Next Article in Journal
Impact of Coping Strategies on Health-Related Quality of Life in Young Adults with Multiple Sclerosis
Previous Article in Journal
A Learning Dendritic Neuron-Based Motion Direction Detective System and Its Application to Grayscale Images
Previous Article in Special Issue
Comparison between Single-Dose and Two-Dose Psilocybin Administration in the Treatment of Major Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Clinical Trials
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Brain Sciences
Volume 14
Issue 9
10.3390/brainsci14090865
brainsci-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Patients with Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Study

by
Salvatore Cipolla
1,*,
Pierluigi Catapano
1,
Antonio Fiorino Bonamico
1,
Valeria De Santis
1,
Roberta Murolo
1,
Francesca Romano
2,
Antonio Volpicelli
1,
Francesco Perris
1,
Ada Lo Schiavo
2,
Michele Fabrazzo
1 and
Francesco Catapano
1
1
Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Largo Madonna delle Grazie 1, 80138 Naples, Italy
2
Dermatology Unit, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090865
Submission received: 3 August 2024 / Revised: 25 August 2024 / Accepted: 26 August 2024 / Published: 27 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Challenges for the Diagnosis and Management of Affective Disorders: From Preclinical Evidence to Clinical Trials)
Browse Figure
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Background: Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder affecting 2–3% of the global population, and is associated with several comorbidities, including psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to identify factors influencing anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with psoriasis. Methods: This observational study included 112 patients diagnosed with psoriasis. Dermatological and psychiatric assessments were conducted using Psodisk, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and multivariate regression models were employed. Results: The sample was predominantly middle-aged males (mean age 48.91 years). Females (p < 0.001), patients with arthritis (p < 0.05), and those with a sedentary lifestyle (p < 0.05) showed higher anxiety and depression scores. Psodisk subscales significantly correlated with psychiatric symptoms and QoL measures (p < 0.001). Pain (B: 0.63, p < 0.05; B: −2.03, p < 0.01) and sleep disturbances (B: 0.68, p < 0.01; B: 0.60, p < 0.01; B: −1.46, p < 0.01; B: −1.57, p < 0.05; B: 3.91, p < 0.05) emerged as major predictors of poor mental health and reduced QoL. Conclusions. The study underscores the complex relationship between psoriasis, psychiatric comorbidities, and QoL. Key factors exacerbating anxiety and depression include female gender, arthritis, and sedentary lifestyle. Comprehensive management of psoriasis should address both dermatological and psychological aspects, with a focus on pain relief and improving sleep quality to enhance overall patient well-being.

1. Introduction

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disorder characterized by the presence of erythematous and scaly plaques, affecting about 2–3% of the global population [1]. The etiopathogenesis of psoriasis is complex and still partially unknown: it seems to involve a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors, and those risk factors may act together as triggers, leading to an aberrant immune response [2,3,4,5]. This results in the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and chronic inflammation [6].
Psoriasis can be associated with systemic comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, other inflammatory diseases [7,8], and psychiatric disorders [9,10,11,12]. A systematic review and meta-analysis reported that the prevalence of depression in patients with psoriasis ranges from 20% to 30%, while the prevalence of anxiety ranges from 15% to 20% [13]. Furthermore, higher rates of self-harm and suicidality have been found in patients with psoriasis when compared with the general population or individuals with different dermatological conditions [14,15,16], as well as sleep disorders and sexual dysfunctions [17,18,19,20].
The psychological burden of psoriasis is substantial and multifaceted. Patients frequently experience stigma, social isolation, and reduced self-esteem due to the visible and often disfiguring nature of the disease [21,22]. These psychosocial stressors can precipitate or exacerbate psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression [23,24,25]. The psychological and psychiatric morbidity is often a significant proxy of distress, even greater than that associated with the dermatological manifestations of the disorder [26].
However, the relationship between dermatological and psychiatric symptoms is still unclear [27], being complex to ascertain to which extent psychiatric symptoms are due to the underlying psoriasis rather than to the psychosocial implications derived from living with a chronic disease [28]. In fact, psychiatric comorbidities may be intertwined with the pathophysiology of psoriasis itself, as the chronic inflammatory state inherent to psoriasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression [29]. This overlap underscores the importance of addressing both physical and mental health aspects in the management of patients with psoriasis. Furthermore, the presence of psychiatric comorbidities can adversely affect treatment adherence [30,31,32], disease severity [13,33], and overall prognosis, thereby compounding the disease burden [15,23].
It is not surprising that perceived stress in patients with psoriasis, as well as in several other chronic inflammatory diseases, may predict a poor quality of life (QoL) [34]. Studies have consistently shown that patients with psoriasis score lower on QoL measures compared to healthy controls, with the severity of skin lesions and the presence of arthritis being significant contributors [35,36,37,38]. Quality of life is a critical consideration in the holistic management of psoriasis, and the impact on QoL is not limited to physical discomfort, but extends to mental and emotional well-being and the resulting social and work disability [39].
Given the intricate relationship between psoriasis, psychiatric disorders, and QoL, it is essential to identify factors that influence these outcomes [40,41]. This knowledge can inform targeted interventions aimed at improving overall patient well-being [42]. However, comprehensive analyses incorporating multiple variables and their interactions are limited. While individual studies have examined the impact of specific factors like disease severity [43], treatment adherence [44,45], and psychiatric comorbidities [40] on QoL, few of them have integrated these elements into a coherent model that can guide comprehensive patient care strategies. Recent research has started to unravel these complex interactions. Despite this, gaps remain in understanding the multifactorial influences on QoL in patients with psoriasis, particularly regarding the interplay between physical symptoms, mental health, and lifestyle factors such as physical activity and sleep quality.
In this study, we aimed to identify factors influencing anxiety, depression, and the deterioration in mental and physical QoL in patients with psoriasis. Using a comprehensive analytical approach, we aimed to clarify the interactions among multiple variables, including demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, disease severity, and psychiatric comorbidities. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing comprehensive, patient-centered management strategies that address both the dermatological and psychological aspects of the disease. Specifically, we focused on the roles of pain and sleep disturbances in predicting mental health outcomes and overall QoL, thereby highlighting potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design and Settings

This was a cross-sectional observation study carried out in a real-world setting. The recruitment of patients took place in the outpatient unit of the Department of Dermatology of the University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli. Patients were included if they met the following criteria: (1) age between 18 and 70 years; (2) diagnosis of psoriasis by an experienced dermatologist, according to NICE guidelines [46]; (3) ongoing topical and/or systemic treatment for psoriasis; and (4) willingness to undertake a psychiatric assessment. Exclusion criteria were: (1) inability to give written consent to participate in the study; (2) lack of proficiency in the Italian language; (3) presence of other physical diseases not stabilized or untreated at the time of enrollment; and (4) personal history of alcohol or substance abuse.
All patients gave their written informed consent to participate in the study after receiving a full description of the study aims and design. The study was carried out in accordance with the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki for experiments involving humans and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (130/2014).

2.2. Assessment Tools

Patients’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including gender, age, marital and employment status, educational level, lifestyle habits, age of psoriasis onset, previous and ongoing treatments, and family and personal history of psychiatric disorders were recorded with an ad hoc schedule at the time of recruitment.
Dermatological assessment was performed by an experienced dermatologist. Psychopathological status of each enrolled patient was assessed by an experienced psychiatrist. Only validated Italian versions of assessment instruments were adopted.

2.2.1. Psodisk

Each dermatological assessment included the administration of Psodisk, a user-friendly 10-item questionnaire designed to capture the multifaceted nature of psoriasis providing insights into how psoriasis affects various aspects of daily living [47,48]. Psodisk is meant to be completed by both patients and physician together, and the answers are given on a 10-point visual analogue scale, ranging from “absolutely not” to “definitely yes,” graphically represented on a disk. The tool consists of ten subscales, each targeting a different domain of life affected by psoriasis: health, physical pain, itch, sleep, social life, work and other daily activities, peace of mind, sexual life, shame, and skin involvement. Responses are typically rated on a Likert scale, with higher scores indicating a greater negative impact of psoriasis. Psodisk was used as covariate, and Cronbach’s alpha for the Italian version of Psodisk is 0.927 [48].

2.2.2. Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)

The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a 14-item clinician-related questionnaire. Each item is scored on a 5-point scale, and a higher total score indicates more anxiety symptoms [49]. HAM-A total score was used as outcome variable to assess the level of anxiety in participants, and for the Italian version of the scale, Cronbach’s alpha was found to be 0.86 [50].

2.2.3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D)

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) is a 21-item questionnaire assessing depressive symptoms, with higher scores indicating severe depression symptoms [51]. The HAM-D served as outcome variable to measure depressive symptoms, and the Italian version of this tool has a Cronbach alpha of 0.833 [52].

2.2.4. Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R)

The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) is a self-report inventory designed to evaluate a broad range of psychological problems and psychopathological symptoms that consists of 90 items, each rated on a 5-point scale of distress (from “not at all” to “extremely”). These items are organized into nine primary symptom dimensions: (1) somatization (SOM), (2) obsessive–compulsive (O–C), (3) interpersonal sensitivity (I-S), (4) depression (DEP), (5) anxiety (ANX), (6) hostility (HOS), (7) phobic anxiety (PHOB), (8) paranoid ideation (PAR), and (9) psychoticism (PSY). The Global Severity Index (GSI) reflects the overall level of psychological distress, and higher scores indicate greater psychological distress and symptom severity [53,54]. The GSI was used as outcome variable in statistical analyses, and the Italian version of SCL-90-R has a Cronbach alpha of 0.96 [55].

2.2.5. 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)

The health-related quality of life was assessed by the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), a widely used questionnaire designed to capture a broad range of health dimensions and applicable to diverse patient populations, making it a valuable tool in both clinical practice and research. The SF-36 consists of 36 items that cover eight health domains, divided into two main categories: physical and mental health. The physical component summary (PCS) aggregates scores from the following four physical health domains: (1) physical functioning (PF), (2) role limitations due to physical health (RP), (3) bodily pain (BP), and (4) general health (GH). The mental component summary (MCS) aggregates scores from the following four mental health domains: (1) vitality (VT) or energy/fatigue, (2) social functioning (SF), (3) role limitations due to emotional problems (RE), and (4) mental health (MH) or emotional well-being [56]. Higher scores refer to a better health-related quality of life. PCS and MCS scores were used as outcome variables, and the Italian version of the SF-36 has a Cronbach alpha > 0.77 [57].

2.3. Statistical Analysis

The statistical data related to the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample, as well as those from other relevant assessment instruments, were calculated and are presented as means and standard deviations (SDs) or frequencies and percentages (%), as appropriate. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was adopted to check the normality of distribution of our sample. Student’s t-test for independent samples was performed to assess differences in HAM-A, HAM-D, PCS, MCS and GSI mean scores with discrete variables. Correlation analyses were performed to explore the association between those same scores and continuous variables, including Psodisk subscales. A generalized linear regression model was finally applied to detect possible predictors of anxiety, depression, psychopathological distress, and physical and mental quality of life in our cohort of patients. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 26.

3. Results

3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Sample

The total sample consisted of 112 patients, mainly male (67, 59.8%) and with a mean age of 48.91 ± 12.73 years. Almost half of them were middle school graduates (41.1%) and only 7.1% of the sample had obtained a university degree. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.33 ± 6.45 and 89 subjects (79.5%) declared having a sedentary lifestyle, with low-to-absent physical activities performed during the day. Slightly more than half of the subjects (54.5%) were smokers and 97.3% drank alcohol regularly. Nevertheless, these data fall within regular alcohol consumption in the context of the Mediterranean diet [58] and are not indicative of an alcohol use disorder, as this was an exclusion criterion. Most of the sample (64.3%) reported another dermatological disease. Our cohort included patients diagnosed with psoriasis with a median illness duration of 17.4 ± 12.49 years. In addition, in 31 cases (27.7%), arthropathic psoriasis was diagnosed. Mean Psodisk total score was 52.24 ± 26.22. Overall, 14% of the sample had a positive family history for psychiatric disorders, nine subjects (8%) had a personal history of psychiatric disorders, twelve patients (10.7%) were in treatment with anxiolytics, and nine (8%) were on antidepressant drugs. No other psychiatric medications (such as antipsychotics and mood stabilizers) were mentioned by the enrolled subjects. Mean HAM-A total score was 12.59 ± 9.56, and mean HAM-D total score was 11.93 ± 7.67. Mean GSI scored 60.79 ± 53.63. The main sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample are reported in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.

3.2. Univariate Analyses

To assess differences in psychopathological scores within discrete variables, independent samples t-tests were performed (Figure 1). The mean HAM-A total score was statistically significantly higher in female subjects (d = 7.15; t = 4.16; p < 0.001), in patients who reported a positive personal history of psychiatric disorders (d = 7.57; t = 2.32; p = 0.02), and in patients with arthritis (d = 5.39; t = 2.48; p = 0.02). Furthermore, the mean HAM-D total score was higher in female patients (d = 5.39; t = 3.87; p < 0.001) and in patients with a sedentary lifestyle (d = 4.01; t = 2.68; p = 0.005). The mean PCS score was significantly lower in females (d = 11.02; t = 2.45; p = 0.016) and in patients with arthritis (d = 11.87; t = 2.40; p = 0.018), indicating a greater impairment of the physical component of quality of life recorded with the SF-36. On the other hand, the mean MCS score was significantly lower in female patients (d = 13.22; t = 3.17; p = 0.002. Finally, female patients showed a significantly higher score than male patients on the GCI scale (d = 33.11; t = 3.35; p = 0.001). No statistically significant differences were found in the scores of the psychopathological scales considered in the patient groups defined on the basis of smoking habits, alcohol consumption, or family history of psychiatric disorders.
In Table 3, results of the correlation analyses between age, BMI, duration of psoriatic illness, Psodisk subscales, and psychopathological variables such as HAM-A, HAM-D, PCS, MCS ,and GSI scores are reported. The analysis evidenced that age and BMI were inversely correlated with PCS (r = −0.242, p = 0.010; r = −0.222, p = 0.018 respectively) and MCS (r = −0.204, p = 0.031; r = −0.225, p = 0.017 respectively) subscales of the SF-36. No significant correlation was found between duration of psoriatic illness and the psychopathological scales. Significant correlations were also found between most Psodisk subscales and the psychopathological variables considered, with the only exception of the work and other physical activities dimension and the HAM-D total score. In particular, health subscales of Psodisk correlated with HAM-A and HAM-D total scores (r = 0.500, p < 0.001 and r = 0.462, p < 0.001, respectively) and with GSI, PCS and MCS scores (r = 0.493, p < 0.001; r = −0.523, p < 0.001; r = −0.464, p < 0.001, respectively); the pain subscale of Psodisk also correlated with HAM-A and HAM-D total scores (r = 0.525, p < 0.001; r = 0.415, p < 0.001) and with GSI, PCS and MCS scores (r = 0.442, p < 0.001; r = −0.563, p < 0.001; r = −0.443, p < 0.001). The itching item of Psodisk correlated with HAMA-A (r = 0.321, p = 0.001), HAM-D (r = 0.313, p = 0.001), GSI (r = 0.359, p < 0.001), PCS (r = −0.278, p = 0.003) and MCS (r = −0.389, p < 0.001). Psodisk sleep subscale correlated with HAM-A (r = 0.456, p < 0.001), HAM-D (r = 0.409, p < 0.001), GSI (r = 0.467, p < 0.001), PCS (r = −0.435, p < 0.001), and MCS (r = −0.488, p < 0.001). Social life subscale correlated with HAM-A and HAM-D (r = 0.331, p < 0.001; r = 0.220, p = 0.020), and with GSI, PCS and MCS (r = 0.383, p < 0.001; r = −0.228, p = 0.016; r = −0.324, p = 0.001). Work and other daily activities Psodisk item correlated with HAM-A (r = 0.265, p = 0.005), GSI (r = 0.246, p = 0.009), PCS (r = −0.345, p < 0.001), and MCS (r = −0.349, p < 0.001). The Psodisk subscale of peace of mind correlated with HAM-A (r = 0.399, p < 0.001), HAM-D (r = 0.333, p < 0.001), CGI (r = 0.405, p < 0.001), PCS (r = −0.390, p < 0.001), and MCS (r = −0.520, p < 0.001). The sexual life item of Psodisk showed correlations with HAM-A (r = 0.241, p = 0.011), HAM-D (r = 0.197, p = 0.038), GSI (r = 0.356, p < 0.001), PCS (r = −0.245, p = 0.010), and MCS (r = −0.320, p = 0.001). The shame item correlated with HAM-A (r = 0.331, p < 0.001), HAM-D (r = 0.289, p = 0.002), GSI (r = 0.407, p < 0.001), PCS (r = −0.237, p = 0.012), and MCS (r = −0.346, p < 0.001). Finally, the skin involvement measured by Psodisk showed correlations with HAM-A and HAM-D (r = 0.288, p = 0.002; r = 0.315, p = 0.001), and GSI, MCS, and PCS (r = 0.341, p < 0.001; r = −0.224, p = 0.018; r = −0.294, p = 0.002).

3.3. Multivariate Analysis

The results of the regression linear analysis are reported in Table 4. The model was run to assess the independent predictors associated with the psychopathological scales.
Patients with higher HAM-A scores were more likely to be female (B = 3.92, p = 0.026), have a shorter duration of illness (B = −0.14, p = 0.026), and experience more physical pain (B = 0.62, p = 0.034) and sleeping disturbance (B = 0.68, p = 0.007) due to the psoriasis. Higher HAM-D scores were more strongly associated with being female (B = 3.42, p = 0.031), leading a sedentary lifestyle (B = 4.02, p = 0.022), and experiencing sleep disturbance caused by psoriasis as evaluated by the Psodisk subscale (B = 0.60, p = 0.008). A worse PCS score was associated with the presence of pain and sleep disturbance due to psoriasis (B = −2.03, p = 0.008; B = −1.46, p = 0.025), whereas a worse MCS score was linked to sleep disturbance (B = –1.57, p = 0.010) and Psodisk subscale peace of mind (B = −2.30, p = 0.006). Additionally, sleep disturbance also correlated with higher GSI scores (B = 3.91, p = 0.012).

4. Discussion

This study provides valuable insights into the sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and psychological comorbidities of patients with psoriasis. Notably, a significant portion of the sample led a sedentary lifestyle (79.5%), and a considerable percentage were smokers (54.5%) and regular alcohol consumers (97.3%). These lifestyle factors may contribute to the overall health burden and quality of life in patients with psoriasis [59,60]. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in our cohort was noteworthy, with 8% of patients having a personal history of psychiatric disorders and 10.7% receiving anxiolytic treatment at the time of recruitment. This aligns with previous studies highlighting the high prevalence of psychological issues in dermatological conditions like psoriasis [23,33]. Patients with psoriasis are frequently burdened with mental health issues due to the chronic and visible nature of their condition, which can significantly affect their social interactions and self-esteem [61]. Furthermore, female patients exhibited higher levels of anxiety (assessed by HAM-A) and depression (assessed by HAM-D) compared to males, and those with a sedentary lifestyle showed significantly higher depression scores. These findings are consistent with existing literature that indicates gender and physical activity levels as critical determinants of mental health in chronic illness [18,61,62,63,64,65]. The higher prevalence of anxiety and depression in female patients may be attributed to both biological and social factors, including hormonal fluctuations and societal pressures [66,67]. An important biological factor to consider is the role of inflammation, which is a common denominator in both psoriasis and psychiatric disorders. Psoriasis is characterized by chronic systemic inflammation, which can affect various organs, including the brain [68,69]. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) are elevated in psoriasis and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety [70,71]. These cytokines can cross the blood–brain barrier and influence neurotransmitter systems, leading to changes in mood and behavior. Furthermore, chronic inflammation can alter the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased levels of cortisol, which is associated with both psoriasis severity and depressive symptoms [72]. Finally, an increase in inflammation can also result from unhealthy lifestyles such as physical inactivity, resulting in a complex interplay that may further contribute to the mental health challenges faced by patients with psoriasis [73]. It should be noted that treatment of psoriasis may involve biologics that affect blood cytokine levels (i.e., IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α), with an overall reduction in inflammation [74]. It is conceivable that these therapies may also impact anxiety and depressive symptom severity, thereby potentially improving patients’ mental health and well-being. However, this hypothesis is merely speculative, considering that the impact of biological therapies on psychiatric symptoms was not the objective of this study. Nonetheless, this could be the starting point for further studies, which should adopt a longitudinal design and should be carried out on larger samples.
Our correlation analysis indicated that both age and BMI negatively correlated with the physical and mental components of quality of life (PCS and MCS scores of SF-36), suggesting that older and overweight patients may experience greater impairments in both the physical and mental components of QoL. These findings underscore the importance of managing comorbid conditions such as obesity in patients with psoriasis, as these can exacerbate the overall disease burden [75]. Additionally, Psodisk subscales correlated significantly with psychopathological variables, reinforcing the impact of disease severity on mental health. This correlation emphasizes the need for comprehensive assessments that include both physical and psychological aspects of the psoriasis.
The multivariate analysis further substantiated these findings by confirming the correlations among gender and sedentary lifestyle behaviors and levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms and by identifying other independent variables associated with psychopathological outcomes. According to these analyses, disease duration of psoriasis was negatively associated with anxiety symptoms, indicating that longer illness duration might contribute to better coping mechanisms or adaptation over time. This adaptive response may be due to patients developing more effective strategies for managing their condition and its psychosocial impact over time [76]. However, this interpretation is merely speculative and requires further investigations to be confirmed.
Physical pain and sleep disturbances, as assessed by Psodisk, were significantly associated with both anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as lower quality-of-life scores. This highlights the critical role of pain management and sleep quality in improving the overall well-being of patients diagnosed with psoriasis [77]. Pain is a common symptom in psoriasis that can severely limit daily activities and negatively impact mental health. Similarly, sleep disturbances are frequently reported in patients with psoriasis and are associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression [15]. In fact, previous research has shown that the prevalence of sleep disorders in these patients is significantly higher than in the general population, with conditions such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome being particularly common [77,78,79]. These sleep disorders not only exacerbate the physical symptoms of psoriasis but also contribute to a vicious cycle of psychological distress [80]. Once again, the association between sleep disturbances and mental health issues in psoriasis can be partly explained by the role of systemic inflammation [77]. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are elevated in psoriasis, can disrupt sleep architecture, leading to poor sleep quality and increased daytime fatigue [81]. This disruption in sleep can further elevate inflammatory markers, creating a feedback loop that exacerbates dermatological and psychiatric symptoms.
Moreover, the burden of psoriasis, including the stress of managing a chronic and visible skin condition, can contribute to sleep disorders: anxiety about flare-ups, social stigma, and self-esteem issues can lead to hyperarousal, making it difficult for patients to fall and stay asleep. The chronic sleep deprivation that results can impair cognitive function, mood regulation, and overall mental health, further highlighting the importance of addressing sleep disturbances in this population. Addressing these symptoms through targeted interventions can substantially improve patient outcomes. In particular, cognitive–behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) has shown promise in improving sleep and reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in various populations, and could be particularly beneficial for patients with psoriasis [82,83,84].
Furthermore, we found a significant association between the Psodisk item “peace of mind” and the MCS score of the SF-36 scale, which highlights the profound impact of psoriasis on patients’ psychological stability. The “Peace of mind” Psodisk subscale assesses the psychological tranquility and emotional stability of patients, reflecting their overall mental state, encompassing aspects such as emotional well-being, role limitations due to emotional problems, and social functioning. Interventions aimed at enhancing patients’ peace of mind, such as mindfulness-based therapies and stress management programs, could potentially improve the overall mental health and quality of life in this population [85,86].
Finally, these findings highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing psoriasis. Dermatologists, mental health professionals, and primary care providers should collaborate to address the comprehensive needs of patients [87]. Integrating psychological support, lifestyle counseling, and psychiatric assessment into routine dermatological care could potentially mitigate the mental health challenges faced by these patients, leading to more holistic and effective treatment outcomes [18,88,89,90,91,92]. Additionally, the significant impact of sedentary lifestyle on depression scores suggests that promoting physical activity could be a beneficial component of psoriasis management. Regular exercise has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, improve cardiovascular health, and enhance overall quality of life [93,94]. Encouraging patients to engage in physical activities suited to their capabilities can be a practical step towards better mental health outcomes. Furthermore, the lack of significant differences in psychopathological scores based on smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and family history of psychiatric disorders does not undermine the importance of addressing these behaviors, as they still pose significant health risks and can potentially exacerbate other aspects of psoriasis [95,96].
The results of the present paper should be considered in light of several limitations. First, the observational design precludes any conclusions about the causal relationships between considered variables and psychological outcomes. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the directionality and temporal sequence of these associations. Second, the use of self-reported measures may introduce response bias, as participants might underreport or overreport their symptoms based on their subjective perceptions, and future studies should consider incorporating objective measures. Third, the Hamilton rating scales for depression and anxiety (HAM-D and HAM-A) were originally designed to describe rather than quantify symptoms. Although these instruments have been widely employed for quantitative assessments in clinical research, their use for this purpose may not provide the most accurate representation of symptom severity, considering the availability of more specific and updated assessment instruments. However, given their extensively use in already published articles, the adoption of HAM-D and HAM-A can provide comparable data. Nevertheless, further steps of the present research will include the use of more recent and updated assessment instruments for depressive and anxiety symptoms in order to balance this limitation. Fourth, the relatively limited number of patients and their heterogeneity concerning psoriasis symptoms and clinical subtype limit the generalizability of the findings. Larger samples would enhance the validity of the results. Additionally, the study was conducted in a single geographic region, which may not reflect the experiences of patients with psoriasis in different contexts. Comparative studies across different populations are necessary to confirm the generalizability of these findings. Lastly, another possible limitation of our study is that several other variables may have influenced patients’ anxiety and depressive symptom severity as well as their quality of life. These include the presence of comorbidities, although in their stable phase, any stressful life events that occurred in the months prior to enrollment and the use of psychiatric and dermatological medications. Specifically, the use of anxiolytic or antidepressant medications may have influenced the average HAM-A and HAM-D scores in the overall sample. However, the impact of this confounding factor is likely to be minimal, given the widespread use of these medications [97,98,99]. Similarly, certain dermatological therapies commonly used for the treatment of psoriasis may contribute to the development of affective or anxiety symptoms in patients (i.e., corticosteroids, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and biological therapies). However, we attempted to mitigate this confounding effect by using assessment tools specifically designed for evaluating quality of life and symptoms related to psoriasis, such as Psodisk. Despite these efforts, given the cross-sectional design of the study and its real-world setting, we were not able to fully determine the extent to which these medications influence mental health outcomes. Future research will be essential to explore the implications of these treatments on the mental health of patients with psoriasis more comprehensively.
Despite these limitations, this study provides important insights into the complex interplay between physical and psychological health in individuals with psoriasis and underscores the need for comprehensive care approaches.

5. Conclusions

This study underscores the complex and multifaceted nature of psoriasis, which extends well beyond dermatological symptoms to encompass significant psychological, psychiatric, and quality-of-life impairments. Pain and sleep disturbances emerged as key factors influencing both anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with psoriasis, as well as the overall quality of life. Inflammation appears to be a pivotal factor linking unhealthy lifestyles, psoriasis, psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety and depression, and sleep disturbances.
These insights emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to psoriasis management that includes addressing psychiatric comorbidities and lifestyle modifications, particularly focusing on improving physical activity, pain management, and sleep quality. Future research should aim to explore targeted interventions that can alleviate these psychic burdens and enhance the quality of life for patients with psoriasis. Integrating psychiatric support and lifestyle counseling into routine dermatological care could potentially mitigate the mental health challenges faced by these patients, leading to more holistic and effective treatment outcomes.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.F. and S.C.; methodology, F.C.; validation, F.C., M.F. and A.L.S.; formal analysis, S.C., P.C. and F.P.; investigation, F.R., V.D.S. and R.M.; resources, A.V.; data curation, S.C., M.F., A.L.S. and F.P.; writing—original draft preparation, S.C., P.C. and A.F.B.; writing—review and editing, M.F. and A.L.S.; visualization, S.C. and A.F.B.; supervision, F.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki for experiments involving humans and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (130/2014, 24 November 2014).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, S.C., upon reasonable request. The data are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical restrictions.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Armstrong, A.W.; Mehta, M.D.; Schupp, C.W.; Gondo, G.C.; Bell, S.J.; Griffiths, C.E.M. Psoriasis Prevalence in Adults in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2021, 157, 940–946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Hernandez-Nicols, B.F.; Robledo-Pulido, J.J.; Alvarado-Navarro, A. Etiopathogenesis of Psoriasis: Integration of Proposed Theories. Immunol. Investig. 2024, 53, 348–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Babaie, F.; Omraninava, M.; Gorabi, A.M.; Khosrojerdi, A.; Aslani, S.; Yazdchi, A.; Torkamandi, S.; Mikaeili, H.; Sathyapalan, T.; Sahebkar, A. Etiopathogenesis of Psoriasis from Genetic Perspective: An Updated Review. Curr. Genom. 2022, 23, 163–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Kocaaga, A.; Kocaaga, M. Psoriasis: An Immunogenetic Perspective. Glob. Med. Genet. 2022, 9, 82–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Zhou, X.; Chen, Y.; Cui, L.; Shi, Y.; Guo, C. Advances in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis: From Keratinocyte Perspective. Cell Death Dis. 2022, 13, 81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Goodfield, M. Skin Lesions in Psoriasis. Baillieres Clin. Rheumatol. 1994, 8, 295–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Kimball, A.B.; Gladman, D.; Gelfand, J.M.; Gordon, K.; Horn, E.J.; Korman, N.J.; Korver, G.; Krueger, G.G.; Strober, B.E.; Lebwohl, M.G.; et al. National Psoriasis Foundation Clinical Consensus on Psoriasis Comorbidities and Recommendations for Screening. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2008, 58, 1031–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Yamazaki, F. Psoriasis: Comorbidities. J. Dermatol. 2021, 48, 732–740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Maj, M. Understanding Depression beyond the “Mind-Body” Dichotomy. World Psychiatry 2023, 22, 349–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Hedemann, T.L.; Liu, X.; Kang, C.N.; Husain, M.I. Associations between Psoriasis and Mental Illness: An Update for Clinicians. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2022, 75, 30–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Rabin, F.; Bhuiyan, S.I.; Islam, T.; Haque, M.A.; Islam, M.A. Psychiatric and Psychological Comorbidities in Patients with Psoriasis—A Review. Mymensingh Med. J. 2012, 21, 780–786. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  12. Adesanya, E.I.; Matthewman, J.; Schonmann, Y.; Hayes, J.F.; Henderson, A.; Mathur, R.; Mulick, A.R.; Smith, C.H.; Langan, S.M.; Mansfield, K.E. Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety and Severe Mental Illness among Adults with Atopic Eczema or Psoriasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Br. J. Dermatol. 2023, 188, 460–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Dowlatshahi, E.A.; Wakkee, M.; Arends, L.R.; Nijsten, T. The Prevalence and Odds of Depressive Symptoms and Clinical Depression in Psoriasis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2014, 134, 1542–1551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Pompili, M.; Bonanni, L.; Gualtieri, F.; Trovini, G.; Persechino, S.; Baldessarini, R.J. Suicidal Risks with Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Psychosom. Res. 2021, 141, 110347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Kurd, S.K.; Troxel, A.B.; Crits-Christoph, P.; Gelfand, J.M. The Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Patients with Psoriasis: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Arch Dermatol. 2010, 146, 891–895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Singhal, A.; Ross, J.; Seminog, O.; Hawton, K.; Goldacre, M.J. Risk of Self-Harm and Suicide in People with Specific Psychiatric and Physical Disorders: Comparisons between Disorders Using English National Record Linkage. J. R. Soc. Med. 2014, 107, 194–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Hickie, I.B.; Crouse, J.J. Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disturbances: Plausible Pathways to Major Mental Disorders? World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 150–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Rieder, E.; Tausk, F. Psoriasis, a Model of Dermatologic Psychosomatic Disease: Psychiatric Implications and Treatments. Int. J. Dermatol. 2012, 51, 12–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Gupta, M.A.; Simpson, F.C.; Gupta, A.K. Psoriasis and Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review. Sleep Med. Rev. 2016, 29, 63–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Shutty, B.G.; West, C.; Huang, K.E.; Landis, E.; Dabade, T.; Browder, B.; O’Neill, J.; Kinney, M.A.; Feneran, A.N.; Taylor, S.; et al. Sleep Disturbances in Psoriasis. Dermatol. Online J. 2013, 19, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Wan, M.T.; Pearl, R.L.; Chiesa Fuxench, Z.C.; Takeshita, J.; Gelfand, J.M. Anticipated and Perceived Stigma Among Patients with Psoriasis. J. Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis 2020, 5, 93–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Grover, S.; Mehra, A.; Dogra, S.; Hazari, N.; Malhora, N.; Narang, T.; Sahoo, S.; Sharma, S.; Handa, S.; Avasthi, A. Internalized Stigma and Psychiatric Morbidity among Patients with Psoriasis: A Study from North India. Indian Dermatol. Online J. 2021, 12, 97–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Kimball, A.B.; Jacobson, C.; Weiss, S.; Vreeland, M.G.; Wu, Y. The Psychosocial Burden of Psoriasis. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2005, 6, 383–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Armstrong, A.W.; Bohannan, B.; Mburu, S.; Coates, L.C.; Ogdie, A.; Alarcon, I.; Kasparek, T.; Frade, S.; Barrio, S.F.; Augustin, M. Patient Perspectives on Psoriatic Disease Burden: Results from the Global Psoriasis and Beyond Survey. Dermatology 2023, 239, 621–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Berk, M.; Köhler-Forsberg, O.; Turner, M.; Penninx, B.W.J.H.; Wrobel, A.; Firth, J.; Loughman, A.; Reavley, N.J.; McGrath, J.J.; Momen, N.C.; et al. Comorbidity between Major Depressive Disorder and Physical Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Management. World Psychiatry 2023, 22, 366–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Hrehorów, E.; Salomon, J.; Matusiak, L.; Reich, A.; Szepietowski, J.C. Patients with Psoriasis Feel Stigmatized. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2012, 92, 67–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Fiorillo, A.; de Girolamo, G.; Simunovic, I.F.; Gureje, O.; Isaac, M.; Lloyd, C.; Mari, J.; Patel, V.; Reif, A.; Starostina, E.; et al. The Relationship between Physical and Mental Health: An Update from the WPA Working Group on Managing Comorbidity of Mental and Physical Health. World Psychiatry 2023, 22, 169–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Dragioti, E.; Radua, J.; Solmi, M.; Gosling, C.J.; Oliver, D.; Lascialfari, F.; Ahmed, M.; Cortese, S.; Estradé, A.; Arrondo, G.; et al. Impact of Mental Disorders on Clinical Outcomes of Physical Diseases: An Umbrella Review Assessing Population Attributable Fraction and Generalized Impact Fraction. World Psychiatry 2023, 22, 86–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Fabrazzo, M.; Cipolla, S.; Signoriello, S.; Camerlengo, A.; Calabrese, G.; Giordano, G.M.; Argenziano, G.; Galderisi, S. A Systematic Review on Shared Biological Mechanisms of Depression and Anxiety in Comorbidity with Psoriasis, Atopic Dermatitis, and Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Eur. Psychiatry 2021, 64, e71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Blackstone, B.; Patel, R.; Bewley, A. Assessing and Improving Psychological Well-Being in Psoriasis: Considerations for the Clinician. Psoriasis 2022, 12, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Griffiths, C.E.; Richards, H.L. Psychological Influences in Psoriasis. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2001, 26, 338–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Krantz, Å.; Carrero, J.J.; Yang, Y.; Schalin, L.; Lysell, J.; Mazhar, F. Psoriasis/Psoriatic Arthritis Patients’ Long-Term Treatment Patterns and Adherence to Systemic Treatments Monitoring Recommendations. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2023, 103, adv6505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Dalgard, F.J.; Gieler, U.; Tomas-Aragones, L.; Lien, L.; Poot, F.; Jemec, G.B.E.; Misery, L.; Szabo, C.; Linder, D.; Sampogna, F.; et al. The Psychological Burden of Skin Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study among Dermatological out-Patients in 13 European Countries. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2015, 135, 984–991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. O’Leary, C.J.; Creamer, D.; Higgins, E.; Weinman, J. Perceived Stress, Stress Attributions and Psychological Distress in Psoriasis. J. Psychosom. Res. 2004, 57, 465–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Langley, R.G.B.; Krueger, G.G.; Griffiths, C.E.M. Psoriasis: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Quality of Life. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2005, 64 (Suppl. 2), ii18-23; discussion ii24-25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Boswell, N.D.; Cook, M.K.; Balogh, E.A.; Feldman, S.R. The Impact of Complete Clearance and Almost Complete Clearance of Psoriasis on Quality of Life: A Literature Review. Arch Dermatol. Res. 2023, 315, 699–706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Heller, M.M.; Wong, J.W.; Nguyen, T.V.; Lee, E.S.; Bhutani, T.; Menter, A.; Koo, J.Y.M. Quality-of-Life Instruments: Evaluation of the Impact of Psoriasis on Patients. Dermatol. Clin. 2012, 30, 281–291, ix. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Parrish, L. Psoriasis: Symptoms, Treatments and Its Impact on Quality of Life. Br. J. Community Nurs. 2012, 17, 524, 526, 528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Feldman, S.R. Psoriasis Causes as Much Disability as Other Major Medical Diseases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2020, 82, 256–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Iannone, M.; Janowska, A.; Panduri, S.; Morganti, R.; Davini, G.; Romanelli, M.; Dini, V. Impact of Psychiatric Comorbidities in Psoriasis, Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Atopic Dermatitis: The Importance of a Psychodermatological Approach. Exp. Dermatol. 2022, 31, 956–961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Brandt, V.; Zhang, Y.; Carr, H.; Golm, D.; Correll, C.U.; Arrondo, G.; Firth, J.; Hassan, L.; Solmi, M.; Cortese, S. First Evidence of a General Disease (“d”) Factor, a Common Factor Underlying Physical and Mental Illness. World Psychiatry 2023, 22, 335–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Alegria, M. The Need to Bring Community, Policy Makers and Researchers to the Table in Prevention Programs. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 94–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Mattei, P.L.; Corey, K.C.; Kimball, A.B. Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI): The Correlation between Disease Severity and Psychological Burden in Patients Treated with Biological Therapies. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2014, 28, 333–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Reich, K.; Daudén, E. Treatment Adherence: A Hurdle for Real-Life Effectiveness in Psoriasis? J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2014, 28 (Suppl. 2), 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Yélamos, O.; Ros, S.; Puig, L. Improving Patient Outcomes in Psoriasis: Strategies to Ensure Treatment Adherence. Psoriasis 2015, 5, 109–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Overview|Psoriasis: Assessment and Management|Guidance|NICE. Available online: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg153 (accessed on 23 August 2024).
  47. Linder, D.; Sampogna, F.; Torreggiani, A.; Balato, N.; Bianchi, L.; Cassano, N.; Conti, A.; Gisondi, P.; Musumeci, M.L.; Piaserico, S.; et al. Psodisk, a New Visual Method for Assessing the Burden of Psoriasis on Patients. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2012, 26, 1163–1166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Sampogna, F.; Linder, D.; Romano, G.V.; Gualberti, G.; Merolla, R.; di Luzio Paparatti, U. Results of the Validation Study of the Psodisk Instrument, and Determination of the Cut-off Scores for Varying Degrees of Impairment. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2015, 29, 725–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Hamilton, M. The Assessment of Anxiety States by Rating. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 1959, 32, 50–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Leentjens, A.F.G.; Dujardin, K.; Marsh, L.; Richard, I.H.; Starkstein, S.E.; Martinez-Martin, P. Anxiety Rating Scales in Parkinson’s Disease: A Validation Study of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Mov. Disord. 2011, 26, 407–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Hamilton, M. A Rating Scale for Depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1960, 23, 56–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Mula, M.; Iudice, A.; La Neve, A.; Mazza, M.; Mazza, S.; Cantello, R.; Kanner, A.M. Validation of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression in Adults with Epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2014, 41, 122–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Derogatis, L.R.; Lipman, R.S.; Covi, L. SCL-90: An Outpatient Psychiatric Rating Scale—Preliminary Report. Psychopharmacol. Bull 1973, 9, 13–28. [Google Scholar]
  54. Zimmerman, M. The Value and Limitations of Self-Administered Questionnaires in Clinical Practice and Epidemiological Studies. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 210–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Prunas, A.; Sarno, I.; Preti, E.; Madeddu, F.; Perugini, M. Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the SCL-90-R: A Study on a Large Community Sample. Eur. Psychiatr. 2012, 27, 591–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Ware, J.E.; Sherbourne, C.D. The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual Framework and Item Selection. Med. Care 1992, 30, 473–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Apolone, G.; Mosconi, P. The Italian SF-36 Health Survey: Translation, Validation and Norming. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1998, 51, 1025–1036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Rimm, E.; Ellison, R. Alcohol in the Mediterranean Diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 61, 1378S–1382S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Gureje, O. Deconstructing the Social Determinants of Mental Health. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 99–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Haslam, N. Dehumanization and Mental Health. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 173–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Parisi, R.; Iskandar, I.Y.K.; Kontopantelis, E.; Augustin, M.; Griffiths, C.E.M.; Ashcroft, D.M. Global Psoriasis Atlas National, Regional, and Worldwide Epidemiology of Psoriasis: Systematic Analysis and Modelling Study. BMJ 2020, 369, m1590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Sampogna, G.; Luciano, M.; Di Vincenzo, M.; Andriola, I.; D’Ambrosio, E.; Amore, M.; Serafini, G.; Rossi, A.; Carmassi, C.; Dell’Osso, L.; et al. The Complex Interplay between Physical Activity and Recovery Styles in Patients with Severe Mental Disorders in a Real-World Multicentric Study. Front. Psychiatry 2022, 13, 945650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Luciano, M.; Sampogna, G.; Del Vecchio, V.; Giallonardo, V.; Palummo, C.; Andriola, I.; Amore, M.; Rossi, R.; Carmassi, C.; Siracusano, A.; et al. The Impact of Clinical and Social Factors on the Physical Health of People with Severe Mental Illness: Results from an Italian Multicentre Study. Psychiatry Res. 2021, 303, 114073. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Zender, R.; Olshansky, E. Women’s Mental Health: Depression and Anxiety. Nurs. Clin. N. Am. 2009, 44, 355–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  65. Farhane-Medina, N.Z.; Luque, B.; Tabernero, C.; Castillo-Mayén, R. Factors Associated with Gender and Sex Differences in Anxiety Prevalence and Comorbidity: A Systematic Review. Sci. Prog. 2022, 105, 368504221135469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Cohen, B.E.; Edmondson, D.; Kronish, I.M. State of the Art Review: Depression, Stress, Anxiety, and Cardiovascular Disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 2015, 28, 1295–1302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  67. Sommer, I.E.; Brand, B.A.; Stuijt, C.C.M.; Touw, D.J. Sex Differences Need to Be Considered When Treating Women with Psychotropic Drugs. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 151–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Martins, A.M.; Ascenso, A.; Ribeiro, H.M.; Marto, J. The Brain-Skin Connection and the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis: A Review with a Focus on the Serotonergic System. Cells 2020, 9, 796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Lada, G.; Talbot, P.S.; Chinoy, H.; Warren, R.B.; McFarquhar, M.; Kleyn, C.E. Brain Structure and Connectivity in Psoriasis and Associations with Depression and Inflammation; Findings from the UK Biobank. Brain Behav. Immun. Health 2022, 26, 100565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  70. Dantzer, R.; O’Connor, J.C.; Freund, G.G.; Johnson, R.W.; Kelley, K.W. From Inflammation to Sickness and Depression: When the Immune System Subjugates the Brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 9, 46–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  71. Dowlati, Y.; Herrmann, N.; Swardfager, W.; Liu, H.; Sham, L.; Reim, E.K.; Lanctôt, K.L. A Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Major Depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2010, 67, 446–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Gisondi, P.; Geat, D.; Bellinato, F.; Spiazzi, L.; Danese, E.; Montagnana, M.; Lippi, G.; Girolomoni, G. Psychological Stress and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Patients with Plaque Psoriasis. J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11, 1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  73. Gleeson, M.; Bishop, N.C.; Stensel, D.J.; Lindley, M.R.; Mastana, S.S.; Nimmo, M.A. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Exercise: Mechanisms and Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2011, 11, 607–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Reid, C.; Griffiths, C.E.M. Psoriasis and Treatment: Past, Present and Future Aspects. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2020, 100, adv00032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Singh, S.; Young, P.; Armstrong, A.W. An Update on Psoriasis and Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0181039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Fortune, D.G.; Richards, H.L.; Kirby, B.; McElhone, K.; Main, C.J.; Griffiths, C.E.M. Successful Treatment of Psoriasis Improves Psoriasis-Specific but Not More General Aspects of Patients’ Well-Being. Br. J. Dermatol. 2004, 151, 1219–1226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Halioua, B.; Chelli, C.; Misery, L.; Taieb, J.; Taieb, C. Sleep Disorders and Psoriasis: An Update. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2022, 102, adv00699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  78. Sahin, E.; Hawro, M.; Weller, K.; Sabat, R.; Philipp, S.; Kokolakis, G.; Christou, D.; Metz, M.; Maurer, M.; Hawro, T. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Sleep Disturbance in Adult Patients with Psoriasis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2022, 36, 688–697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Guo, M.; Su, J.; Zheng, S.; Chen, B. Sleep in Psoriasis: A Meta-Analysis. J. Psychosom. Res. 2024, 176, 111543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Irwin, M.R. Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2015, 66, 143–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  81. Rogers, N.L.; Szuba, M.P.; Staab, J.P.; Evans, D.L.; Dinges, D.F. Neuroimmunologic Aspects of Sleep and Sleep Loss. Semin Clin. Neuropsychiatry 2001, 6, 295–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Trauer, J.M.; Qian, M.Y.; Doyle, J.S.; Rajaratnam, S.M.W.; Cunnington, D. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann. Intern Med. 2015, 163, 191–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Chan, N.Y.; Chan, J.W.Y.; Li, S.X.; Wing, Y.K. Non-Pharmacological Approaches for Management of Insomnia. Neurotherapeutics 2021, 18, 32–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Cuijpers, P.; Miguel, C.; Ciharova, M.; Harrer, M.; Basic, D.; Cristea, I.A.; de Ponti, N.; Driessen, E.; Hamblen, J.; Larsen, S.E.; et al. Absolute and Relative Outcomes of Psychotherapies for Eight Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 267–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Grossman, P.; Niemann, L.; Schmidt, S.; Walach, H. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Health Benefits. A Meta-Analysis. J. Psychosom. Res. 2004, 57, 35–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Ito, Y.; Browne, C.A.; Yamamoto, K. The Impacts of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on Mindfulness and Well-Being for Regular and Novice Meditators. Mindfulness 2022, 13, 1458–1468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  87. Denys, D. Professionals in Psychiatry Need Reflective Competence. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 234–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Fisher, H.L. The Public Mental Health Revolution Must Privilege Lived Experience Voices and Create Alliances with Affected Communities. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 2–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  89. O’Donoghue, B. Some Priorities in Targeting Social Determinants to Achieve Prevention of Mental Disorders. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 98–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Reed, G.M. What’s in a Name? Mental Disorders, Mental Health Conditions and Psychosocial Disability. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 209–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Slade, M.; Rennick-Egglestone, S.; Elliott, R.A.; Newby, C.; Robinson, C.; Gavan, S.P.; Paterson, L.; Ali, Y.; Yeo, C.; Glover, T.; et al. Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of Online Recorded Recovery Narratives in Improving Quality of Life for People with Non-psychotic Mental Health Problems: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial. World Psychiatry 2024, 23, 101–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  92. van Ommeren, M.; Lewis, S.; Van’t Hof, E.; Carswell, K. Putting Psychological Interventions First in Primary Health Care. World Psychiatry 2023, 22, 390–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Luciano, M.; Sampogna, G.; D’Ambrosio, E.; Rampino, A.; Amore, M.; Calcagno, P.; Rossi, A.; Rossi, R.; Carmassi, C.; Dell’Osso, L.; et al. One-Year Efficacy of a Lifestyle Behavioural Intervention on Physical and Mental Health in People with Severe Mental Disorders: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2024, 274, 903–915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Pearce, M.; Garcia, L.; Abbas, A.; Strain, T.; Schuch, F.B.; Golubic, R.; Kelly, P.; Khan, S.; Utukuri, M.; Laird, Y.; et al. Association between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2022, 79, 550–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  95. Wasserman, D. Mental Health for All: Fostering Healthy Lifestyles. World Psychiatry 2023, 22, 343–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  96. Wasserman, D.; Arango, C.; Fiorillo, A.; Levin, S.; Peters, A.; Rao, P.; Sanchez-Villanueva, T.; Sylla, A. Improving Mental Health through Fostering Healthy Lifestyles in Young People: One of the Targets in the WPA Action Plan 2023–2026. World Psychiatry 2023, 22, 488–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  97. Roster, K.; Kann, R.; Brownstone, N. Prescription Trends of Antidepressant, Anxiolytic, and Anticonvulsant Medications among Dermatologists from 2013 to 2020. Dermatol. Online J. 2023, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  98. Lewer, D.; O’Reilly, C.; Mojtabai, R.; Evans-Lacko, S. Antidepressant Use in 27 European Countries: Associations with Sociodemographic, Cultural and Economic Factors. Br. J. Psychiatry 2015, 207, 221–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Gomez-Lumbreras, A.; Ferrer, P.; Ballarín, E.; Sabaté, M.; Vidal, X.; Andretta, M.; Coma, A.; Ibáñez, L. Study of Antidepressant Use in 5 European Settings. Could Economic, Sociodemographic and Cultural Determinants Be Related to Their Use? J. Affect Disord. 2019, 249, 278–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Brainsci 14 00865 g001
Figure 1. Student’s t-tests. Comparison of assessment scale scores by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in the study population (statistically significant results are highlighted as follows: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
Figure 1. Student’s t-tests. Comparison of assessment scale scores by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in the study population (statistically significant results are highlighted as follows: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).
Brainsci 14 00865 g001
Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample (N = 112).
Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample (N = 112).
n%
Gender
Male6759.8
Female4540.2
Age (years)48.91±12.73
Education
Elementary school2623.2
Middle school4641.1
High school3228.6
University87.1
Marital status
With partner8777.7
Without partner2522.3
Employed, yes5650
Note: Data for continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.
Table 2. Clinical characteristics of the sample (N = 112).
Table 2. Clinical characteristics of the sample (N = 112).
n%
BMI29.33±6.45
Sedentary lifestyle, yes8979.5
Smoker, yes6154.5
Alcohol consumption10997.3
Family history of psychiatric disorders, yes
Positive1614.3
Personal history of psychiatric disorders
Positive98
Ongoing psychiatric drugs administration
Anxiolytic1210.7
Antidepressant98
HAM-A total score12.59±9.56
HAM-D total score11.93±7.67
GSI60.79±53.63
DoPI (years)17.4±12.49
Arthritis3127.7
Psodisk total score52.24±26.22
BMI: body mass index; DoPI: duration of psoriatic illness; GSI: Global Severity Index; HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM-D: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Note: Data for continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.
Table 3. Pearson’s rho correlation between age, BMI, duration of psoriatic illness, Psodisk subscales and psychiatric assessment tool scores (N = 112).
Table 3. Pearson’s rho correlation between age, BMI, duration of psoriatic illness, Psodisk subscales and psychiatric assessment tool scores (N = 112).
SF-36SCL-90
HAM-AHAM-DPCSMCSGSI
Age0.1080.005−0.242 *−0.204 *0.032
BMI0.1820.081−0.222 *−0.225 *0.099
DoPI−0.089−0.086−0.0220.094−0.048
Psodisk
Health0.500 ***0.462 ***−0.523 ***−0.464 ***0.493 ***
Pain0.525 ***0.415 ***−0.563 ***−0.443 ***0.442 ***
Itch0.321 ***0.313 ***−0.278 **−0.389 ***0.359 ***
Sleep0.456 ***0.409 ***−0.435 ***−0.488 ***0.467 ***
Social life0.331 ***0.220 *−0.228 *−0.324 ***0.383 ***
Work and other daily activities0.265 ***0.132−0.345 ***−0.349 ***0.246 **
Peace of mind0.399 ***0.333 ***−0.390 ***−0.520 ***0.405 ***
Sexual life0.241 *0.197 *−0.245 **−0.320 ***0.356 ***
Shame0.331 ***0.289 ***−0.237 *−0.346 ***0.407 ***
Skin involvement0.288 ***0.315 ***−0.224 *−0.290 **0.341 ***
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. BMI: body mass index; DoPI: duration of psoriatic illness; GSI: Global Severity Index; HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM-D: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; MCS: SF-36 mental component summary; PCS: SF-36 physical component summary; SF-36: Short Form Health Survey 36; SCL-90: Symptom Checklist.
Table 4. Regression analysis (N = 112). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample and Psodisk subscale scores are used as independent variables; psychopathological scales are the dependent variables.
Table 4. Regression analysis (N = 112). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample and Psodisk subscale scores are used as independent variables; psychopathological scales are the dependent variables.
SF-36SCL-90
HAM-A
B (95% IC)		HAM-D
B (95% IC)		PCS
B (95% IC)		MCS
B (95% IC)		GSI
B (95% IC)
Adjusted R20.4400.3000.3820.3900.310
Age0.05(−0.07/0.17)−0.06(−0.17/0.05)−0.20(−0.52/0.12)−0.26(−0.56/0.03)−0.27(−1.03/0.49)
Gender (male)−3.92 *(−7.35/−0.49)−3.42 *(−6.52/−0.32)2.31(−6.65/11.27)7.69(−0.65/16.02)−14.44(−35.87/6.98)
BMI0.13(−0.10/0.36)−0.02(−0.23/0.18)−0.60(−1.19/0.00)−0.46(−1.02/0.09)0.10(−1.33/1.53)
Physical activity (sedentary lifestyle)2.71(−1.07/6.49)4.02 *(0.60/7.43)−6.34(−16.21/3.53)−2.48(−11.66/6.70)8.99(−14.61/32.58)
Personal history of psychiatric disorders (negative)−4.84(−10.33/0.65)−1.47(−6.43/3.49)−0.91(−15.25/13.43)4.50(−8.83/17.83)−20.07(−54.35/14.21)
DoPI−0.14 *(−0.27/−0.02)−0.09(−0.20/0.03)0.11(−0.22/0.43)0.27(−0.03/0.57)−0.37(−1.14/0.41)
Arthritis (absent)−2.22(−6.07/1.62)−0.12(−3.60/3.35)2.60(−7.45/12.65)−0.22(−9.57/9.13)−4.18(−28.21/19.85)
Psodisk
Health0.24(−0.47/0.96)0.51(−0.13/1.16)−1.10(−2.96/0.76)−0.47(−2.19/1.26)3.10(−1.34/7.53)
Pain0.62 *(0.05 7/1.19)0.28(−0.24/0.79)−2.03 **(−3.52/−0.54)−0.46(−1.85/0.93)1.52(−2.05/5.09)
Itch−0.39(−0.98/0.19)−0.18(−0.71/0.34)0.49(−1.04/2.02)0.21(−1.21/1.63)−0.78(−4.43/2.88)
Sleep0.68 **(0.20/1.17)0.60 **(0.16/1.04)−1.46 **(−2.73/−0.19)−1.57 *(−2.75/−0.39)3.91 *(0.87/6.95)
Social life0.21(−0.40/0.82)0.13(−0.42/0.68)0.14(−1.45/1.73)0.15(−1.33/1.63)0.91(−2.89/4.72)
Work and other daily activities−0.29(−0.82/0.23)−0.31(−0.78/0.16)−0.10(−1.46/1.26)−0.31(−1.58/0.95)−1.63(−4.89/1.63)
Peace of mind0.54(−0.12/1.20)0.15(−0.45/0.75)−1.07(−2.80/0.66)−2.30 **(−3.91/−0.69)0.91(−3.22/5.05)
Sexual life−0.15(−0.77/0.48)−0.30(−0.86/0.27)−0.22(−1.85/1.41)−0.05(−1.57/1.46)1.23(−2.67/5.14)
Shame0.13(−0.47/0.72)0.12(−0.42/0.66)0.12(−1.43/1.67)0.10(−1.34/1.54)1.56(−2.15/5.26)
Skin involvement−0.02(−0.75/0.72)0.04(−0.63/0.71)1.33(−0.59/3.26)0.89(−0.90/2.68)−0.22(−4.83/4.38)
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. BMI: body mass index; DoPI: duration of psoriatic illness; GSI: Global Severity Index; HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM-D: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; MCS: SF-36 mental component summary; PCS: SF-36 physical component summary; SF-36: Short Form Health Survey 36; SCL-90: Symptom Checklist.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cipolla, S.; Catapano, P.; Bonamico, A.F.; De Santis, V.; Murolo, R.; Romano, F.; Volpicelli, A.; Perris, F.; Lo Schiavo, A.; Fabrazzo, M.; et al. Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Patients with Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090865

AMA Style

Cipolla S, Catapano P, Bonamico AF, De Santis V, Murolo R, Romano F, Volpicelli A, Perris F, Lo Schiavo A, Fabrazzo M, et al. Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Patients with Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(9):865. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090865

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cipolla, Salvatore, Pierluigi Catapano, Antonio Fiorino Bonamico, Valeria De Santis, Roberta Murolo, Francesca Romano, Antonio Volpicelli, Francesco Perris, Ada Lo Schiavo, Michele Fabrazzo, and et al. 2024. "Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Patients with Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Study" Brain Sciences 14, no. 9: 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090865

APA Style

Cipolla, S., Catapano, P., Bonamico, A. F., De Santis, V., Murolo, R., Romano, F., Volpicelli, A., Perris, F., Lo Schiavo, A., Fabrazzo, M., & Catapano, F. (2024). Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Patients with Psoriasis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sciences, 14(9), 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090865

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop