4.084. The CR value, being significantly below the threshold of 0.1, affirms the logical consistency and reliability of our AHP analysis. These metrics are critical in validating the coherence and precision of the evaluative judgments made, thus reinforcing the credibility and robustness of our findings in the context of optimizing the manufacturing process for 5G ceramic antennas.

Table 8. The weights and ranks for the sub-factors within the top-level factor of ‘Environment’, as determined by the AHP.

Sub-Factors	Rank	Weight
Industry Standards and Regulations	6	0.069
Market Trends	3	0.135
Economic Environment	2	0.282
Technological Advancement	1	0.297
Socio-Cultural Factors	5	0.108
Political Factors	4	0.109
SUM		1.000
CI		0.041
CR		0.033
λmax		6.205

plays a pivotal role in elucidating the detailed outcomes of the AHP analysis, particularly focusing on the ‘Environment’ top factor category within the realm of 5G antenna manufacturing. This analysis is crucial in understanding how various environmental factors influence the production process, especially in the context of technological and economic shifts. According to the B-SER-M model analysis, this category comprises six critical sub-factors: ‘Industry Standards and Regulations’, ‘Market Trends’, ‘Economic Environment’, ‘Technological Advancement’, ‘Socio-Cultural Factors’, and ‘Political Factors’, each contributing uniquely to the manufacturing process of 5G ceramic antennas.

‘Industry Standards and Regulations’ comprise established norms and legal mandates that dictate the manufacturing processes of products. Pertaining to 5G ceramic antennas, these standards encompass safety specifications, performance criteria, and environmental impact considerations to ensure that the product is safe, reliable, and adheres to legal and industry benchmarks. ‘Market Trends’ denote the prevailing direction of the product’s market evolution. In the context of 5G ceramic antennas, market trends could include consumer demand fluctuations, emergent applications of 5G technology, and shifts in preferences for specific antenna types or technological innovations. The ‘Economic Environment’ encapsulates the overarching economic conditions that may influence the manufacturing and sales aspects of products. This includes variables such as inflation rates, currency exchange fluctuations, and general economic growth, all of which can impact the cost of materials, production expenses, and ultimately the market pricing and consumer demand for 5G ceramic antennas. ‘Technological Advancement’ refers to the innovation in or enhancement of existing technology. In the sphere of 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing, technological progress might involve the utilization of novel materials, the refinement of manufacturing techniques, or breakthroughs that augment antenna functionality, operational efficiency, or cost-effectiveness. ‘Socio-Cultural Factors’ represent the societal and cultural dynamics that can shape the demand and utilization of a product. For 5G ceramic antennas, such factors might encompass the public’s perception of 5G technology, cultural inclinations towards specific technological solutions, or the impact of 5G technology’s deployment on society. ‘Political Factors’ encompass the spectrum of government actions, international diplomatic relations, and political stability that can influence manufacturing and global trade. In relation to 5G ceramic antennas, political considerations might include trade agreements, governmental investment in 5G infrastructure, or legislative measures specific to communication technologies.

The ‘Technological Advancement’ sub-factor, with the highest weight of 0.297, emphasizes the crucial role of technological evolution, especially in the transition from 5G to 6G technologies. This includes significant developments in blockchain and smart contract technologies, vital for reducing defects and improving the quality and efficiency in antenna manufacturing. The weight of this sub-factor highlights the necessity for the industry to continually embrace innovative technologies to stay competitive and operationally effective. ‘Industry Standards and Regulations’, surprisingly, hold the lowest weight at 0.069. While they form the essential framework for safety, quality, and compliance in manufacturing, their lower relative weight in this context suggests that, while important, they might be seen as more stable and predictable factors compared to the dynamic nature of technological advancements and economic conditions. The ‘Economic Environment’ is a key factor, with a weight of 0.282, indicating that economic conditions significantly impact the advancement of 5G technologies. A stable and supportive economic environment is deemed essential for the fruitful application and development of advanced technologies in the 5G sector. ‘Market Trends’, weighted at 0.135, reflect the consumer preferences and technological demands that are shaping the industry. Understanding and adapting to these trends is crucial for manufacturers to align with market needs and technological evolution. ‘Socio-Cultural Factors’ are assigned a weight of 0.108, indicating their role in influencing public perception and cultural trends. Although not the lowest, this weight suggests their more indirect effect on manufacturing practices compared to other factors like technological advancements and economic conditions. ‘Political Factors’, with a weight of 0.109, encompass the influence of government policies and international relations on manufacturing. These factors impact regulatory environments, policy-making, and funding for technological innovation. The AHP analysis’s methodological soundness is affirmed by the CI of 0.041, a CR of 0.033, and a maximum eigenvalue (λ_max) of 6.205 for an RI of 1.24 for n = 6. The CR value, substantially below the 0.1 threshold, confirms the high level of consistency and agreement among the expert opinions, adding to the analysis’s credibility and reliability.

In our study,

Table 9. The AHP calculated weights for sub-factors within the top-level factor of ‘Resources’ in the context of 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing.

Sub-Factors	Rank	Weight
Physical Resources	5	0.075
Human Resources	1	0.335
Technical Resources	3	0.218
Financial Resources	4	0.148
Informational Resources	2	0.224
SUM		1.000
CI		0.041
CR		0.037
λmax		5.164

plays a critical role as it presents the outcomes of the AHP analysis, with a targeted focus on the ‘Resources’ factor within the context of 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing. As determined by the B-SER-M model analysis, this factor is segmented into five key sub-factors, each with its designated role and corresponding weight that influences the manufacturing process: ‘Human Resources’, ‘Informational Resources’, ‘Technical Resources’, ‘Financial Resources’, and ‘Physical Resources’.

‘Human Resources’, with the highest weight of 0.335, underscores the critical importance of skilled personnel in the manufacturing process. This weight indicates that, despite advancements in technology and automation, the human element remains fundamental in the industry. The expertise and capabilities of the workforce are key drivers of efficiency and reliability in 5G ceramic antenna production. The emphasis on ‘Human Resources’ highlights the need for comprehensive education and skill development, including targeted training programs that enhance technical skills and deepen understanding of the specific challenges in 5G antenna production.

‘Informational Resources’, assigned a significant weight of 0.224, include the data and information necessary for informed decision-making and strategic planning. This encompasses market research, production data, supply chain information, and other relevant knowledge, which are crucial for optimizing the manufacturing process. The substantial weight of this factor emphasizes the value of accurate and timely information in guiding the manufacturing process.

‘Technical Resources’ are given a weight of 0.218, reflecting their importance in the manufacturing process. This category includes specialized tools, technologies, and technical know-how, such as advanced manufacturing equipment and design software, which are vital for developing and producing high-quality antennas.

‘Financial Resources’, with a weight of 0.148, represent the monetary assets needed for the manufacturing operations. This includes funding for investments in technology and machinery, operational costs, and research and development. The weight signifies the importance of financial stability and investment in sustaining and advancing the manufacturing process.

‘Physical Resources’, though given the lowest weight of 0.075, are still essential. They refer to tangible assets like production facilities, machinery, and raw materials. While their relative importance is lower compared to other resources, they form the foundation of the actual production process.

The distribution of these weights in Table 9 indicates a prioritization in 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing, with a significant emphasis on human expertise and knowledge, followed by the importance of information, technical capabilities, financial backing, and physical assets. This underscores the necessity of a skilled workforce that is well-versed in both the technical aspects of antenna manufacturing and the application of emerging technologies. The strategic focus on these resources, especially on human capital and information, is pivotal for achieving higher efficiency, innovation, and reliability in the production process. The emphasis across these varied resources reflects a balanced approach, integrating human skills with technological, financial, and material aspects to optimize manufacturing outcomes in the dynamic field of 5G technology.

The CI value is calculated to be 0.041, and the CR is determined to be 0.037. Furthermore, the maximum eigenvalue (λ_max) obtained from the analysis is 5.164. These metrics are crucial in validating the logical consistency of the pairwise comparisons made during the AHP process. For the purpose of this analysis, and as indicated in our study, we utilized an RI value of 1.12 for a matrix size of n = 5, as outlined in Table 4. The RI value is an important component in the calculation of the CR and is used to assess the probability that the matrix judgments were randomly generated. A CR value less than 0.1 is generally considered acceptable, indicating a reasonable level of consistency in the pairwise comparisons. In our case, the CR value of 0.037, being well below this threshold, signifies a high level of agreement among the expert assessments, thereby adding to the credibility and reliability of the AHP results. This careful and methodical approach in calculating the CI, CR, and λ_max, along with the use of the appropriate RI value, ensures that the AHP analysis for determining the weights of the ‘Resources’ factor in 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing is both coherent and robust. It reinforces the validity of the findings and supports the strategic insights derived from the analysis, particularly in terms of prioritizing resource allocation in the manufacturing process.

Figure 9 encapsulates and visualizes the findings from Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9 in the form of a bar graph, providing a succinct and comparative view of the weighted significance of various sub-factors in the manufacturing of 5G ceramic antennas. As depicted in the graph, ‘Manufacturing Company’ commands the highest local weight of 0.443, indicating that the technical capabilities and the stability of the manufacturing processes within the company are of paramount importance. This suggests that the core competencies and the operational excellence of the manufacturing company are the most critical determinants of success in the industry. The graph also shows that ‘Human Resources’ holds the second highest weight, which conveys the continued importance of skilled personnel in the production process. Despite the trend towards automation, the significant weight of human resources implies that the impact of human expertise, problem-solving abilities, and innovative thinking remains substantial. This factor’s prominence emphasizes the need for comprehensive training and skill development programs to enhance the workforce’s capabilities in managing and executing complex manufacturing tasks, particularly those involving new technologies such as blockchain and smart contracts.

The third highest weight is attributed to ‘Technical Service Provider’, reinforcing the notion that the expertise provided by these entities is crucial. Technical service providers include those who offer specialized knowledge and services essential for the manufacturing process, such as equipment maintenance, software support, and technical consulting. The high weight of this sub-factor underscores the reliance on specialized technical services and the value of partnerships with service providers who contribute to the robustness and advancement of manufacturing operations. Together, these weights illustrate a manufacturing ecosystem where technology, human skill, and specialized services play interdependent roles. It is evident that the human element—encompassing both in-house expertise and external technical services—forms the backbone of the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process. The substantial weights assigned to ‘Human Resources’ and ‘Technical Service Provider’ highlight the necessity of investing in human capital—training and nurturing a pool of skilled professionals who can drive innovation, ensure quality, and maintain the reliability and efficiency of the production process.

The bar graph in Figure 10, reflecting the AHP results, displays the global weights for each sub-factor within the top factor categories. It is immediately apparent that ‘Manufacturing Company’ has the highest global weight, at 0.206, indicating that within the ecosystem of 5G ceramic antenna production, the manufacturing company’s role is paramount. This substantial weight suggests that the core strategies, operational efficiencies, and the integration capabilities of a manufacturing company are the most crucial elements for success in the industry.

The ‘Technical Service Provider’ sub-factor, with a global weight of 0.147, stands out as the second most significant component. This weight signifies the critical importance of the services provided by these entities, which may include specialized technical knowledge, maintenance, support, and consultancy services. Their role is essential in ensuring that the manufacturing processes are up-to-date, efficient, and capable of integrating new technologies and methodologies, including blockchain and smart contracts.

‘Human Resources’ is highlighted as the third most significant sub-factor with a weight of 0.104, emphasizing the enduring value of skilled labor in the manufacturing sector. Despite the strides in automation, the weight given to human resources underscores the industry’s reliance on the unique capabilities of human intellect, such as creativity, decision-making, and problem-solving, which are particularly vital when dealing with complex and innovative technologies.

The rest of the sub-factors shown, while having lower weights, are nonetheless important components of the manufacturing ecosystem. For example, ‘Informational Resources’ and ‘Financial Resources’, with weights of 0.069 and 0.046, respectively, reflect the necessity for robust information management systems and sound financial backing to support manufacturing operations.

In summary, Figure 10 and

Table 10. The AHP results, showing the weights of top factors and their associated sub-factors, along with the global weights and global ranks determined from the AHP analysis.

Top Factors	Weight	Sub-Factors	Local Weight	Global Weight	Global Rank
Security	0.3465	Manufacturing Company	0.443	0.206	1
		Supply Chain Partner	0.112	0.052	9
		Quality Verifier	0.129	0.060	8
		Technical Service Provider	0.316	0.147	2
Standards and Regulation	0.225	Industry Standards and Regulations	0.069	0.015	15
		Market Trends	0.135	0.030	11
		Economic Environment	0.282	0.063	7
		Technological Advancement	0.297	0.067	6
		Socio-Cultural Factors	0.108	0.024	13
		Political Factors	0.109	0.024	12
Efficiency	0.310	Physical Resources	0.075	0.023	14
		Human Resources	0.335	0.104	3
		Technical Resources	0.218	0.068	5
		Financial Resources	0.148	0.046	10
		Informational Resources	0.224	0.069	4

provide a clear and quantified hierarchy of the sub-factors that are critical in the manufacturing process of 5G ceramic antennas. These weights offer strategic insights into which areas are the most influential and where to focus efforts and investment to maximize efficiency and reliability in production. The leading weight of the ‘Manufacturing Company’ sub-factor reaffirms the significance of strong operational and strategic capabilities, while the importance of ‘Technical Service Providers’ and ‘Human Resources’ highlights the reliance on both external expertise and internal workforce development to advance the manufacturing process.

The integration of blockchain technology into our analysis significantly influences the criteria within the AHP framework. Blockchain’s attributes—decentralization, transparency, and security—serve as critical factors in the AHP decision-making process. These attributes ensure that the prioritization of factors such as supply chain management, data integrity, and operational efficiency are aligned with the cutting-edge possibilities blockchain technology introduces.

Conversely, insights derived from the AHP analysis offer a strategic foundation for tailoring the blockchain application, ensuring it addresses the manufacturing process’s most critical aspects. For instance, if the AHP analysis emphasizes the importance of real-time data integrity, the blockchain solution is accordingly customized to bolster this feature, leveraging blockchain’s inherent capabilities to secure data through cryptographic techniques and consensus protocols. This reciprocal enrichment ensures that the blockchain implementation is grounded in methodical analysis and tailored to meet the identified manufacturing needs effectively.

This narrative enhancement articulates the symbiotic relationship between blockchain technology’s application and AHP analysis. It showcases how these methodologies collectively contribute to a strategic and informed approach to manufacturing optimization. By elucidating this interconnection, we provide a comprehensive viewpoint on our research approach, highlighting the innovative integration of technology and analytical methods to advance 5G antenna manufacturing. This integrated perspective not only addresses the internal consistency of our research but also offers readers a holistic understanding of our innovative approach to optimizing manufacturing processes.

5. Conclusions

5.1. Key Insights and Implications

The comprehensive analysis conducted within this study elucidates crucial insights into the optimization of the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process, marking a significant leap forward in the telecommunications domain. This research embarks upon a detailed examination of blockchain and smart contract technologies’ transformative effects on 5G ceramic antenna production. Central to our discoveries is the strategic application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in evaluating the blockchain-based SER-M (B-SER-M) model. Through this meticulous approach, we have delineated a hierarchy of influential factors, each instrumental in enhancing the manufacturing workflow.

Foremost among our findings is the paramount significance of the ‘Subject’ factor, which bears a weight of 0.465. This aspect, embodying both human and systemic dimensions, highlights the critical role of workforce expertise, decision-making efficiency, and the strategic deployment of smart contracts. The pronounced focus on this factor underscores the imperative for strategic emphasis on human capital, stressing the importance of ongoing skill enhancement, particularly in blockchain and smart contract technologies, to cultivate a workforce capable of mastering the complexities inherent in contemporary manufacturing practices.

Equally salient is the ‘Resources’ factor, with an assigned weight of 0.310. This revelation underscores the criticality of both tangible and intangible assets—from raw materials to financial and technological resources—in 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing. It serves as a potent reminder of the necessity for the proficient management of these assets to ensure smooth and efficacious manufacturing operations. Furthermore, the ‘Environment’ factor, though assigned a lesser weight than ‘Subject’ and ‘Resources’, remains significantly impactful, with a weight of 0.225. This factor encompasses the wide-ranging external forces such as market dynamics, regulatory frameworks, and the broader economic and technological milieu. It suggests that these external elements, albeit less directly manageable, are essential to the manufacturing ecosystem, necessitating astute adaptation and strategic foresight.

Delving deeper, our sub-factor analysis enhances our comprehension by spotlighting the critical importance of the ‘Manufacturing Company’ sub-factor, thereby identifying the company’s core competencies and strategic acumen as key to industry leadership. Furthermore, the pronounced roles of ‘Technical Service Providers’ and ‘Human Resources’ underline the indispensable contributions of technical proficiency and skilled labor in fortifying the manufacturing process’s integrity and sophistication.

In conclusion, this study underscores the criticality of prioritizing ‘Subject’ and ‘Resources’ factors for cost efficiency and competitive advantage in 5G antenna production. Our insights offer both an academic contribution and a pragmatic guide for industry stakeholders, directing them towards manufacturing optimization congruent with contemporary technological progress, and elucidating the pivotal influence of blockchain and smart contracts within this arena.

5.2. Research Limitation and Future Plans

In response to the reviewer’s concerns, we have made a conscientious effort to identify and address the limitations within our study. We recognize that while our research provides a comprehensive exploration of integrating blockchain and smart contract technologies into 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing, it is not without its constraints. These reflections have been thoughtfully incorporated into the manuscript in Section 5.2, titled “Research Limitation and Future Plans”, to provide a clear overview of the areas where our study may fall short and how we plan to address these in the context of future research directions.

A primary limitation of our study is its focused research context, tailored specifically to a particular manufacturing environment. This specificity may limit the wider applicability of our findings across diverse manufacturing scenarios, each with its unique set of challenges. Consequently, the B-SER-M model, as it stands, may require adaptations to be effectively applied in different contexts. Another notable limitation is the subjective nature of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis utilized in our study. Given that the AHP relies significantly on expert opinions, the potential variability in these opinions could introduce a level of inconsistency in our findings. This aspect is critical as it may affect the reliability and generalizability of our study’s conclusions.

To mitigate these concerns, future research endeavors could explore methods to quantify and reduce such subjectivity, possibly by incorporating a wider range of expert opinions or leveraging more objective data sources. Additionally, the rapidly evolving landscape of blockchain technology presents a dual-sided challenge: while it offers fresh opportunities, it also necessitates continuous research to keep our findings relevant and aligned with the latest technological advancements.

Looking ahead, we identify several key areas for future investigation. Longitudinal studies will be pivotal in assessing the long-term impacts of blockchain integration within manufacturing processes, providing insights into its sustainability and the enduring benefits or challenges it presents. The need for empirical case studies examining the real-world implementation of the B-SER-M model is also pressing. Such studies will be instrumental in validating our theoretical propositions, offering practical insights, and examining the model’s adaptability across various manufacturing environments.

Moreover, future research could benefit from exploring how blockchain technology could be integrated with other emerging technologies, such as quantum computing and artificial intelligence, potentially leading to revolutionary advancements in manufacturing processes. Studies on the scalability of blockchain applications within larger and more complex manufacturing operations are equally critical. These investigations should aim to understand how blockchain technology can be scaled and integrated into expansive manufacturing systems without compromising efficiency or security.

Furthermore, adopting a holistic perspective by incorporating views from a diverse array of stakeholders—including regulatory bodies, end consumers, and industry experts—will enrich our understanding of blockchain technology’s impact on the manufacturing sector. This inclusive approach is vital for developing models that account for the needs and perspectives of all participants within the manufacturing ecosystem.

Finally, the empirical validation and refinement of the B-SER-M model are essential. Real-world testing of the model to gather empirical data will be crucial for its refinement and enhancement, ensuring its applicability and effectiveness across various manufacturing contexts. By addressing these limitations and focusing our efforts on the outlined areas for future research, subsequent studies will continue to evolve decision-making models and significantly contribute to the advancement of 5G ceramic antenna production. This commitment ensures that the field remains at the cutting edge of technological innovation and industry excellence.