Applied Sciences

4432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heterodyne Angle Deviation Interferometry in Vibration and Bubble Measurements

by Ming-Hung Chiu, Jia-Ze Shen and Jian-Ming Huang

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070205 - 19 Jul 2016

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5105

We proposed heterodyne angle deviation interferometry (HADI) for angle deviation measurements. The phase shift of an angular sensor (which can be a metal film or a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) prism) is proportional to the deviation angle of the test beam. The method [...] Read more.

We proposed heterodyne angle deviation interferometry (HADI) for angle deviation measurements. The phase shift of an angular sensor (which can be a metal film or a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) prism) is proportional to the deviation angle of the test beam. The method has been demonstrated in bubble and speaker’s vibration measurements in this paper. In the speaker’s vibration measurement, the voltage from the phase channel of a lock-in amplifier includes the vibration level and frequency. In bubble measurement, we can count the number of bubbles passing through the cross section of the laser beam and measure the bubble size from the phase pulse signal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Conference on Applied System Innovation 2016)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

5106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Parameters of Importance of a Graphene Synthesis Process Using Design-of-Experiments Method

by Udit Narula and Cher Ming Tan

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070204 - 14 Jul 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5814

Abstract

A systematic method to identify key factors that control the synthesis of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)-based graphene on copper is necessary for engineering graphene growth. The statistical design-of-experiments method is employed and demonstrated in this work in order to fulfill the necessity. Full-factorial [...] Read more.

A systematic method to identify key factors that control the synthesis of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)-based graphene on copper is necessary for engineering graphene growth. The statistical design-of-experiments method is employed and demonstrated in this work in order to fulfill the necessity. Full-factorial design-of-experiments are performed to examine the significance of the main effects and the extent of the interactions of the controlling factors, which are responsible for the number of layers and the quality of the grown graphene. We found that a thinner amorphous carbon layer and a higher annealing temperature are suitable for the growth of mono-layer/few-layer graphene with low defects, while the effect of annealing time has a trade-off and needs to be optimized further. On the other hand, the same treatment, but with larger annealing times will result in multi-layer graphene and low defects. The results obtained from the analysis of the design-of-experiments are verified experimentally with Raman characterization. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Characteristics of the Static Tri-Switches Tactile Probing Structure for Micro-Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)

by Yin Tung Albert Sun, Kuo-Yu Tseng and Dong-Yea Sheu

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070202 - 13 Jul 2016

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5829

Abstract

This paper describes the fabrication of a series of micro ball-ended stylus tips by applying micro-EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining) and OPED (One Pulse Electrical Discharge) processes, followed by a manual assembly process of a static tri-switches tactile structure on a micro-CMM (Coordinate Measuring [...] Read more.

This paper describes the fabrication of a series of micro ball-ended stylus tips by applying micro-EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining) and OPED (One Pulse Electrical Discharge) processes, followed by a manual assembly process of a static tri-switches tactile structure on a micro-CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine). This paper further proves that the essential performance of the proposed system meets an acceptable benchmark among peer micro-CMM systems with a low cost. The system also adjusts for ambient temperature and humidity as the ordinary lab environmental conditions. For demonstration, several experiments used a randomly selected glass stylus with the diameters of stem and sphere of 0.07 mm and 0.12 mm, respectively. By leveraging research guidelines and common practice, this paper further investigates the probing relationship between measurement accuracy and its associated critical characteristics, namely triggering scenarios and geometric feature probing validation. The experimental results show that repeated detections in the uncertainty, in vertical and horizontal directions of the same point, achieved as small as 0.11 μm and 0.29 μm, respectively. This customized tri-switches tactile probing structure was also capable of measuring geometric features of micro-components, such as the inner profile and depth of a micro-hole. Finally, extensions of the proposed approach to pursue higher accuracy measurement are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Applications of Coordinate Measuring Machines)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Tool Geometry Influence in Indentation for the Analysis and Validation of the New Modular Upper Bound Technique

by Carolina Bermudo, Lorenzo Sevilla, Francisco Martín and Francisco J. Trujillo

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070203 - 12 Jul 2016

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4418

Abstract

Focusing on incremental bulk metal forming processes, the indentation process is gaining interest as a fundamental part of these kinds of processes. This paper presents the analysis of the pressure obtained in indentation under the influence of different punch geometries. To this end, [...] Read more.

Focusing on incremental bulk metal forming processes, the indentation process is gaining interest as a fundamental part of these kinds of processes. This paper presents the analysis of the pressure obtained in indentation under the influence of different punch geometries. To this end, an innovative Upper Bound Theorem (UBT) based solution is introduced. This new solution can be easily applied to estimate the necessary force that guarantees plastic deformation by an indentation process. In this work, we propose an accurate analytical approach to analyse indentation under different punches. The new Modular Upper Bound (MUB) method presents a simpler and faster application. Additionally, its complexity is not considerably increased by the addition of more Triangular Rigid Zones. In addition, a two-dimensional indentation model is designed and implemented using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The comparison of the two methods applied to the indentation process analysed—the new Modular Upper Bound technique and the Finite Element Method—reveal close similarities, the new Modular Upper Bound being more computationally efficient. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

4809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Dual-Axis MEMS Accelerometers for Machine Tools Vibration Monitoring

by Chih-Yung Huang and Jian-Hao Chen

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070201 - 12 Jul 2016

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 9557

Abstract

With the development of intelligent machine tools, monitoring the vibration by the accelerometer is an important issue. Accelerometers used for measuring vibration signals during milling processes require the characteristics of high sensitivity, high resolution, and high bandwidth. A commonly used accelerometer is the [...] Read more.

With the development of intelligent machine tools, monitoring the vibration by the accelerometer is an important issue. Accelerometers used for measuring vibration signals during milling processes require the characteristics of high sensitivity, high resolution, and high bandwidth. A commonly used accelerometer is the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) type; however, integrating it into intelligent modules is excessively expensive and difficult. Therefore, the micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometer is an alternative with the advantages of lower price and superior integration. In the present study, we integrated two MEMS accelerometer chips into a low-pass filter and housing to develop a low-cost dual-axis accelerometer with a bandwidth of 5 kHz and a full scale range of ±50 g for measuring machine tool vibration. In addition, a platform for measuring the linearity, cross-axis sensitivity and frequency response of the MEMS accelerometer by using the back-to-back calibration method was also developed. Finally, cutting experiments with steady and chatter cutting were performed to verify the results of comparing the MEMS accelerometer with the PZT accelerometer in the time and frequency domains. The results demonstrated that the dual-axis MEMS accelerometer is suitable for monitoring the vibration of machine tools at low cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 2015 International Conference on Inventions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Selective Dynamic Sampling Back-Propagation Approach for Handling the Two-Class Imbalance Problem

by Roberto Alejo, Juan Monroy-de-Jesús, Juan H. Pacheco-Sánchez, Erika López-González and Juan A. Antonio-Velázquez

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070200 - 11 Jul 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5143

Abstract

In this work, we developed a Selective Dynamic Sampling Approach (SDSA) to deal with the class imbalance problem. It is based on the idea of using only the most appropriate samples during the neural network training stage. The “average samples”are the best to [...] Read more.

In this work, we developed a Selective Dynamic Sampling Approach (SDSA) to deal with the class imbalance problem. It is based on the idea of using only the most appropriate samples during the neural network training stage. The “average samples”are the best to train the neural network, they are neither hard, nor easy to learn, and they could improve the classifier performance. The experimental results show that the proposed method is a successful method to deal with the two-class imbalance problem. It is very competitive with respect to well-known over-sampling approaches and dynamic sampling approaches, even often outperforming the under-sampling and standard back-propagation methods. SDSA is a very simple method for automatically selecting the most appropriate samples (average samples) during the training of the back-propagation, and it is very efficient. In the training stage, SDSA uses significantly fewer samples than the popular over-sampling approaches and even than the standard back-propagation trained with the original dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Artificial Neural Network)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

2691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Energy Storage for Building Load Management: Application to Electrically Heated Floor

by Hélène Thieblemont, Fariborz Haghighat and Alain Moreau

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070194 - 11 Jul 2016

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5043

Abstract

In cold climates, electrical power demand for space conditioning becomes a critical issue for utility companies during certain periods of the day. Shifting a portion or all of it to off-peak periods can help reduce peak demand and reduce stress on the electrical [...] Read more.

In cold climates, electrical power demand for space conditioning becomes a critical issue for utility companies during certain periods of the day. Shifting a portion or all of it to off-peak periods can help reduce peak demand and reduce stress on the electrical grid. Sensible thermal energy storage (TES) systems, and particularly electrically heated floors (EHF), can store thermal energy in buildings during the off-peak periods and release it during the peak periods while maintaining occupants’ thermal comfort. However, choosing the type of storage system and/or its configuration may be difficult. In this paper, the performance of an EHF for load management is studied. First, a methodology is developed to integrate EHF in TRNSYS program in order to investigate the impact of floor assembly on the EHF performance. Then, the thermal comfort (TC) of the night-running EHF is studied. Finally, indicators are defined, allowing the comparison of different EHF. Results show that an EHF is able to shift 84% of building loads to the night while maintaining acceptable TC in cold climate. Moreover, this system is able to provide savings for the customer and supplier if there is a significant difference between off-peak and peak period electricity prices. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

3581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Novel Chalcones as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

by Thanh-Dao Tran, Thi-Cam-Vi Nguyen, Ngoc-Son Nguyen, Dai-Minh Nguyen, Thi-Thu-Ha Nguyen, Minh-Tri Le and Khac-Minh Thai

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070198 - 7 Jul 2016

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 9278

Abstract

A new series of benzylaminochalcone derivatives with different substituents on ring B were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. The study is aimed at identification of novel benzylaminochalcones capable of blocking acetylcholinesterase activity for further development of an approach to Alzheimer’s disease [...] Read more.

A new series of benzylaminochalcone derivatives with different substituents on ring B were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. The study is aimed at identification of novel benzylaminochalcones capable of blocking acetylcholinesterase activity for further development of an approach to Alzheimer’s disease treatment. These compounds were produced in moderate to good yields via Claisen-Schmidt condensation and subjected to an in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, using Ellman’s method. The in silico docking procedure was also employed to identify molecular interactions between the chalcone compounds and the enzyme. Compounds with ring B bearing pyridin-4-yl, 4-nitrophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl and 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl moieties were discovered to exhibit significant inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 23 to 39 µM. The molecular modeling studies are consistent with the hypothesis that benzylaminochalcones could exert their effects as dual-binding-site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which might simultaneously enhance cholinergic neurotransmission and inhibit β-amyloid aggregation through binding to both catalytic and peripheral sites of the enzyme. These derivatives could be further developed to provide novel leads for the discovery of new anti-Alzheimer drugs in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical and Molecular Sciences)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

8755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Wavelet Threshold Denoising Method for Machinery Sound Based on Improved Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm

by Jing Xu, Zhongbin Wang, Chao Tan, Lei Si, Lin Zhang and Xinhua Liu

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070199 - 6 Jul 2016

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7947

Abstract

As the sound signal of a machine contains abundant information and is easy to measure, acoustic-based monitoring or diagnosis systems exhibit obvious superiority, especially in some extreme conditions. However, the sound directly collected from industrial field is always polluted. In order to eliminate [...] Read more.

As the sound signal of a machine contains abundant information and is easy to measure, acoustic-based monitoring or diagnosis systems exhibit obvious superiority, especially in some extreme conditions. However, the sound directly collected from industrial field is always polluted. In order to eliminate noise components from machinery sound, a wavelet threshold denoising method optimized by an improved fruit fly optimization algorithm (WTD-IFOA) is proposed in this paper. The sound is firstly decomposed by wavelet transform (WT) to obtain coefficients of each level. As the wavelet threshold functions proposed by Donoho were discontinuous, many modified functions with continuous first and second order derivative were presented to realize adaptively denoising. However, the function-based denoising process is time-consuming and it is difficult to find optimal thresholds. To overcome these problems, fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA) was introduced to the process. Moreover, to avoid falling into local extremes, an improved fly distance range obeying normal distribution was proposed on the basis of original FOA. Then, sound signal of a motor was recorded in a soundproof laboratory, and Gauss white noise was added into the signal. The simulation results illustrated the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach by a comprehensive comparison among five typical methods. Finally, an industrial application on a shearer in coal mining working face was performed to demonstrate the practical effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Audio Signal Processing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3651 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress on Solution-Processed CdTe Nanocrystals Solar Cells

by Hao Xue, Rongfang Wu, Ya Xie, Qiongxuan Tan, Donghuan Qin, Hongbin Wu and Wenbo Huang

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070197 - 4 Jul 2016

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8726

Abstract

Solution-processed CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) photovoltaic devices have many advantages, both in commercial manufacture and daily operation, due to the low-cost fabrication process, which becomes a competitive candidate for next-generation solar cells. All solution-processed CdTe NCs solar cells were first reported in 2005. In [...] Read more.

Solution-processed CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) photovoltaic devices have many advantages, both in commercial manufacture and daily operation, due to the low-cost fabrication process, which becomes a competitive candidate for next-generation solar cells. All solution-processed CdTe NCs solar cells were first reported in 2005. In recent years, they have increased over four-fold in power conversion efficiency. The latest devices achieve AM 1.5 G power conversion efficiency up to 12.0%, values comparable to those of commercial thin film CdTe/CdS solar cells fabricated by the close-space sublimation (CSS) method. Here we review the progress and prospects in this field, focusing on new insights into CdTe NCs synthesized, device fabrication, NC solar cell operation, and how these findings give guidance on optimizing solar cell performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics and Quantum Optics of Hybrid Nanoparticle Systems: Applications and Fundamentals)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

4099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Information-Aided Smart Schemes for Vehicle Flow Detection Enhancements of Traffic Microwave Radar Detectors

by Tan-Jan Ho and Meng-Ju Chung

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070196 - 4 Jul 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7569

Abstract

For satisfactory traffic management of an intelligent transport system, it is vital that traffic microwave radar detectors (TMRDs) can provide real-time traffic information with high accuracy. In this study, we develop several information-aided smart schemes for traffic detection improvements of TMRDs in multiple-lane [...] Read more.

For satisfactory traffic management of an intelligent transport system, it is vital that traffic microwave radar detectors (TMRDs) can provide real-time traffic information with high accuracy. In this study, we develop several information-aided smart schemes for traffic detection improvements of TMRDs in multiple-lane environments. Specifically, we select appropriate thresholds not only for removing noise from fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) of regional lane contexts but also for reducing FFT side lobes within each lane. The resulting FFTs of reflected vehicle signals and those of clutter are distinguishable. We exploit FFT and lane-/or time stamp-related information for developing smart schemes, which mitigate adverse effects of lane-crossing FFT side lobes of a vehicle signal. As such, the proposed schemes can enhance the detection accuracy of both lane vehicle flow and directional traffic volume. On-site experimental results demonstrate the advantages and feasibility of the proposed methods, and suggest the best smart scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Conference on Applied System Innovation 2016)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

1101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Kinematic Model of Portable Articulated Coordinate Measuring Machine

by Hui-Ning Zhao, Lian-Dong Yu, Hua-Kun Jia, Wei-Shi Li and Jing-Qi Sun

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070181 - 1 Jul 2016

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6188

Abstract

Portable articulated coordinate measuring machine (PACMM) is a kind of high accuracy coordinate measurement instrument and it has been widely applied in manufacturing and assembly. A number of key problems should be taken into consideration to achieve the required accuracy, such as structural [...] Read more.

Portable articulated coordinate measuring machine (PACMM) is a kind of high accuracy coordinate measurement instrument and it has been widely applied in manufacturing and assembly. A number of key problems should be taken into consideration to achieve the required accuracy, such as structural design, mathematical measurement model and calibration method. Although the classical kinematic model of PACMM is the Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) model, the representation of D-H encounters the badly-conditioned problem when the consecutive joint axes are parallel or nearly parallel. In this paper, a new kinematic model of PACMM based on a generalized geometric error model which eliminates the inadequacies of D-H model has been proposed. Furthermore, the generalized geometric error parameters of PACMM are optimized by the Levenberg-Marquard (L-M) algorithm. The experimental result demonstrates that the measurement of standard deviation of PACMM based on the generalized geometric error model has been reduced from 0.0627 mm to 0.0452 mm with respect to the D-H model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Applications of Coordinate Measuring Machines)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

2038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase-Sensitive 2D Motion Estimators Using Frequency Spectra of Ultrasonic Echoes

by Hideyuki Hasegawa

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070195 - 30 Jun 2016

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5249

Abstract

Recently, high-frame-rate ultrasound has been extensively studied for measurement of tissue dynamics, such as pulsations of the carotid artery and heart. Motion estimators are very important for such measurements of tissue dynamics. In high-frame-rate ultrasound, the tissue displacement between frames becomes very small [...] Read more.

Recently, high-frame-rate ultrasound has been extensively studied for measurement of tissue dynamics, such as pulsations of the carotid artery and heart. Motion estimators are very important for such measurements of tissue dynamics. In high-frame-rate ultrasound, the tissue displacement between frames becomes very small owing to the high temporal resolution. Under such conditions, the speckle tracking method requires high levels of interpolation to estimate such a small displacement. A phase-sensitive motion estimator is feasible because it does not suffer from the aliasing effect by such a small displacement and does not require interpolation to estimate a sub-sample displacement. In the present study, two phase-sensitive 2D motion estimators, namely, paired 1D motion estimators and 2D motion estimator with shifted cross spectra, were developed. Phase-sensitive motion estimators using frequency spectra of ultrasonic echoes have already been proposed in previous studies. However, such methods had not taken into account the ambiguity of the frequency of each component of the spectrum. We have proposed a method, which estimates the mean frequency of each component of the spectrum, and the proposed method was validated by a phantom experiment. The experimental results showed that the bias errors in the estimated motion velocities of the phantom were less than or equal to (11.5% in lateral, 2.0% in axial) by the proposed 1D paired motion estimators and (3.0%, 2.0%) by the proposed 2D motion estimators, both of which were significantly smaller than (14.0%, 3.0%) of the conventional phase-sensitive 2D motion estimator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Ultrasound)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

2D Conduction Simulation of a PCM Storage Coupled with a Heat Pump in a Ventilation System

by Joseph Virgone and Abdelkrim Trabelsi

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070193 - 30 Jun 2016

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5336

Abstract

Efforts to simulate heat transfer in a PCM (Phase Change Material) storage device are generally led by considerations of Biot number and material thickness, of 2D versus 1D representation, and of possible hysteresis effects arising from the characterisation of the PCM using differential [...] Read more.

Efforts to simulate heat transfer in a PCM (Phase Change Material) storage device are generally led by considerations of Biot number and material thickness, of 2D versus 1D representation, and of possible hysteresis effects arising from the characterisation of the PCM using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In this paper we present a numerical treatment of heat conduction in a paraffin-based storage brick, based on experimental data for a full scale, heat storage component studied under laboratory conditions. The PCM was modelled adopting equivalent thermophysical properties during the phase change. An equivalent heat capacity and thermal conductivity were provided for an appropriate description of energy release and storage in the process of solidification and melting. The geometry of the metal container induces 2D effects that are generally neglected in numerical modelling. The thickness of the plates (about 2 cm) is sufficiently large to require the modelling of conduction in the PCM, but can also induce convection that has been neglected in this study. Experimental results are presented and compared for both a 1D and 2D model of the PCM device. It was concluded that a 2D representation is essential for configurations; like the case study and geometry we had; with a large difference in thermal conductivity between PCM and metal casing. Two curves of equivalent heat capacity (measured via DSC) were introduced for heating and cooling phases. Comparisons to experimental results indicated significant errors in the models during melting and solidification of the PCM, which could be reduced by instead adopting the mean of the two heat capacity curves. The rate of temperature change during the experiments and for the DSC characterisation was analysed and found to explain well the observations. In particular, as novelty, two peaks of equivalent heat capacity have been observed with DSC when the rate is very low instead of only one peak using current rate: and that explains the real behaviour in the experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials (PCM))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eluding the Physical Constraints in a Nonlinear Interaction Sound Synthesis Model for Gesture Guidance

by Etienne Thoret, Mitsuko Aramaki, Charles Gondre, Sølvi Ystad and Richard Kronland-Martinet

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070192 - 30 Jun 2016

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5329

Abstract

In this paper, a flexible control strategy for a synthesis model dedicated to nonlinear friction phenomena is proposed. This model enables to synthesize different types of sound sources, such as creaky doors, singing glasses, squeaking wet plates or bowed strings. Based on the [...] Read more.

In this paper, a flexible control strategy for a synthesis model dedicated to nonlinear friction phenomena is proposed. This model enables to synthesize different types of sound sources, such as creaky doors, singing glasses, squeaking wet plates or bowed strings. Based on the perceptual stance that a sound is perceived as the result of an action on an object we propose a genuine source/filter synthesis approach that enables to elude physical constraints induced by the coupling between the interacting objects. This approach makes it possible to independently control and freely combine the action and the object. Different implementations and applications related to computer animation, gesture learning for rehabilitation and expert gestures are presented at the end of this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Audio Signal Processing)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

2241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy Case-Based Reasoning System

by Jing Lu, Dingling Bai, Ning Zhang, Tiantian Yu and Xiakun Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070189 - 29 Jun 2016

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7938

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a fuzzy case-based reasoning system, using a case-based reasoning (CBR) system that learns from experience to solve problems. Different from a traditional case-based reasoning system that uses crisp cases, our system works with fuzzy ones. Specifically, we change [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose a fuzzy case-based reasoning system, using a case-based reasoning (CBR) system that learns from experience to solve problems. Different from a traditional case-based reasoning system that uses crisp cases, our system works with fuzzy ones. Specifically, we change a crisp case into a fuzzy one by fuzzifying each crisp case element (feature), according to the maximum degree principle. Thus, we add the “vague” concept into a case-based reasoning system. It is these somewhat vague inputs that make the outcomes of the prediction more meaningful and accurate, which illustrates that it is not necessarily helpful when we always create accurate predictive relations through crisp cases. Finally, we prove this and apply this model to practical weather forecasting, and experiments show that using fuzzy cases can make some prediction results more accurate than using crisp cases. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Neural Network Model to Estimate the Viscosity of Polymer Solutions for Enhanced Oil Recovery

by Pan-Sang Kang, Jong-Se Lim and Chun Huh

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070188 - 29 Jun 2016

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9055

Abstract

Polymer flooding is now considered a technically- and commercially-proven method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The viscosity of the injected polymer solution is the key property for successful polymer flooding. Given that the viscosity of a polymer solution has a non-linear relationship with [...] Read more.

Polymer flooding is now considered a technically- and commercially-proven method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The viscosity of the injected polymer solution is the key property for successful polymer flooding. Given that the viscosity of a polymer solution has a non-linear relationship with various influential parameters (molecular weight, degree of hydrolysis, polymer concentration, cation concentration of polymer solution, shear rate, temperature) and that measurement of viscosity based on these parameters is a time-consuming process, the range of solution samples and the measurement conditions need to be limited and precise. Viscosity estimation of the polymer solution is effective for these purposes. An artificial neural network (ANN) was applied to the viscosity estimation of Flopaam^TM 3330S, Flopaam^TM 3630S and AN-125 solutions, three commonly-used EOR polymers. The viscosities measured and estimated by ANN and the Carreau model using Lee’s correlation, the only method for estimating the viscosity of an EOR polymer solution in unmeasured conditions, were compared. Estimation accuracy was evaluated by the average absolute relative deviation, which has been widely used for accuracy evaluation of the results of ANN models. In all conditions, the accuracy of the ANN model is higher than that of the Carreau model using Lee’s correlation. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16376 KiB

Open AccessReview

Stability of Single Electron Devices: Charge Offset Drift

by M. D. Stewart, Jr. and Neil M. Zimmerman

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070187 - 29 Jun 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7444

Abstract

Single electron devices (SEDs) afford the opportunity to isolate and manipulate individual electrons. This ability imbues SEDs with potential applications in a wide array of areas from metrology (current and capacitance) to quantum information. Success in each application ultimately requires exceptional performance, uniformity, [...] Read more.

Single electron devices (SEDs) afford the opportunity to isolate and manipulate individual electrons. This ability imbues SEDs with potential applications in a wide array of areas from metrology (current and capacitance) to quantum information. Success in each application ultimately requires exceptional performance, uniformity, and stability from SEDs which is currently unavailable. In this review, we discuss a time instability of SEDs that occurs at low frequency (

≪ 1

Hz) called charge offset drift. We review experimental work which shows that charge offset drift is large in metal-based SEDs and absent in Si-SiO₂-based devices. We discuss the experimental results in the context of glassy relaxation as well as prospects of SED device applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Single-Electron Transistors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Class B Fire-Extinguishing Performance Evaluation of a Compressed Air Foam System at Different Air-to-Aqueous Foam Solution Mixing Ratios

by Dong-Ho Rie, Jang-Won Lee and Seonwoong Kim

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070191 - 28 Jun 2016

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7840

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the fire-extinguishing performance of a compressed air foam system at different mixing ratios of pressurized air. In this system, compressed air is injected into an aqueous solution of foam and then discharged. The experimental device [...] Read more.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the fire-extinguishing performance of a compressed air foam system at different mixing ratios of pressurized air. In this system, compressed air is injected into an aqueous solution of foam and then discharged. The experimental device uses an exclusive fire-extinguishing technology with compressed air foam that is produced based on the Canada National Laboratory and UL (Underwriters Laboratories) 162 standards, with a 20-unit oil fire model (Class B) applied as the fire extinguisher. Compressed air is injected through the air mixture, and results with different air-to-aqueous solution foam ratios of 1:4, 1:7, and 1:10 are studied. In addition, comparison experiments between synthetic surfactant foam and a foam type which forms an aqueous film are carried out at an air-to-aqueous solution foam ratio of 1:4. From the experimental results, at identical discharging flows, it was found that the fire-extinguishing effect of the aqueous film-forming foam is greatest at an air-to-aqueous solution foam ratio of 1:7 and weakest at 1:10. Moreover, the fire-extinguishing effect of the aqueous film-forming foam in the comparison experiments between the aqueous film-forming foam and the synthetic surfactant foam is greatest. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model to Determinate the Influence of Probability Density Functions (PDFs) of Input Quantities in Measurements

by Jesús Caja, Piera Maresca and Emilio Gómez

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070190 - 28 Jun 2016

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3774

Abstract

A method for analysing the effect of different hypotheses about the type of the input quantities distributions of a measurement model is presented here so that the developed algorithms can be simplified. As an example, a model of indirect measurements with optical coordinate [...] Read more.

A method for analysing the effect of different hypotheses about the type of the input quantities distributions of a measurement model is presented here so that the developed algorithms can be simplified. As an example, a model of indirect measurements with optical coordinate measurement machine was employed to evaluate these different hypotheses. As a result of the different experiments, the assumption that the different variables of the model can be modelled as normal distributions is proved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Applications of Coordinate Measuring Machines)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

3651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modal Processor Effects Inspired by Hammond Tonewheel Organs

by Kurt James Werner and Jonathan S. Abel

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070185 - 28 Jun 2016

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8589

Abstract

In this design study, we introduce a novel class of digital audio effects that extend the recently introduced modal processor approach to artificial reverberation and effects processing. These pitch and distortion processing effects mimic the design and sonics of a classic additive-synthesis-based electromechanical [...] Read more.

In this design study, we introduce a novel class of digital audio effects that extend the recently introduced modal processor approach to artificial reverberation and effects processing. These pitch and distortion processing effects mimic the design and sonics of a classic additive-synthesis-based electromechanical musical instrument, the Hammond tonewheel organ. As a reverb effect, the modal processor simulates a room response as the sum of resonant filter responses. This architecture provides precise, interactive control over the frequency, damping, and complex amplitude of each mode. Into this framework, we introduce two types of processing effects: pitch effects inspired by the Hammond organ’s equal tempered “tonewheels”, “drawbar” tone controls, vibrato/chorus circuit, and distortion effects inspired by the pseudo-sinusoidal shape of its tonewheels and electromagnetic pickup distortion. The result is an effects processor that imprints the Hammond organ’s sonics onto any audio input. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Audio Signal Processing)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

2447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Mechano-Electrochemical Behavior of Articular Cartilage in Populations with Obesity

by Sara Manzano, Manuel Doblaré and Mohamed Hamdy Doweidar

Appl. Sci. 2016, 6(7), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/app6070186 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4815

Abstract

Obesity, one of the major problems in modern society, adversely affects people’s health and increases the risk of suffering degeneration in supportive tissues such as cartilage, which loses its ability to support and distribute loads. However, no specific research regarding obesity-associated alterations in [...] Read more.

Obesity, one of the major problems in modern society, adversely affects people’s health and increases the risk of suffering degeneration in supportive tissues such as cartilage, which loses its ability to support and distribute loads. However, no specific research regarding obesity-associated alterations in the mechano-electrochemical cartilage environment has been developed. Such studies could help us to understand the first signs of cartilage degeneration when body weight increases and to establish preventive treatments to avoid cartilage deterioration. In this work, a previous mechano-electrochemical computational model has been further developed and employed to analyze and quantify the effects of obesity on the articular cartilage of the femoral hip. A comparison between the obtained results of the healthy and osteoarthritic cartilage has been made. It shows that behavioral patterns of cartilage, such as ion fluxes and cation distribution, have considerable similarities with those obtained for the early stages of osteoarthritis. Thus, an increment in the outgoing ion fluxes is produced, resulting in lower cation concentrations in all the cartilage layers. These results suggest that people with obesity, i.e. a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m², should undergo preventive treatments for osteoarthritis to avoid homeostatic alterations and, subsequent, tissue deterioration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical Models of Biology and Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Appl. Sci., Volume 6, Issue 7 (July 2016) – 22 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI