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Article

Synergistically-Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials by Expanded Graphite and Carbon Nanotube

by
Zhang-Peng Liu
and
Rui Yang
*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(6), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/app7060574
Submission received: 2 May 2017 / Revised: 30 May 2017 / Accepted: 31 May 2017 / Published: 2 June 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Material (PCM) 2017)
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Abstract

:

Featured Application

This work faces applications in energy-saving buildings. The involved shape-stabilized phase change material is a promising material used in walls or floors of buildings to regulating the room temperature in a comfortable range, taking advantage of clean and sustainable solar energy or off-peak electricity.

Abstract

The thermal conductivity of expanded graphite plate (EGP) and/or multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-filled, shape-stabilized, phase change material (SSPCM), based on paraffin, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS), was investigated. The results demonstrated that both EGP and MWCNT increased the thermal conductivity of the SSPCM. EGP showed a greater thermal conductivity improvement than MWCNT. The conductivity of EGP-filled SSPCM reached 0.574 W/mK at 9 wt %, while that of MWCNT was just 0.372 W/mK at the same loading. Furthermore a series of EGP/MWCNT hybrid fillers were prepared and introduced into the SSPCM, and a synergistic effect was observed between the two fillers. When the EGP/MWCNT ratio was 8:2, the most significant thermal conductivity enhancement to the SSPCM was obtained. The thermal conductivity was 0.674 W/mK, 288% that of the SSPCM and 117% that of 9 wt % EGP-filled SSPCM. The SEM photos showed that a bridging of two-dimensional (2D) planar EGP by flexible one-dimensional (1D) MWCNT was constructed. The so-formed EGP-MWCNT network favored heat transfer along it and led to a decreased thermal interface resistance due to the increased EGP-MWCNT junctions.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Thermal energy storage system, using phase change materials (PCMs) to absorb and release large amounts of heat during the phase change process with reduced temperature fluctuations, is an efficient system to improve energy efficiency and, thus, reduce CO2 emissions [1,2]. PCMs are classified into two major categories: inorganic and organic PCMs. Inorganic PCMs, such as hydrated salts, salts, metals, and alloys, usually have high latent heat, relatively high thermal conductivity and small volume change. However, disadvantages, such as toxicity, corrosion, super-cooling, and phase separation during the phase change process, significantly restrict their practical application. In contrast, organic PCMs, such as paraffins, fatty acids, and alcohols, especially paraffins, have versatile phase change temperatures, high latent heat, and good chemical stability, and are non-toxic with little super-cooling. Therefore, paraffins are the most promising PCMs [3].
In spite of these attractive properties, paraffin PCMs suffer from low thermal conductivity (0.1–0.3 W/mK), which limits its applications [4]. The general way to improve thermal conductivity of paraffin PCMs is to add highly thermally-conductive fillers. Metal fillers have good thermal conductivity and, thus, were used often [5,6,7,8,9]. For example, Wu et al. [6] reported that by adding 1 wt % Cu nanoparticles into paraffin (Tm = 58–60 °C), the heating and cooling times were reduced by 30.3% and 28.2%, respectively. Xiao et al. [8] prepared paraffin (Tm = 60–62 °C)/nickel foam and paraffin/copper foam composites by using a vacuum impregnation method. The result showed that the thermal conductivities of the paraffin/nickel foam and the paraffin/copper foam composites were nearly three and 15 times larger than that of pure paraffin. Metal oxide fillers have also been used to improve the thermal conductivity of paraffin PCMs, but the enhancement is not significant [10,11,12,13]. For example, Wang et al. [10] dispersed Al2O3 nanoparticles with mass fractions of 1–5 wt % into paraffin (Tm = 52–56 °C) to prepare the composites. The results revealed that the thermal conductivity of the composite with 5 wt % Al2O3 was higher than pure paraffin by about 0.07 W/mK in the solid state at 288 K, and 0.05 W/mK in the liquid state at 338 K, respectively. Jesumathy et al. [12] added 40 nm CuO particles into paraffin (Tm = 58 °C). The thermal conductivity was enhanced 6–7.8% in the liquid state, and the heat transfer coefficient during solidification was increased by about 78% for the maximum flow rate.
Although metals and metal oxides have enhanced the thermal conductivity of PCMs, they obviously increased the weight of the PCMs, and decreased the heat storage density and the thermal and chemical stability [14]. In recent years, carbon based fillers, such as graphite, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, were used to enhance the thermal conductivity of PCMs because of their excellent thermal conductivity and low density [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. For example, Shi et al. [15] prepared PCMs by mixing paraffin (Tm = 61.6 °C) with exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) or graphene in hot toluene, followed by solvent evaporation and vacuum drying. The result revealed that the solid-phase thermal conductivities of paraffin/xGnP and paraffin/graphene composites were 2.7 W/mK and 0.5 W/mK, respectively, significantly higher than that of pure paraffin (0.25 W/mK). Xia et al. [19] prepared PCMs by mixing paraffin (Tm = 50–55 °C) with expanded graphite (EG). The result revealed that the heat storage/retrieval durations for EG(10)/paraffin(90) composite were reduced by 48.9% and 66.5%, respectively. Wang et al. [23] dispersed multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in paraffin (Tm = 52–54 °C). The result revealed that the thermal conductivity of paraffin with 2 wt % MWCNTs was enhanced 35.0% and 45.0% in solid and liquid states. Mohammad et al. [25] prepared a PCM composite by vacuum impregnation of paraffin (Tm = 50–60 °C) with graphene oxide (GO) sheets. The result revealed that the thermal conductivity of the composite was improved from 0.305 to 0.985 W/mK.
Although high thermal conductivity was easily achieved by incorporating paraffin with thermal conductive fillers, the composites have no mechanical strength, and leakage of paraffin during storage, transportation, and usage is a significant problem. Shape-stabilized phase change material (SSPCM) with a polymer matrix as supporting and encapsulation materials [28,29,30] is a good solution for strength and leakage. However, only a few works on thermal conductivity enhancement of SSPCM have been found in the literature [31,32,33,34,35]. For example, Xiao et al. [34] found that expanded graphite in styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS)/paraffin composite helped to decrease the heat release time by 61%. Cheng et al. [33] found that EG enhanced the thermal conductivity of an HDPE/paraffin composite more than graphite powder (GP). Patrix et al. [32] used linear low-density polyethylene, paraffin wax, and expanded graphite (EG) to prepare SSPCM. They found that the thermal conductivity was increased to 1.329 W/mK for SSPCM containing 15 wt % of EG.
Although many works have been carried out and the thermal conductivity of paraffin was improved to different extents, relative works on thermal conductivity enhancement of paraffin-based SSPCM are not sufficient. Most of the previous works focused on preparation and thermal property determination, with little discussion on thermal conductivity enhancement mechanisms and the effect of filler(s) dispersion morphology in SSPCM. In addition, most of works were based on paraffins with a high phase change temperature (50–60 °C); paraffins with phase change temperatures of 20–30 °C, which are required for energy-saving buildings, are not concerned. Therefore, in this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) structure filler-expanded graphite plate (EGP) and a one-dimensional (1D) structure filler-multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were used to enhance the thermal conductivity of the SSPCM, which was prepared for building applications with good comprehensive properties [29]. The effect of filler dispersion morphology on thermal conductivity was investigated. Furthermore, a synergistic effect between EGP and MWCNT fillers were observed, and the synergistic mechanism was discussed.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

Paraffin, (melting temperature: 20–25 °C; latent heat: 122.6 J/g), was from the Shijiazhuang Zhongdejieneng Phase Change Materials Company, Shijiazhuang, China. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) was provided by Beijing Eastern Petrochemical Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). SBS (linear copolymer, S/B = 3/7) was obtained from Dushanzi Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Karamay, China. Expandable graphite (expansion ratio 100–400 mL/g) was supplied by Qingdao Jinrilai Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China. Raw multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), with a statistical diameter of 10 nm and a statistical length of 10 µm, were supplied by the Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, China. The thermo-physical properties of these materials are listed in Table 1.

2.2. Treatment of Expandable Graphite and MWCNT

Expandable graphite was first held in a muffle furnace (Shenyang Energy Saving Furnace Company, Shenyang, China) at 900 °C for 30 s to form expanded graphite (EG). Then, EG was sheared in hexane at 20,000 r/min for 30 min by a homogenizer (FM200, Fluko Equipment Shanghai Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China), followed by bath sonication for 1 h to obtain expanded graphite plate (EGP).
MWCNTs were sheared in hexane at 20,000 r/min for 30 min, followed by bath sonication for 1 h.

2.3. Preparation of Hybrid Fillers

Several grams of EGP and MWCNT were dispersed in 1000 mL hexane by shearing at 20,000 r/min for 30 min, followed by bath sonication for 1 h to obtain hybrid fillers named as EGPx-MWCNT10−x (x EGP with a total loading of 10 fillers).

2.4. Preparation of Thermal Conductivity Enhanced SSPCMs

EGP (1–12 wt %), MWCNT (1–10 wt %), or EGPx-MWCNT10−x (10 wt %), was mixed with SBS, HDPE, and paraffin (with a mass ratio of 30/10/60). Next, the mixture was melt-blended at 140 °C for 10 min in a torque rheometer (RM-200A Rheometer, Harbin Hapro Electrical Technology Co., Harbin, China) at 60 rpm. Then, it was hot-pressed at 140 °C into disks for thermal conductivity determination. The compositions of the SSPCMs (shape-stabilized phase change material) are listed in Table 2.

2.5. Characterization

2.5.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy

The morphologies of fillers and SSPCMs were observed by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, JSM-6700F (JEOL Ltd.), Tokyo, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV.

2.5.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

The melting and crystallization temperature of a sample was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (Q-100, TA Instrument, New Castle, DE, USA) in a temperature range of −30 °C~50 °C at 10 °C/min. The specific heat ( C p ,   J / gK , measurement accuracy is 0.01 J/gK) was determined at 35 °C by DSC (Q-100, TA Instrument, Whatcom, WA, USA), and the values are shown in Table 3.

2.5.3. Thermal Conductivity Test

Thermal conductivity ( λ ,   W / mK ) was calculated according to equation: λ = α × C p × ρ . Thermal diffusivity ( α ,   mm 2 / s , measurement accuracy is 0.001 mm2/s) of sample disks ( ∅ 12.7 × 2   mm 3 ) at 35 °C was measured by the laser flash method (LFA 447, NETZSCH Instruments Co., Shanghai, China). Density ( ρ ,   g / cm 3 ) was calculated by the mass   ( measurement   accuracy   is   0.0001   g ) / volume of samples, as shown in Table 2.

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Morphology of Fillers

In order to enhance the thermal conductivity of the SSPCM, a heat transfer network constructed by fillers is required. This demands a good dispersion of fillers in the SSPCM. EG particles have a worm-like structure with nano-platelets adhered to each other (Figure 1a), with size of hundreds of microns. Due to the high surface energy of MWCNTs, they tend to entangle together (Figure 1c), thus strong shearing is required to disentangle or exfoliate them and realize good dispersion. When fillers are melt-blended with low viscosity SSPCM, the shear force is relatively small, so it is difficult to overcome the interaction between fillers just by melt blending, even at high mixing speeds, and the fillers cannot be dispersed evenly in the SSPCM matrix. Therefore, the pretreatment of fillers is necessary to weaken their interaction and lessen the aggregation.
Figure 1 shows the morphologies of two fillers and their hybrid after pretreatment by shear and sonication. As shown in Figure 1a, expandable graphite was treated at 900 °C for 30 s to obtain expanded graphite (EG) with a worm-like structure, and its volume was expanded hundreds of times. After high-speed shear and sonication, the multi-layer in the worm-like structure was exfoliated to form EGP, as show in Figure 1b. In Figure 1c, primary MWCNT was severely aggregated. After high-speed shear and sonication, MWCNTs became even and loose, as shown in Figure 1d. Figure 1e–j are micrographs of hybrid fillers with different EGP/MWCNT ratios. MWCNTs were adhered on the surface of EGPs. This special bridging structure would benefit the heat transfer between EGPs and MWCNTs and decrease the interface thermal resistance. However, with the increase of MWCNT content in the EGPx-MWCNT10−x hybrid filler, more MWCNTs were aggregated, rather than adhered on EGPs. For example, in EGP8-MWCNT2, we can observe more MWCNTs on EGPs than that in EGP3-MWCNT7.

3.2. Thermal Conductivity

The cooling and the heating DSC curves of the SSPCM (as a typical PCM example) are shown in Figure 2. From 0 to 30 °C, the SSPCM underwent a solid-liquid phase change, and the specific heat changed with temperature. Therefore, the thermal conductivity test of the SSPCM has to be carried out in a stable state at a temperature above 35 °C.
Figure 3 shows the thermal conductivity of SSPCM filled with EGP, MWCNT, and hybrid filler. When a single filler was added, as show in Figure 3a, the thermal conductivity of SSPCM increased with the increasing EGP or MWCNT content. The thermal conductivity of PCM-xEGP composite increased greater than that of PCM-xMWCNT composite. At 9.09 wt %, the thermal conductivity of PCM-10EGP is 0.575 W/mK, about 246% that of the SSPCM (0.234 W/mK). The thermal conductivity of PCM-10MWCNT is 0.372 W/mK, about 159% that of the SSPCM. Therefore, EGP is more effective than MWCNT when serving as the thermally-conductive filler in SSPCM.
MWCNT is a 1D flexible filler with high thermal conductivity and high aspect ratio. EGP is a 2D rigid filler also with high thermal conductivity and a high aspect ratio. When MWCNT and EGP were pretreated together and added into the SSPCM (total loading is 9.09 wt %), a synergistic effect was obtained, as shown in Figure 3b. The dashed line showed the calculated data from the addition law. When EGP content was more than 4.76 wt %, the measured data exceeded the theoretical value, demonstrating the existence of a synergistic effect. The greatest synergistic effect was obtained for PCM-EGP8MWCNT2, with thermal conductivity of 0.674 W/mK.
In order to explore whether PCM-EGP8MWCNT2 had higher thermal conductivity than PCM-10EGP and PCM-10MWCNT at different temperatures, thermal conductivities at 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C were determined and are shown in Figure 4. It can be clearly seen that the thermal conductivity of PCM-EGP8MWCNT2 was higher than that of PCM-10EGP and PCM-10MWCNT at different temperatures, demonstrating synergistic enhancement between EGP and MWCNT at all temperatures. In the 35–50 °C temperature range, the thermal conductivity remained constant. This is because the SSPCM was in a stable state from 35 to 50 °C.
Meanwhile, the melting or crystallization temperature of SSPCMs filled with EGP or MWCNT were not changed, as shown in Figure 5, demonstrating that the SSPCM and fillers were physically mixed and no strong interaction occurred between them.

3.3. Synergistic Mechanism

Figure 1 demonstrates the formation of bridging structure between linear flexible MWCNT and thin platelet EGP in hybrid fillers, and Figure 3b shows synergistic effect when EGP content was more than 4.54 wt %. In order to reveal the synergistic mechanism, microscopic morphologies of SSPCM filled with 9.09 wt % EGP, 9.09 wt % MWCNT, and 9.09 wt % hybrid fillers, i.e., EGP8MWCNT2, EGP5MWCNT5, and EGP3MWCNT7, were compared in Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8. For clarity, paraffin on sectional surface was removed by alcohol before observation. In PCM-10EGP, EGPs were embedded in the SSPCM matrix. Some EGPs contacted each other to form thermally-conductive channels (shown in Figure 6b, red lines show the EGP edges, and EGPs are partly stacked), which helped to improve the thermal conductivity of SSPCM. However, there were still some aggregated EGPs, which were separated by SSPCM and would not contribute to thermal conductivity enhancement (shown in Figure 6a). In PCM-10MWCNT, a large amount of MWCNT aggregated and was separated by the SSPCM matrix (Figure 7). Thermally-conductive channels or network were not constructed, that is why 9.09 wt % MWCNT did not improve the thermal conductivity of SSPCM greatly.
In SSPCM filled with hybrid fillers, strong interaction between EGPs and MWCNTs helped the bridging between them and, thus, the thermally-conductive network was constructed to achieve a significant improvement of the thermal conductivity. In PCM-EGP8MWCNT2, EGPs were evenly dispersed in the SSPCM matrix, and MWCNTs were roughly mono-dispersed in SSPCM (in Figure 8(a1,a2)). This morphology favored the formation of heat flow network and benefit thermal transport through the whole sample. Many MWCNTs were adhered to the surface or edge of EGPs (in Figure 8(a3)), bridging EGPs and the SSPCM matrix. This complex nanostructure enhanced the EGP-SSPCM interaction. Thus, phonons transported across the EGP-SSPCM interface easily, which decreased the interface thermal resistance. When the content of EGP was decreased (especially with EGP/MWCNT less than 5:5), it was so low that the distance between EGPs were too far for phonons to transport between two EGPs across the SSPCM matrix. At the same time, relatively high MWCNT content led to aggregation in the SSPCM matrix (Figure 8(b2,c2)), and fewer MWCNTs adhered to the surface or edge of EPGs (Figure 8(b3,c3)). As a result, the thermal conductive network could not be constructed, and the interface thermal resistance was increased (Figure 8(b1,c1)). Therefore, the synergistic effect between EGPs and MWCNT disappeared. The composites exhibited an additional property of two separated fillers. Thus, when the EGP/MWCNT ratio was 8:2, the composite exhibited the best thermal conductivity enhancement of SSPCM.
The synergistic mechanism of the thermal conductivity enhancement of SSPCM by hybrid EGPx-MWCNT10−x filler is schematically illustrated in Figure 9. At appropriate EGP/MWCNT ratios, 7:3–9:1 in this paper, both EGPs and MWCNTs were dispersed well in the SSPCM matrix. Good dispersion of relatively high content EGPs created a high volume concentration of EGPs and a short distance between EGPs. At the same time, good dispersion of long and flexible MWCNTs made them more likely to connect EGPs and construct bridging structures (red lines in Figure 9). Now, the highly thermally-conductive network was constructed, and it is possible for phonons to transport along the highly-conductive backbone and bypass the low conductive matrix [38]. Furthermore, strong interaction between EGPs and MWCNTs decreased the interface thermal resistance. Therefore, the synergistic effect was observed. In contrast, at lower EGP/MWCNT ratios, EGPs were dispersed well, while the relatively high content of MWCNTs were easy to aggregate. The low content of EGPs made them separate farther apart. In this case, it is difficult for MWCNTs to connect to them. The aggregation of MWCNTs worsened in the situation. Therefore, only local heat transfer channels were formed, as show in Figure 9b, and the thermal conductivity of the hybrid-filled SSPCM was the same as the addition of the two individual fillers.

4. Conclusions

In this study, the effect of EGP, MWCNT, and their hybrid filler on the thermal conductivity of SSPCM was investigated. In order to achieve good dispersion, pretreatment by high-speed shear and sonication of fillers were carried out before they were blended with SSPCM. The thermal conductivity of the SSPCM increased with the EGP or MWCNT content, and EGP showed a greater thermal conductivity improvement than MWCNT. At about 9 wt %, EGP and MWCNT increased the thermal conductivity of SSPCM by 246% and 159%, respectively, compared to that of pure SSPCM. Incorporation of 1D flexible MWCNT and 2D EGP together, both with high thermal conductivity and high aspect ratios, gave rise to a bridging structure between them, which helped the formation of a thermal conduction network, with decreased interface thermal resistance. Therefore, a synergistic effect was exhibited. When the EGP/MWCNT ratio was 8:2, the thermal conductivity reached 0.674 W/mK, 288% that of the SSPCM and about 117% that of PCM-10EGP.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (no. 2016YFB0901405)

Author Contributions

Rui Yang conceived and designed the experiments; Zhang-Peng Liu performed the experiments and wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. SEM images of (a) EG ( 100 × ) ; (b) EGP ( 1000 × ) ; (c) MWCNT ( 20 , 000 × ) ; (d) treated MWCNT ( 20 , 000 × ) ; (e) EGP9-MWCNT1 ( 20 , 000 × ) ; (f) EGP8-MWCNT2 ( 20 , 000 × ) and (g) EGP8-MWCNT2 ( 50 , 000 × ) ; (h) EGP7-MWCNT3 ( 20 , 000 × ) ; (i) EGP5-MWCNT5 ( 20 , 000 × ) ; and (j) EGP3-MWCNT7 ( 20 , 000 × ) .
Figure 1. SEM images of (a) EG ( 100 × ) ; (b) EGP ( 1000 × ) ; (c) MWCNT ( 20 , 000 × ) ; (d) treated MWCNT ( 20 , 000 × ) ; (e) EGP9-MWCNT1 ( 20 , 000 × ) ; (f) EGP8-MWCNT2 ( 20 , 000 × ) and (g) EGP8-MWCNT2 ( 50 , 000 × ) ; (h) EGP7-MWCNT3 ( 20 , 000 × ) ; (i) EGP5-MWCNT5 ( 20 , 000 × ) ; and (j) EGP3-MWCNT7 ( 20 , 000 × ) .
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Figure 2. The cooling and the heating DSC curves of PCM: (a) cooling; and (b) heating.
Figure 2. The cooling and the heating DSC curves of PCM: (a) cooling; and (b) heating.
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Figure 3. Thermal conductivities (at 35 °C) of SSPCM filled with (a) single filler and (b) hybrid filler.
Figure 3. Thermal conductivities (at 35 °C) of SSPCM filled with (a) single filler and (b) hybrid filler.
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Figure 4. Thermal conductivities of samples at different temperatures.
Figure 4. Thermal conductivities of samples at different temperatures.
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Figure 5. Melting and crystallization temperatures of SSPCM filled with different concentrations of (a) EGP or (b) MWCNT.
Figure 5. Melting and crystallization temperatures of SSPCM filled with different concentrations of (a) EGP or (b) MWCNT.
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Figure 6. SEM photographs of PCM-10EGP. (a) ( 300 × ) , (b) ( 3000 × ) . The red lines show outlines of some EGPs in the matrix.
Figure 6. SEM photographs of PCM-10EGP. (a) ( 300 × ) , (b) ( 3000 × ) . The red lines show outlines of some EGPs in the matrix.
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Figure 7. SEM photographs of PCM-10MWCNT: (a) ( 1000 × ) , and (b) ( 4000 × ) .
Figure 7. SEM photographs of PCM-10MWCNT: (a) ( 1000 × ) , and (b) ( 4000 × ) .
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Figure 8. SEM photographs of PCM-EGP8MWCNT2 ((a1) ( 1000 × ) ; (a2) ( 10 , 000 × ) ; (a3) ( 20 , 000 × ) ) ; PCM-EGP5MWCNT5 ((b1) ( 1000 × ) , (b2) ( 10 , 000 × ) , (b3) ( 10 , 000 × ) ) ; and PCM-EGP3MWCNT7 ((c1) ( 1000 × ) , (c2) ( 10 , 000 × ) , (c3) ( 10 , 000 × ) ) .
Figure 8. SEM photographs of PCM-EGP8MWCNT2 ((a1) ( 1000 × ) ; (a2) ( 10 , 000 × ) ; (a3) ( 20 , 000 × ) ) ; PCM-EGP5MWCNT5 ((b1) ( 1000 × ) , (b2) ( 10 , 000 × ) , (b3) ( 10 , 000 × ) ) ; and PCM-EGP3MWCNT7 ((c1) ( 1000 × ) , (c2) ( 10 , 000 × ) , (c3) ( 10 , 000 × ) ) .
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Figure 9. Schematic illustration of the EGP-MWCNT network in the SSPCM matrix: (a) the EGP/MWCNT ratio greater than 5:5; and (b) the EGP/MWCNT ratio less than 5:5.
Figure 9. Schematic illustration of the EGP-MWCNT network in the SSPCM matrix: (a) the EGP/MWCNT ratio greater than 5:5; and (b) the EGP/MWCNT ratio less than 5:5.
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Table
Table 1. The thermo-physical properties of the materials.
Table 1. The thermo-physical properties of the materials.
MaterialsDensity (g/cm3)Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)Specific Heat (J/gK)Melting Point °C
HDPE0.94~0.960.442.3130
SBS0.92~0.950.161.9-
Paraffin0.9150.142.520–25
EGP [20]1.81000.71-
WMCNT [36,37] *1.8200/30000.71-
* The thermal conductivity of a single MWCNT is over 3000 W/mK [37], while the value of a MWCNT film in the nanotube axis direction is about 200 W/mK [36].
Table
Table 2. The compositions of thermal conductivity-enhanced SSPCMs (shape-stabilized phase change material).
Table 2. The compositions of thermal conductivity-enhanced SSPCMs (shape-stabilized phase change material).
SampleComposition (Mass Ratio)Filler Content/(wt %)Density/(×103 kg/m3)
PCMSBS/HDPE/paraffin = 30/10/6000.800
PCM-1EGPPCM/EGP = 100/10.990.800
PCM-3EGPPCM/EGP = 100/32.910.810
PCM-5EGPPCM/EGP = 100/54.760.822
PCM-7EGPPCM/EGP = 100/76.540.834
PCM-10EGPPCM/EGP = 100/109.090.849
PCM-12EGPPCM/EGP = 100/1210.710.858
PCM-1MWCNTPCM/MWCNT = 100/10.990.807
PCM-3MWCNTPCM/MWCNT = 100/32.910.824
PCM-5MWCNTPCM/MWCNT = 100/54.760.832
PCM-7MWCNTPCM/MWCNT = 100/76.540.859
PCM-10MWCNTPCM/MWCNT = 100/109.090.870
PCM-EGP9MWCNT1PCM/EGP/MWCNT = 100/9/19.090.855
PCM-EGP8MWCNT2PCM/EGP/MWCNT = 100/8/29.090.866
PCM-EGP7MWCNT3PCM/EGP/MWCNT = 100/7/39.090.867
PCM-EGP5MWCNT5PCM/EGP/MWCNT = 100/5/59.090.860
PCM-EGP3MWCNT7PCM/EGP/MWCNT = 100/3/79.090.861
Table
Table 3. The specific heat values of the compositions of thermal conductivity-enhanced SSPCMs.
Table 3. The specific heat values of the compositions of thermal conductivity-enhanced SSPCMs.
SampleCp/(J/gK)
PCM2.42 ± 0.19
PCM-1EGP2.38 ± 0.15
PCM-3EGP2.22 ± 0.14
PCM-5EGP2.23 ± 0.10
PCM-7EGP2.28 ± 0.13
PCM-10EGP2.35 ± 0.17
PCM-12EGP2.34 ± 0.17
PCM-1MWCNT2.33 ± 0.11
PCM-3MWCNT2.31 ± 0.10
PCM-5MWCNT2.37 ± 0.15
PCM-7MWCNT2.31 ± 0.14
PCM-10MWCNT2.34 ± 0.12
PCM-EGP9MWCNT12.31 ± 0.16
PCM-EGP8MWCNT22.30 ± 0.15
PCM-EGP7MWCNT32.27 ± 0.14
PCM-EGP5MWCNT52.32 ± 0.11
PCM-EGP3MWCNT72.36 ± 0.17

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Liu, Z.-P.; Yang, R. Synergistically-Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials by Expanded Graphite and Carbon Nanotube. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7060574

AMA Style

Liu Z-P, Yang R. Synergistically-Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials by Expanded Graphite and Carbon Nanotube. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7(6):574. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7060574

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Zhang-Peng, and Rui Yang. 2017. "Synergistically-Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials by Expanded Graphite and Carbon Nanotube" Applied Sciences 7, no. 6: 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7060574

APA Style

Liu, Z. -P., & Yang, R. (2017). Synergistically-Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials by Expanded Graphite and Carbon Nanotube. Applied Sciences, 7(6), 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7060574

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