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Article

Effects of Low Temperature on Antioxidant and Heat Shock Protein Expression Profiles and Transcriptomic Responses in Crayfish (Cherax destructor)

by
Ying Yang
1,
Wenyue Xu
1,
Qichen Jiang
2,
Yucong Ye
1,
Jiangtao Tian
1,
Yingying Huang
1,
Xinglin Du
1,
Yiming Li
1,
Yunlong Zhao
1,* and
Zhiquan Liu
3,4,*
1
School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
2
Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
3
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
4
School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091779
Submission received: 8 August 2022 / Revised: 4 September 2022 / Accepted: 6 September 2022 / Published: 9 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Metabolism in Ecophysiology and Evolution)
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Abstract

:
Low temperature is a critical factor restricting the growth and survival of aquatic animals, but research on the mechanism of response to low temperature in Cherax destructor is limited. C. destructor is one of the most important freshwater crustaceans with strong adaptability in Australia, and it has been commercialized gradually in recent years. Here, growth indicators, antioxidant parameters, anti-stress gene expression, and transcriptome sequencing were used on crayfish following 8 weeks of low-temperature acclimation. The results showed that weight gain, length gain, and molting rates decreased as the temperature decreased. The activity of antioxidant enzymes decreased, while the content of antioxidant substances and the expression of anti-stress genes increased. Transcriptome sequencing identified 589 differentially expressed genes, 279 of which were upregulated and 310 downregulated. The gene functions and pathways for endocrine disorders, glucose metabolism, antioxidant defense, and immune responses were identified. In conclusion, although low-temperature acclimation inhibited the basal metabolism and immune ability of crayfish, it also increased the antioxidant substance content and anti-stress-gene expression to protect the organism from low-temperature damage. This study provided molecular insights into the study of low-temperature responses of low-temperature-tolerant crustacean species.

1. Introduction

Water temperature is an inevitable factor causing aquatic animal stress, affecting almost all physiological and biochemical processes of poikilothermic animals. It can inhibit individual growth or even lead to death at low temperatures [1,2]. When the water temperature changes beyond the tolerance temperature range of poikilothermic animals, oxygen free radicals increase, antioxidant-enzyme activity decreases, oxidative damage is aggravated, and immunity becomes suppressed in the organism [3,4]. To adapt to the drastic changes in the surrounding environment, individuals have evolved a series of temperature stress response mechanisms, such as unfolded-protein response and apoptosis [5], activation of desaturases [6,7], and increased lipid metabolism [8]. In addition, as a class of molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins can prevent protein denaturation and play a critical role in an organism’s resistance to environmental stress [9,10]. Heat shock proteins are associated with temperature tolerance and organism upregulation of HSP expression to protect cells from damage under temperature stress [10,11,12]. When an organism is subjected to environmental stress, HSP70 can enhance cell viability by protecting cells from oxidative or nitrative stress, while HSP90 can defend against pathogenic infection [13], thus improving the environmental adaptation of aquatic animals [14,15]. However, most of these studies are concentrated in species that cannot tolerate low temperature, such as Litopenaeus vannamei [3,16], Marsupenaeus japonicus [17], and Cherax quadricarinatus [18,19], whereas less research has been done on low-temperature-tolerant crustaceans.
Cherax destructor is one of the Australian freshwater crayfish with a large size, fast growth, high survival rate, and wide distribution [20]. Recently, C. destructor has been commercialized gradually as a potential economic species [21]. Different from other economically important Australian freshwater crayfish such as Cherax tenuimanus and C. quadricarinatus, C. destructor has strong temperature adaptability, and it can tolerate low temperatures [20]. At present, there are many studies on the tolerance of C. destructor to environmental factors such as salinity [22], dissolved oxygen [23], and pH [24], but there are fewer studies on low-temperature tolerance.
Investigating changes in gene expression patterns and metabolic pathways is the focus of understanding the molecular-response mechanisms of crustaceans under low-temperature stress. Currently, transcriptomic approaches based on high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) have provided new analytical avenues for revealing potential genes and related pathways of organism-specific physiological processes under different environmental conditions [19,25]. RNA-seq is now widely used to study the defense responses of organisms under stress conditions. It provides comprehensive information for identifying novel immune genes and reveals potential regulatory and adaptive mechanisms [26,27,28]. With the help of RNA-seq, previous studies have identified some functional genes and physiological pathways of cold-tolerance mechanisms [29,30]. Therefore, using RNA-seq to analyze C. destructor at the molecular level under low temperatures is expected to help us better understand the cold-response mechanism of crayfish.
In this study, the weight growth rate and molting rate, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione content, as well as the gene expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and cold shock protein (CPS) in the hepatopancreas of C. destructor at different temperatures were examined. Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were applied to identify the essential genes and the major pathways in response to cold stress. The results provide a theoretical basis and valuable insights for further exploring the regulatory mechanisms of crustaceans under low-temperature stress.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Organisms

Healthy C. destructor were obtained from the Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Shanghai, China). The temperature acclimation experiment on crayfish was carried out in culture tanks for 7 days. The tanks contained aerated water and were maintained at 20 ± 1 °C. The crayfish were fed daily with commercial feed during acclimatization, and excrement and food residue were removed.

2.2. Experimental Procedures

After acclimatization, the crayfish (n = 150) were randomly assigned to tanks (66 × 45 × 36 cm) for each temperature treatment at a density of 10 crayfish per tank. Three tanks were used for each treatment group (30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 °C). For the temperature treatment, 20 °C was maintained until the end of sampling. For the other four temperature treatments, the water temperature was increased/decreased from 20 °C to 1 °C per day until the set temperature was reached. Subsequently, the temperatures were maintained at the set temperature for 8 weeks before sampling.
During cultivation, the initial body weight and initial body length were recorded, and the number of molting crayfish was recorded every day. After cultivation, final body weight and final body length were measured, and the weight gain, length gain, and molting rates were calculated. Hepatopancreas samples of C. destructor were rapidly removed, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C for transcriptomic analysis and other biochemical assays. Only the hepatopancreas from the 25 °C and 10 °C groups were used for transcriptomic analysis.
The crayfish were fed commercial feed, and the food residues and animal feces were cleaned daily. Water temperatures were checked, and the water was changed every day. The amount of water exchanged was one-third of the total, and the tank was continuously aerated.

2.3. Antioxidant Index Detection

The hepatopancreas tissues from the different temperature groups (30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 °C) were combined with physiological saline. The hepatopancreas weight (g)/physiological saline (mL) ratio was 1:9. Homogenate was prepared with a homogenizer on ice. The contents of total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), as well as the enzyme activity of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), were detected using commercial kits purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). The experimental operation was carried out in strict accordance with the instructions.

2.4. Detection of Anti-Stress-Gene Expression

Total RNA of hepatopancreas tissues was extracted by TRIzol reagent (Aidlab, Beijing, China), following the manufacturer’s instructions. The concentration and quality of RNA were detected by a NanoDrop-2000C (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, NC, USA) and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. Total RNA first-strand cDNA of each sample was generated using the PrimeScript™ RT Master Mix Real Time Kit (Takara, Japan). The transcribed cDNA was stored at −20 °C for subsequent experiments. The fluorescent quantification dye was TransStart Top Green qPCR SuperMix (TransGen, Beijing, China). Primer sequences for anti-stress genes are shown in Table S1. 18S rRNA was used as an internal reference gene, and the 2−ΔΔct method was used for calculation [31].

2.5. Transcriptomic Analysis

2.5.1. Transcriptome Sequencing

Total RNA from hepatopancreas tissues of C. destructor in the 25 °C and 10 °C groups was extracted using the mirVanaTM miRNA Isolation Kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA). An Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) were used to analyze the RNA integrity and quality, respectively. The TruSeq Stranded mRNA LT Sample Prep Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to construct cDNA libraries, following standardized kit procedures. The libraries were sequenced on the Illumine sequencing platform (Illumina HiSeq X Ten) at Shanghai OE Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and 150 bp paired-end reads were generated.

2.5.2. RNA-Seq Read Processing and Mapping

The raw image data obtained by high-throughput sequencing were converted into raw sequence data by base calling analysis. They contained the sequence information of the raw sequence data and the sequencing quality information. Trimmomatic software [32], which controls the quality of raw data, including removal of adapters, low-quality reads, and low-quality bases, was utilized as it also obtains high-quality clean reads. Clean reads were mapped to the reference genome of C. destructor using HISAT2, and every sample was independently mapped. The software parameters were default values.

2.5.3. Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) and Functional Enrichment

Htseq-count software was used to obtain the read counts of genes in each sample. Cufflinks software was used to calculate the FPMK (fragments per kb per million reads) value of each gene [33,34]. The estimates SizeFactors function of the DESeq R package was used to normalize the data, and the nbinom Test function was used to calculate the p-value and fold change value. Genes with p < 0.05 and fold change ≥ 2 were considered DEGs. M-versus-A (MA) and volcano plots were created to visualize the overall distribution of DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed on DEGs to determine the biological functions and pathways that differential genes mainly affect. The GO enrichment analysis was divided into biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions.

2.6. Transcriptome Data Validation

To ensure the reliability of transcriptome data, fourteen genes were randomly selected from DEGs and measured using qRT-PCR. The gene expressions were detected using the qRT-PCR method, described in Section 2.4. Primer sequences for transcriptome data validation are shown in Table S2. 18S rRNA was used as an internal reference gene, and the 2−ΔΔct method was used for calculation [31].

2.7. Statistical Analysis

All data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test were used to determine the differences among different temperature groups. Statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS 19.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA), and graphs were constructed using Graph Pad Prism 5 (Graph Pad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). Significant differences were indicated when p < 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Effects of Temperature on the Growth Indicators of C. destructor

As shown in Table 1, the weight gain rate and length gain rate were significantly decreased in the 15 °C and 10 °C groups compared to the 30, 25, and 20 °C groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference among the 30, 25, and 20 °C groups, as well as between the 15 °C and 10 °C groups (p > 0.05).

3.2. Effects of Temperature on the Molting Rate of C. destructor

In the 30 °C and 25 °C groups, the molting rate in the second and eighth weeks was higher than in the fourth and sixth weeks. In the 20 °C group, the molting rate in the second and sixth weeks was lower than in the fourth and eighth weeks. In the 15 °C and 10 °C groups, the molting rate was enhanced as the time increased (Figure 1).

3.3. Effects of Temperature on Antioxidant Indicators of C. destructor

To evaluate the antioxidant properties of C. destructor at different temperatures, the content of glutathione and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were detected. T-GSH had maximum values in the 30 °C group, except in the 30 °C group, T-GSH increased as the temperature decreased, and it significantly increased in the 15 °C and 10 °C groups compared with the 25 °C group (p < 0.05, Figure 2A). GSSG and GSH peaked in the 30 °C group and the 10 °C group, respectively, and there were no significant differences among the other temperature groups (p > 0.05, Figure 2B,C). GSH/GSSG had an increasing trend with the temperature decrease, and it significantly increased in the 10 °C group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05, Figure 2D). Except for the GST of the 10 °C group, the activity of both GR and GST first decreased and then increased as the temperature decreased. Compared with the 25 °C group, GST activity was significantly decreased in the 10 °C group (p < 0.05), while GR activity had no significant (Figure 2E,F).

3.4. Effects of Temperature on the Expression of Anti-Stress Genes in C. destructor

The results of the 25 °C group are set as 1. Compared with the 25 °C group, the expression of HSP20 significantly decreased as the temperature decreased (p < 0.05, Figure 3A). The expressions of HSP21 and HSP90 were not significantly different in the low-temperature groups compared with the 25 °C group (p > 0.05), while they significantly increased in the 30 °C group (p < 0.05, Figure 3B,E). As the temperature decreased, the expressions of HSP60, HSP70, and CSP significantly increased compared with the 25 °C group (p < 0.05), and the expression of CSP significantly increased in the 30 °C group (p < 0.05, Figure 3C,D,F).

3.5. GO and KEGG Pathway Enrichment Analysis

The DEGs were visualized on the MA and volcano plots (Figure 4). A total of 589 DEGs were identified, of which 279 were upregulated and 310 were downregulated.
To identify the key functions in crayfish affected by cold temperature, 589 DEGs were mapped into three GO items. The results showed that the top three categories of biological processes enriched by DEGs were regulation of pupariation (GO: 0106023), negative regulation of ecdysone receptor-mediated signaling pathway (GO: 0120143), and cellulose catabolic process (GO: 0030245). The top three cellular components were extracellular space (GO: 0005615), anchored component of the external side of the plasma membrane (GO: 0005615), and mitochondrial envelope (GO: 0005740). The top three molecular functions were oxidoreductase activity (GO: 0016491), cellulase activity (GO: 0008810), and cellulose binding (GO: 0030248) (Figure 5).
As shown in Figure 6, KEGG enrichment was performed to further understand which pathways were significantly affected in the cold temperature group. The top 20 KEGG pathways that were significantly enriched were mainly involved in metabolic regulation (carbohydrate metabolism), innate immune response (glutathione metabolism, cytochrome P450 metabolism, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin biosynthesis, and retinol metabolism), endocrine system (steroid hormone biosynthesis and thyroid hormone synthesis), and low-temperature protective response (longevity-regulating pathway).

3.6. Data Validation

To verify the reliability of transcriptome sequencing results, we detected 14 randomly selected genes using qRT-PCR, as shown in Figure 7. A significant positive correlation (R = 0.810) between the RNA-seq results and qRT-PCR results indicates that the transcriptome results were validated.

4. Discussion

Changes in water temperature profoundly impact the growth and metabolism of aquatic ectothermic animals. Previous studies have shown that growth was significantly inhibited in many species at low temperatures, such as Macrobtachium nipponense and C. quadricarinatus [35,36]. Similar results were found in our experiments, where the weight growth rate and length growth rate of C. destructor significantly decreased in the low-temperature groups (15 °C and 10 °C) compared with other temperature groups (30, 25, and 20 °C). The results indicated that when the temperature was lower than 15 °C, the growth of C. destructor was inhibited. Crustacean growth is accomplished through a series of molts [37]. In the present study, as the cultivation time increased, the molting rate of C. destructor showed different trends in the different temperature groups. The molting rate of crayfish was lower in the 15 °C and 10 °C groups than in the other groups after two weeks of culture. The results showed that low temperature inhibited the molting rate of C. destructor, thus likely leading to prolonged molting intervals in crustaceans [38,39]. With the increase in cultivation time, the molting rate of crayfish in the low-temperature groups showed an upward trend, while the other groups showed a downward trend. We speculate this may be related to the prolonged molt period in low temperatures. That is, after 4–6 weeks of culture, the crayfish in the low-temperature group may gradually enter the molting period, while the other groups were in the transition between two molts. Further studies are still required to understand molting fully. These results suggested that low temperature may inhibit the growth of C. destructor by reducing the molting rate and prolonging the molting cycle.
To explore the physiological processes and metabolic pathways of C. destructor in response to low temperature, we evaluated antioxidant and anti-stress indexes at different temperatures and combined RNA-seq technology to analyze the hepatopancreas of crayfish at 25 °C and 10 °C. GO enrichment results showed DEGs were mainly enriched in biological processes related to growth and development, and molecular functions related to oxidoreductase. These results were in agreement with the growth parameters and antioxidant indicators results.
The endocrine system regulates various physiological functions of organisms to cope with environmental changes. In Macrobrachium rosenbergii and L. vannamei, changes in endocrine hormone levels were found during cold stress [40,41]. These findings confirm that the endocrine system affects individuals’ cold tolerance. In the present study, low temperature significantly altered the steroid hormone biosynthesis, including ecdysone and estrogen. Ecdysone and estrogen control molting, embryogenesis, gonadal development, and reproductive ability in aquatic animals [42,43,44]. Changes in the levels of these hormones suggest that they are involved in suppressing molting and sexual maturation at low temperatures. Responses of molting-related hormones and sexual-maturation-related hormones to temperature changes were also found in L. vannamei and M. nipponense [45,46]. Except for the steroid hormone, thyroid hormone biosynthesis was also affected in the low-temperature group. Thyroid hormone regulates the individual basal metabolic rate and is known for regulating body temperature in homothermic animals, as well as growth and development in poikilotherms [46,47,48]. It is affected by temperature in various aquatic animals [49,50,51]. Iodide is an important micronutrient in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, and iodide homeostasis within the thyroid gland is critical for thyroid hormone synthesis [52]. Iodotyrosine deiodinase is necessary to keep the balance between iodide and thyroid hormones [53]. Transcriptome results showed that the gene expression of iodotyrosine deiodinase was significantly down-regulated in the low-temperature group, suggesting that iodotyrosine deiodinase can be an important indicator of low temperature inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis in crayfish. In addition, the thyroid hormone regulates thermal acclimation in the zebrafish during temperature changes [54]. Little is known about the regulatory control of thyroid hormone on thermogenesis in aquatic animals. Therefore, the thermal regulation of thyroid hormone on crayfish at low temperatures needs further exploration. The above results suggest that low temperature may lead to the synthesis and secretion of hormone disorders and then cause endocrine disorders, which finally affect individual growth and sexual maturity.
Previous studies have shown that amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism are the main energy sources for crustaceans to cope with cold stress, and acute cold stress can lead to their dysregulation [17,55]. In the present study, among the top 20 KEGG pathways significantly enriched by DEGs under long-term low-temperature acclimation, five glucose-metabolism-related pathways (starch and sucrose metabolism, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, pentose and glucuronate interconversion, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and other glycan degradation) were affected. In addition, the qRT-PCR and transcriptome results showed a low-temperature-induced significant decrease in the expression of glycogenolysis-related genes, such as β-1,3-GA, CELLULASE, amylase, and endoglucanase. But the rate-limiting enzyme of glucose decomposition, hexokinase, was significantly upregulated. These results showed that long-term low-temperature stress could lead to abnormal glucose metabolism in individuals. Glucose is an important energy source that can be broken down by the hepatopancreas as a rapid energy source under cold stress to meet the needs of individual energy metabolism. Changes in glucose metabolism are an adaption mechanism in individuals to low temperatures; for example, M. rosenbergii and L. vannamei have increased blood glucose levels and decreased glycogen content during the adaptation process [40,55]. This result indicates the importance of a sugar source for crayfish in a long-term low-temperature environment.
The balance between the production and elimination of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is disrupted when an organism is stressed. The activation of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants is induced to prevent oxidative damage caused by excess ROS. Catalase is an antioxidant enzyme that detoxifies ROS [56]. In the transcriptome and qRT-PCR results, the expression of CAT in crayfish was decreased in the low-temperature group. A decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity was also observed in Portunus trituberculatus and C. quadricarinatus after low-temperature acclimation [10,18]. GSH is an antioxidant that acts on ROS [57], maintains the balance of oxidative stress and the antioxidant system, and converts GSSG to GSH via GR [58]. In L. vannamei, GSH has a regulatory role in temperature stress [4]. In the present study, DEGs were significantly enriched in glutathione metabolism, and the GSH content and GR activity were increased in the low-temperature group. In addition, the down-regulation of glutathione hydrolase and the up-regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase prevent GSH breakdown and provide energy, respectively, for the GSH synthesis process [59]. They are both important enzymes that ensure GSH content. Our results showed that glutathione metabolism is involved in long-term cold acclimation. Low temperature regulates the activity of enzymes related to glutathione metabolism to increase the content of GSH, which is very important in the low-temperature adaption mechanism in C. destructor. Ascorbate is another antioxidant in organisms that scavenges H2O2, O2−, HO• and lipid hydroperoxides [60,61]. Previous studies found that ascorbate is associated with resistance to environmental stress in aquatic animals [62,63]. The ascorbate-related pathway is significantly altered in C. destructor in the low-temperature group. These results suggest that long-term low temperature inhibits the activity of antioxidant enzymes but activates antioxidant-related metabolism, implying the important protective role of antioxidants during oxidative stress caused by long-term low temperature. This may be a physiological compensation mechanism of crayfish under long-term low-temperature acclimation [64].
Low temperature suppresses the immune performance of crayfish, such as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. Neomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin are from the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics [65,66,67]. They act against most gram-negative organisms and exert their antibacterial effect by blocking bacterial protein synthesis [65,68]. Retinol is involved in innate immunity and downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory factors to exert anti-inflammatory effects [69,70]. In humans and rats, retinol has been found to have a regulatory effect at low temperatures [71,72]. In the present study, antibiotic biosynthesis and retinol metabolism were significantly changed in the low-temperature group. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in various physiological processes and respond to various extracellular stimuli. In Meretrix petechialis, MAPK14 was activated after being challenged by Vibrio and elicited a series of immune responses [73]. In Lateolabrax maculatus, the expression of MAPK14 was upregulated under hypoxia and salinity stress [74]. In the present study, the expression of MAPK14 was increased in the low-temperature group, while the expression of immunity genes such as AKP [75], GGT [76], and AKR1B1 [77] was significantly decreased. These results further confirmed that low temperature inhibited the innate immunity of crayfish. The above results indicate that the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory abilities of individuals are reduced at low temperatures and that the individual may be more susceptible to pathogen infection at this time.
Low temperature can induce a disorder of free-radical metabolism, destroy the physiological functions of cells and tissues, and cause apoptosis [19]. HSPs maintain homeostasis by protecting the structure and function of cells and tissues from various stressors, including temperature stress [78]. According to the molecular weight, HSPs can be divided into high-molecular-weight HSPs (i.e., HSP100, HSP90, HSP70, and HSP60) and small-molecule HSPs (i.e., HSP40, HSP21, and HSP10) [79]. In M. rosenbergii and P. trituberculatus, HSP70 and HSP90 were protective against temperature stress [10,13]. The expression of HSP40 and HSP21 was induced under temperature stress in L. vannamei and C. quadricarinatus, respectively [18,80]. In the present study, the detection of expressions for three high-molecular-weight HSPs (HSP90, HSP70, and HSP60) and two small-molecular-weight HSPs (HSP21 and HSP20) suggest that HSPs with different molecular weights have different expression patterns during low-temperature adaptation. The different expression profiles were observed in the same HSP genes under different environmental stressors in L. vannamei [81], implying the necessity of different HSP expression patterns for individual survival. The expression of HSP60 and HSP70 was significantly upregulated, while other HSPs decreased or had no significant change at low temperatures in crayfish. The results indicated that HSP60 and HSP70 might have stronger protective effects at low-temperature acclimation in C. destructor. This may be related to the ATP dependence of high-molecular-weight HSPs [82].
ATP synthase is a protein that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP [83], and it provides energy for individual protective mechanisms, including HSP. The upregulation of ATP synthase was observed in both transcriptome and qRT-PCR results. In addition, it is well studied that HSPs are also involved in immune responses such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and disease control [84,85]. HSP70 is also a negative regulator of apoptosis, interfering with the occurrence of apoptosis [86,87,88]. This is related to the fact that the pathways involved in life regulation in crayfish are affected in the low-temperature group. It emphasizes the protective role of HSPs in crayfish at low-temperature acclimation. In transcriptome data, the longevity regulating pathway was significantly affected in the low-temperature group. Previous studies have pointed out that low temperature can improve the health and longevity of Drosophila melanogaster [89], Brachionus horeanus [90], Caenorhabditis elegans, and other species. The effect of temperature on the lifespan of C. elegans is related to daf-16 (a key gene regulating longevity) [91]. In the present study, the expressions of HSP60, SOD (superoxide dismutase), SMK-1, and TCERG1 (transcription elongation regulator1) in C. destructor were upregulated. SOD is an antioxidant enzyme that prevents oxidative damage. SMK-1 is required for innate immune and oxidative stress and modulates daf-16 transcriptional specificity that regulates longevity [92]. Moreover, the overexpression of TCERG1 extends the lifespan of C. elegans [93]. The increase of these genes showed low temperature could directly activate key genes that regulate lifespan in C. destructor. The results provide important information for the survival of cold-tolerant species at low temperatures.
CSPs are a class of RNA/DNA-binding proteins with one or more cold shock domains. CSPs are a critical factor required for cellular adaptation to low temperatures and overcoming the deleterious effects of cold stress [94,95]. Currently, increasing the expression level of CSP at low temperatures has been found in crustaceans such as M. nipponense, C. quadricarinatus, and Alvinocaris longirostris [96,97,98]. Similar results were also found in our experiments. The expression of CSP significantly increased in C. destructor in the low-temperature group, indicating CSP is indispensable for the survival of crayfish during cold acclimation. The specific protective mechanism of CSP in crustaceans is less studied and needs further exploration.
In general, stress responses are classified as primary stress responses (short term), secondary stress responses, and tertiary stress responses (long term) [99]. Primary stress responses are for the neuroendocrine system, and secondary and tertiary stress responses are for cellular responses and individual or population changes, respectively [100]. In crayfish, low-temperature acclimation affected the release of steroid hormone and thyroid hormone, and it inhibited the individual basic metabolism level and developmental process. Subsequently, a series of cellular immune responses such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and disease resistance of crayfish were suppressed. However, during the process, anti-stress factors such as GSH, HSP60, HSP70, and CSP were activated to resist the deleterious effects of low temperatures. Thus, the survival of crayfish is ensured when the individual metabolism is slowed down, the molting is inhibited, and the growth is restricted.

5. Conclusions

This study evaluated the growth, detected the antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant substance content, measured the gene expression of HSPs and CSP, and used transcriptomic to explore the response mechanism at the molecular level in C. destructor at low temperature. The results showed that low temperature induces endocrine disorders, affects basal metabolism and glucose metabolism, inhibits antioxidant enzyme activity (GST) and immune gene expression (AKP, CAT, GGT, and AKR1B1), and slows individual growth. However, low temperatures activate the synthesis of antioxidants (GSH, antibiotics, and retinol), the expression of anti-stress genes (HSP60, HSP70, CSP, and MAPK14), and lifespan-related genes (SMK-1 and TCERG1), which have important protective effects on the survival of individuals at low temperatures. Our results provide valuable information on the response metabolism of crustaceans at low temperatures.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antiox11091779/s1, Table S1: Primer sequences of anti-stress genes; Table S2: Primer sequences of transcriptome validation.

Author Contributions

The work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Conceptualization, Y.Y. (Ying Yang), W.X., Q.J., Y.Y. (Yucong Ye), J.T., Y.H., X.D., Z.L. and Y.Z.; methodology, Y.Y. (Ying Yang), W.X., Q.J., Y.Y. (Yucong Ye), J.T., Y.H., X.D., Z.L. and Y.Z.; software, Y.Y. (Ying Yang), W.X. and J.T.; validation, Y.Y. (Ying Yang), W.X., Q.J., Y.H. and X.D.; formal analysis, Y.Y. (Ying Yang) and W.X.; investigation, Y.Y. (Ying Yang), W.X., Q.J. and Y.Y. (Yucong Ye); resources, Y.Y. (Ying Yang), J.T., Z.L. and Y.Z.; data curation, Y.Y. (Ying Yang), W.X., J.T. and Y.H.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.Y. (Ying Yang); writing—review and editing, Y.Y. (Ying Yang), W.X., Q.J., Y.Y. (Yucong Ye), J.T., Y.H., X.D., Y.L., Z.L. and Y.Z.; visualization, Y.Y. (Ying Yang), W.X., Z.L. and Y.Z.; supervision, Z.L. and Y.Z.; project administration, Z.L. and Y.Z.; funding acquisition, Z.L. and Y.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The research was funded by the Project of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology, grant number 21DZ23S0300.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The authors declare that all data supporting the conclusions of this study are available within the article and its supplementary material.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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Antioxidants 11 01779 g001 550
Figure 1. (A–F) The molting rate (%) of C. destructor at different temperatures (30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 °C) for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Means with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 1. (A–F) The molting rate (%) of C. destructor at different temperatures (30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 °C) for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Means with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Antioxidants 11 01779 g001
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Figure 2. (A–D) The contents of T-GSH, GSSG, GSH, and GSH/GSSG; and (E,F) activities of GST and GR in the hepatopancreas of C. destructor at different temperatures (30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 °C) for 8 weeks. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Means with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 2. (A–D) The contents of T-GSH, GSSG, GSH, and GSH/GSSG; and (E,F) activities of GST and GR in the hepatopancreas of C. destructor at different temperatures (30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 °C) for 8 weeks. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Means with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
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Figure 3. (A–F) The levels of HSP20, HSP21, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and CSP expression in the hepatopancreas of C. destructor at different temperatures (30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 °C) for 8 weeks. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Means with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.
Figure 3. (A–F) The levels of HSP20, HSP21, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and CSP expression in the hepatopancreas of C. destructor at different temperatures (30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 °C) for 8 weeks. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Means with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.
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Figure 4. Distribution of DEGs in C. destructor among the low-temperature and control groups. (A) MA plot for DEG visualization. Each dot represents one gene, and the red dots represent DEGs. (B) Volcano plot map for visualization. Red and green dots represent upregulated and downregulated DEGs, respectively.
Figure 4. Distribution of DEGs in C. destructor among the low-temperature and control groups. (A) MA plot for DEG visualization. Each dot represents one gene, and the red dots represent DEGs. (B) Volcano plot map for visualization. Red and green dots represent upregulated and downregulated DEGs, respectively.
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Figure 5. GO functional classification of DEGs in C. destructor. Three items are included: biological processes; cellular components; molecular functions.
Figure 5. GO functional classification of DEGs in C. destructor. Three items are included: biological processes; cellular components; molecular functions.
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Figure 6. KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs in C. destructor. The x-axis represents the pathway name. The y-axis represents the gene numbers enriched in the pathway (left) and enrichment score (right), corresponding to the blue bars and red lines, respectively.
Figure 6. KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs in C. destructor. The x-axis represents the pathway name. The y-axis represents the gene numbers enriched in the pathway (left) and enrichment score (right), corresponding to the blue bars and red lines, respectively.
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Figure 7. Validation of RNA-Seq results by qRT-PCR.
Figure 7. Validation of RNA-Seq results by qRT-PCR.
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Table
Table 1. The growth indicators of C. destructor at different temperatures (30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 °C) for 8 weeks.
Table 1. The growth indicators of C. destructor at different temperatures (30, 25, 20, 15, and 10 °C) for 8 weeks.
3025201510
Initial crayfish wet weight (g)3.40 ± 0.253.61 ± 0.323.47 ± 0.253.41 ± 0.413.39 ± 0.43
Initial crayfish body length (cm)3.31 ± 0.453.29 ± 0.263.06 ± 0.403.32 ± 0.483.22 ± 0.35
Final crayfish wet weight (g)10.86 ± 1.3910.44 ± 0.749.95 ± 0.954.64 ± 0.264.46 ± 0.23
Final crayfish body length (cm)7.95 ± 0.297.67 ± 0.377.62 ± 0.364.67 ± 0.534.63 ± 0.29
Weight gain rate (WG, %)68.67% b65.41% b65.14% b26.40% a24.05% a
Length gain rate (LG, %)58.37% b57.08% b59.86% b28.82% a30.55% a
Values are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 10); significant differences are indicated with different letters in the same row (p < 0.05).
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MDPI and ACS Style

Yang, Y.; Xu, W.; Jiang, Q.; Ye, Y.; Tian, J.; Huang, Y.; Du, X.; Li, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, Z. Effects of Low Temperature on Antioxidant and Heat Shock Protein Expression Profiles and Transcriptomic Responses in Crayfish (Cherax destructor). Antioxidants 2022, 11, 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091779

AMA Style

Yang Y, Xu W, Jiang Q, Ye Y, Tian J, Huang Y, Du X, Li Y, Zhao Y, Liu Z. Effects of Low Temperature on Antioxidant and Heat Shock Protein Expression Profiles and Transcriptomic Responses in Crayfish (Cherax destructor). Antioxidants. 2022; 11(9):1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091779

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang, Ying, Wenyue Xu, Qichen Jiang, Yucong Ye, Jiangtao Tian, Yingying Huang, Xinglin Du, Yiming Li, Yunlong Zhao, and Zhiquan Liu. 2022. "Effects of Low Temperature on Antioxidant and Heat Shock Protein Expression Profiles and Transcriptomic Responses in Crayfish (Cherax destructor)" Antioxidants 11, no. 9: 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091779

APA Style

Yang, Y., Xu, W., Jiang, Q., Ye, Y., Tian, J., Huang, Y., Du, X., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., & Liu, Z. (2022). Effects of Low Temperature on Antioxidant and Heat Shock Protein Expression Profiles and Transcriptomic Responses in Crayfish (Cherax destructor). Antioxidants, 11(9), 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091779

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