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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 3
10.3390/app15031357
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Cyclical Physiology of Elite Female Athletes: Longitudinal Quantification of Wellness Parameters Considering Menstrual, Weekly, and Seasonal Variations

by
Nolwenn Badier
1,*,
Marine Dupuit
1,
Gaëlle Dormion
1,
Tom Chassard
1,
Kilian Barlier
1,
Alice Lafitte
1,
Lidia Delrieu
1,
Jean-François Toussaint
1,2,3 and
Juliana Antero
1
1
URP 7329—Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sport (IRMES), National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
2
Center for Investigation in Sport Medicine, CIMS Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, 75004 Paris, France
3
Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1357; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031357
Submission received: 6 December 2024 / Revised: 20 January 2025 / Accepted: 23 January 2025 / Published: 28 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise, Fitness, Human Performance and Health: 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to identify variations in wellness parameters among elite female athletes, considering simultaneously the influence of natural menstrual cycle (MC) or hormonal contraception (HC) phases and weekly and seasonal variations. A total of 54 elite female athletes were followed up with through a 6-month daily monitoring of their reported fitness, sleep quality, mood, and menstrual symptoms. Estimated cycle phases, days of the week, and seasons were all integrated into a single model to study cyclicities concomitantly. A total of 263 cycles were analyzed, totaling 7370 pieces of daily self-reported data. We observed more frequent symptoms during the menstruation and the pause phase. Reported fitness was greater in the mid-cycle and mood was lower at the end of the cycle for the MC group. Wellness parameters were rather stable for HC users. For both groups, symptoms were more frequent in summer. Reported fitness levels were lower on Monday, while mood scores were highest on Saturday and Sunday. In summer and autumn, fitness, sleep quality, and mood were greater. A cyclical wellness rhythm was identified in the menstrual cycle and persists even when considering weekdays and seasons cyclicities. This comprehensive approach helps to identify physiological influence on human behaviors, considering the specificities of women.
Keywords: cycles; female athletes; monitoring; performance; wellness cycles; female athletes; monitoring; performance; wellness

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MDPI and ACS Style

Badier, N.; Dupuit, M.; Dormion, G.; Chassard, T.; Barlier, K.; Lafitte, A.; Delrieu, L.; Toussaint, J.-F.; Antero, J. Cyclical Physiology of Elite Female Athletes: Longitudinal Quantification of Wellness Parameters Considering Menstrual, Weekly, and Seasonal Variations. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031357

AMA Style

Badier N, Dupuit M, Dormion G, Chassard T, Barlier K, Lafitte A, Delrieu L, Toussaint J-F, Antero J. Cyclical Physiology of Elite Female Athletes: Longitudinal Quantification of Wellness Parameters Considering Menstrual, Weekly, and Seasonal Variations. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(3):1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031357

Chicago/Turabian Style

Badier, Nolwenn, Marine Dupuit, Gaëlle Dormion, Tom Chassard, Kilian Barlier, Alice Lafitte, Lidia Delrieu, Jean-François Toussaint, and Juliana Antero. 2025. "Cyclical Physiology of Elite Female Athletes: Longitudinal Quantification of Wellness Parameters Considering Menstrual, Weekly, and Seasonal Variations" Applied Sciences 15, no. 3: 1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031357

APA Style

Badier, N., Dupuit, M., Dormion, G., Chassard, T., Barlier, K., Lafitte, A., Delrieu, L., Toussaint, J.-F., & Antero, J. (2025). Cyclical Physiology of Elite Female Athletes: Longitudinal Quantification of Wellness Parameters Considering Menstrual, Weekly, and Seasonal Variations. Applied Sciences, 15(3), 1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031357

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