Vaccines

19 pages, 1477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creating and Activating an Implementation Community to Drive HPV Vaccine Uptake in Texas: The Role of an NCI-Designated Cancer Center

by Rosalind S. Bello, Michael T. Walsh, Jr., Blake Harper, Charles E. Amos, Jr., Katherine Oestman, Stephanie Nutt, Marcita Galindez, Kaitlyn Block, Ruth Rechis, Erica M. Bednar, Jennifer Tektiridis, Lewis Foxhall, Mark Moreno, Sanjay Shete and Ernest Hawk

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061128 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1972

Abstract

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, a comprehensive cancer center designated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), defines its service population area as the State of Texas (29.1 M), the second most populous state in the country and the state with [...] Read more.

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, a comprehensive cancer center designated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), defines its service population area as the State of Texas (29.1 M), the second most populous state in the country and the state with the greatest number of uninsured residents in the United States. Consistent with a novel and formal commitment to prevention as part of its core mission, alongside clear opportunities in Texas to drive vaccine uptake, MD Anderson assembled a transdisciplinary team to develop an institutional Framework to increase adolescent HPV vaccination and reduce HPV-related cancer burden. The Framework was developed and activated through a four-phase approach aligned with the NCI Cancer Center Support Grant Community Outreach and Engagement component. MD Anderson identified collaborators through data-driven outreach and constructed a portfolio of collaborative multi-sector initiatives through review processes designed to assess readiness, impact and sustainability. The result is an implementation community of 78 institutions collaboratively implementing 12 initiatives within a shared measurement framework impacting 18 counties. This paper describes a structured and rigorous process to set up the implementation of a multi-year investment in evidence-based strategies to increase HPV vaccination that solves challenges preventing implementation of recommended strategies and to encourage similar initiative replication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Impactful Strategies to Increase HPV Vaccine Delivery and Uptake)

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12 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BNT162b2 Vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 Infection Changes the Dynamics of Total and Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: A 6-Month Prospective Cohort Study

by Jorge Hernández-Bello, José Julio Sierra-García-de-Quevedo, José Javier Morales-Núñez, Guillermo Santoscoy-Ascencio, Saúl Alberto Díaz-Pérez, Jesús Alberto Gutiérrez-Brito and José Francisco Muñoz-Valle

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061127 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2071

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the dynamics, duration, and production of total and neutralizing antibodies induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine and the possible effect of gender and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on the generation of these antibodies. Total antibodies were quantified via chemiluminescent microparticle [...] Read more.

This study aimed to analyze the dynamics, duration, and production of total and neutralizing antibodies induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine and the possible effect of gender and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on the generation of these antibodies. Total antibodies were quantified via chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), and neutralizing antibodies were quantified using the cPass SARS-CoV-2 kit. Individuals with a history of COVID-19 produced twice as many antibodies than vaccinated individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an exponential increase observed in just six days. In those without a COVID-19 history, similar antibody production was reached 45 days after vaccination. Although total antibodies decline considerably in the first two months, the neutralizing antibodies and their inhibitory capacity (>96%) persist up to 6 months after the first dose. There was a tendency for higher total antibodies in women than men, but not at the inhibition capacity level. We suggest that the decline in total antibodies should not be considered as an indicator of loss of protective immunity because most antibodies decay two months after the second dose, but neutralizing antibodies remain constant for at least six months. Therefore, these latter antibodies could be better indicators for estimating the time-dependent vaccine efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response of Vaccines to SARS-CoV-2)

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13 pages, 680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of University Students’ Levels of Knowledge about HPV Infection and the HPV Vaccine on Their Health Beliefs: Health Sciences Students

by Sibel Ergün

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061126 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1736

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine health sciences students’ levels of knowledge about HPV infection and the vaccine and their health beliefs, to compare them in terms of individual characteristics, and to examine the relationship between their knowledge of the HPV [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine health sciences students’ levels of knowledge about HPV infection and the vaccine and their health beliefs, to compare them in terms of individual characteristics, and to examine the relationship between their knowledge of the HPV infection/vaccine and their health beliefs. The data of the study were collected from Health Sciences Faculty students through a face-to-face setting (n: 824). The data tools used in the study were the identification form, the health belief model scale for human papillomavirus infection and vaccination, and the human papillomavirus knowledge scale. The results showed that (1) although the students’ levels of knowledge about HPV infection and the vaccine were low, (2) they did perceive HPV infection to be a severe problem. According to the multilinear regression analysis performed, the main predictor of the perceived severity (β = 0.29; 95% Cl: 0.04, 0.07), obstacle (β = 0.21; 95% Cl: 0.01, 0.04), and sensitivity (β = 0.22; 95% Cl: 0.02, 0.06) subscales of the HBMS-HPVV was general HPV knowledge. It was also determined that as the students’ knowledge about HPV increased, their health belief levels regarding HPV infection and the vaccine increased as well (n: 824). In conclusion, for nurses and other healthcare professionals to be effective in informing individuals, they should have knowledge of HPV infection and the vaccine. In this context, the necessary education and advice about the importance of HPV infection and the vaccine should be provided to students receiving education in the field of healthcare. Full article

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14 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Sawsan Mustafa Abdalla, Elsadig Yousif Mohamed, Hala Mostafa Elsabagh, Mohammad Shakil Ahmad, Riyaz Ahamed Shaik, Vini Mehta, Ankita Mathur and Sharad Balasaheb Ghatge

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061125 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1940

Abstract

Hesitancy about receiving vaccines has been deemed a global danger to public health by WHO. The sociocultural backgrounds of the people have an impact on vaccine acceptance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sociodemographic factors on COVID-19 vaccination [...] Read more.

Hesitancy about receiving vaccines has been deemed a global danger to public health by WHO. The sociocultural backgrounds of the people have an impact on vaccine acceptance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sociodemographic factors on COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy as well as to identify the factors that contributed to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the primary variables causing COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among residents of Pune. The general population was sampled through simple random sampling. The minimum sample size was determined to be 1246. The questionnaire inquired about the individuals’ sociodemographic information, vaccination status, and reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Results: In total, there were 5381 subjects, 1669 of whom were unvaccinated and 3712 of whom were partially vaccinated. Fear of adverse effects (51.71%), fear of losing a few days of work (43.02%), and inability to secure a vaccine slot online (33.01%) were the most frequently cited reasons. An older population (>60 years, p = 0.004), males (p = 0.032), those who were literate (p = 0.011), those of lower middle socioeconomic status (p = 0.001), and smokers were significantly associated with fear and mistrust of the COVID-19 vaccine, while mistrust of the vaccine was greatest among individuals from the upper and lower middle classes (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Vaccine hesitancy due to concerns about the side effects and long-term complications was prevalent among the elderly, males, those from the lower middle class, and smokers. This study emphasizes the importance of communicating effectively about the vaccine’s efficacy, its distribution, and vaccination sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Reemerging Viral Infection, Immunopathogenesis and Diagnosis of Viral Infection, and Development of the Novel Antiviral Strategies)

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19 pages, 512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with College Students’ Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination and Preferred Strategies for Catch-Up Vaccine Promotion: A Mixed-Methods Study

by Seok Won Jin, Yeonggeul Lee, Sohye Lee, Haeun Jin and Heather M. Brandt

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061124 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3039

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination protects against six types of cancer—cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar, and vaginal. In the United States (U.S.), HPV vaccination coverage in college students remains low, especially in the Mid-South region, despite the highest risk of HPV infections and disease [...] Read more.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination protects against six types of cancer—cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar, and vaginal. In the United States (U.S.), HPV vaccination coverage in college students remains low, especially in the Mid-South region, despite the highest risk of HPV infections and disease burden. However, few studies have assessed HPV vaccination among college students here. This study examined factors associated with HPV vaccination among college students in the Mid-South and explored preferred strategies for promoting vaccination. A mixed-methods design comprising a cross-sectional, self-report online survey and dyadic virtual interviews was conducted. Simple random sampling was performed to recruit a total of 417 undergraduate students aged 18–26 from March to May 2021; convenience sampling was performed to recruit three sex-matched dyads of a total of six (four female and two male) undergraduates from survey respondents who had not completed the HPV vaccine series in May 2021. Binary logistic regression analyses showed HPV vaccine knowledge and perceived barriers to vaccination were factors contributing to coverage for both female and male students, while perceived risks of HPV and vaccine hesitancy were factors only among female students. Findings from the qualitative content analysis identified college students’ perceived barriers to the vaccination at multiple levels and preferred strategies for vaccination promotion, corroborating the findings from the survey study. The findings provide implications that benefit the development of tailored interventions aimed at facilitating catch-up vaccination among college students in the Mid-South region. There is an urgent need for further research and the implementation of effective strategies that address the identified barriers and improve HPV vaccine uptake in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Impactful Strategies to Increase HPV Vaccine Delivery and Uptake)

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11 pages, 1343 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Knowledge on Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease in China

by Jige Xin, Jun Dong, Jing Li, Lingling Ye, Chong Zhang, Fuping Nie, Yeqing Gu, Xincheng Ji, Zhigang Song, Qianmin Luo, Jun Ai and Diangang Han

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061123 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2349

Abstract

Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an infectious, non-contagious viral disease of ruminants caused by epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and is transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides. In 2008, EHD was listed on the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) list [...] Read more.

Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an infectious, non-contagious viral disease of ruminants caused by epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and is transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides. In 2008, EHD was listed on the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) list of notifiable terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases. This article reviews the distribution of EHD in China and relevant studies and proposes several suggestions for the prevention and control of EHD. There have been reports of positivity for serum antibodies against EHDV-1, EHDV-2, EHDV-5, EHDV-6, EHDV-7, EHDV-8 and EHDV-10 in China. Strains of EHDV-1, -5, -6, -7, -8 and -10 have been isolated, among which the Seg-2, Seg-3 and Seg-6 sequences of serotypes -5, -6, -7 and -10 belong to the eastern topotype. The emergence of western topotype Seg-2 in EHDV-1 strains indicates that EHDV-1 strains in China are reassortant strains of the western and eastern topotypes. A novel serotype strain of EHDV named YNDH/V079/2018 was isolated in 2018. Chinese scholars have successfully expressed the EHDV VP7 protein and developed a variety of ELISA detection methods, including antigen capture ELISA and competitive ELISA. A variety of EHDV nucleic acid detection methods, including RT–PCR and qRT–PCR, have also been developed. LAMP and the liquid chip detection technique are also available. To prevent and control EHD, several suggestions for controlling EHD transmission have been proposed based on the actual situation in China, including controlling the number of Culicoides, reducing contact between Culicoides and hosts, continued monitoring of EHDV and Culicoides in different areas of China and further development and application of basic and pioneering research related to EHD prevention and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Diseases)

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16 pages, 330 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Magnesium in the Intensive Care Unit and Immunomodulation: A Literature Review

by Francesco Saglietti, Alessandro Girombelli, Stefano Marelli, Francesco Vetrone, Mario G. Balzanelli and Payam Tabaee Damavandi

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061122 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4624

Abstract

Both the role and the importance of magnesium in clinical practice have grown considerably in recent years. Emerging evidence suggests an association between loss of magnesium homeostasis and increased mortality in the critical care setting. The underlying mechanism is still unclear, but an [...] Read more.

Both the role and the importance of magnesium in clinical practice have grown considerably in recent years. Emerging evidence suggests an association between loss of magnesium homeostasis and increased mortality in the critical care setting. The underlying mechanism is still unclear, but an increasing number of in vivo and in vitro studies on magnesium’s immunomodulating capabilities may shed some light on the matter. This review aims to discuss the evidence behind magnesium homeostasis in critically ill patients, and its link with intensive care unit mortality via a likely magnesium-induced dysregulation of the immune response. The underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, and their implications for clinical outcomes, are discussed. The available evidence strongly supports the crucial role of magnesium in immune system regulation and inflammatory response. The loss of magnesium homeostasis has been associated with an elevated risk of bacterial infections, exacerbated sepsis progression, and detrimental effects on the cardiac, respiratory, neurological, and renal systems, ultimately leading to increased mortality. However, magnesium supplementation has been shown to be beneficial in these conditions, highlighting the importance of maintaining adequate magnesium levels in the intensive care setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunological Pathogenesis and Treatment in Acute Medicine and Critical Care)

12 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Durable Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response after mRNA-1273 Booster in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients during the Omicron Wave

by Georg Beilhack, Rossella Monteforte, Florian Frommlet, Roman Reindl-Schwaighofer, Robert Strassl and Andreas Vychytil

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061121 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1436

Abstract

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of dialysis patients has been proven to be safe and effective to reduce COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. However, data on the durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies post-vaccination in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are scarce. In this prospective single-center cohort study we measured [...] Read more.

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of dialysis patients has been proven to be safe and effective to reduce COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. However, data on the durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies post-vaccination in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are scarce. In this prospective single-center cohort study we measured anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies 3 and 6 months after the 3rd dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in 27 adult PD patients and recorded breakthrough infections. Furthermore, in a mixed model analysis, we analyzed potential factors influencing the humoral response following vaccination. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody levels declined from 21,424 BAU/mL at 1 month to 8397 BAU/mL at 3 months and to 5120 BAU/mL at 6 months after the 3rd dose, but remained higher than pre-3rd dose levels (212 BAU/mL). Eight patients (29.6%) were infected with SARS-CoV-2 within six months from the 3rd dose during the Omicron wave. Previous high antibody levels, high glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and low Davies Comorbidity Score were associated with higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels after the booster. In conclusion, PD patients exhibited a robust and durable humoral response after a third dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. A high GFR and low comorbidity as well as previous high antibody levels predicted a better humoral response to vaccination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue RNA-Based Vaccines Development)

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10 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessReview

Developing Vaccines to Improve Preparedness for Filovirus Outbreaks: The Perspective of the USA Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)

by Lindsay A. Parish, Eric J. Stavale, Christopher R. Houchens and Daniel N. Wolfe

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061120 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2306

Abstract

Outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by filoviruses have become more prevalent in recent years, with outbreaks of Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Marburg virus (MARV) all occurring in 2022 and 2023. While licensed vaccines are now available for EBOV, vaccine [...] Read more.

Outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by filoviruses have become more prevalent in recent years, with outbreaks of Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Marburg virus (MARV) all occurring in 2022 and 2023. While licensed vaccines are now available for EBOV, vaccine candidates for SUDV and MARV are all in preclinical or early clinical development phases. During the recent outbreak of SUDV virus disease, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), as part of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, implemented key actions with our existing partners to advance preparedness and enable rapid response to the outbreak, while also aligning with global partners involved in the implementation of clinical trials in an outbreak setting. Beyond pre-existing plans prior to the outbreak, BARDA worked with product sponsors to expedite manufacturing of vaccine doses that could be utilized in clinical trials. While the SUDV outbreak has since ended, a new outbreak of MARV disease has emerged. It remains critical that we continue to advance a portfolio of vaccines against SUDV and MARV while also expediting manufacturing activities ahead of, or in parallel if needed, outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Advances in Vaccination against Ebola and Marburg Virus Diseases)

14 pages, 1187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epstein Barr Virus Hepatitis—A Mild Clinical Symptom or a Threat?

by Magdalena Rutkowska and Maria Pokorska-Śpiewak

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061119 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7428

Abstract

The present study aimed to characterize pediatric patients diagnosed with hepatitis associated with primary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. We described the changes in liver aminotransferases activity during the disease, and we analyzed the results of abdominal ultrasonography. A retrospective study was performed by [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to characterize pediatric patients diagnosed with hepatitis associated with primary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. We described the changes in liver aminotransferases activity during the disease, and we analyzed the results of abdominal ultrasonography. A retrospective study was performed by analyzing the medical records of 166 immunocompetent children diagnosed with primary EBV hepatitis hospitalized at the Department of Children’s Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Regional Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, between August 2017 and March 2023. Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was noted in the first three weeks of the disease. In 46.3% of patients, ALT values exceeded five times the upper limit of the laboratory norm in the first week of illness. Aspartate aminotransferase activity increased from the first to fourth week from the onset of symptoms and showed two peaks in the first and third weeks. The changes over time of mean AST activity demonstrated significance. Transient cholestatic liver disease was the predominant type of hepatic involvement in 10.8% of children; 66.6% of them were older than 15 years. Clinical and ultrasound criteria of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) were met in three female patients over 16 years of age. Hepatitis associated with primary EBV infection is usually a mild and self-limiting condition. Significantly elevated values of liver enzymes with features of cholestatic liver disease may occur in patients with a more severe course of the infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HBV and HCV Infection in Children and Adolescents)

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15 pages, 3660 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Real-World Safety of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Wanqian Xu, Weigang Ren, Tongxin Wu, Qin Wang, Mi Luo, Yongxiang Yi and Junwei Li

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061118 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5590

Abstract

With the mass vaccination program for COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, there has been sufficient real-world study (RWS) on the topic to summarize their safety in the total population and in immunocompromised (IC) patients who were excluded from phase 3 clinical trials. We conducted a [...] Read more.

With the mass vaccination program for COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, there has been sufficient real-world study (RWS) on the topic to summarize their safety in the total population and in immunocompromised (IC) patients who were excluded from phase 3 clinical trials. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the safety of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, with a total of 5,132,799 subjects from 122 articles. In the case of the total population vaccinated with first, second, and third doses, the pooled incidence of any adverse events (AEs) was 62.20%, 70.39%, and 58.60%; that of any local AEs was 52.03%, 47.99%, and 65.00%; that of any systemic AEs was 29.07%, 47.86%, and 32.71%. Among the immunocompromised patients, the pooled odds ratio of any AEs, any local AEs, and systemic AEs were slightly lower than or similar to those of the healthy controls at 0.60 (95% CI: 0.33–1.11), 0.19 (95% CI: 0.10–0.37), and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.25–0.54), with pooled incidences of 51.95%, 38.82%, and 31.00%, respectively. The spectrum of AEs associated with the vaccines was broad, but most AEs were transient, self-limiting, and mild to moderate. Moreover, younger adults, women, and people with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to experience AEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section DNA and mRNA Vaccines)

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13 pages, 1853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Anti-S1 IgA Response to Different COVID-19 Vaccination Regimens

by Teeraporn C. Bureerug, Sitthichai Kanokudom, Nungruthai Suntronwong, Ritthideach Yorsaeng, Suvichada Assawakosri, Thanunrat Thongmee and Yong Poovorawan

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061117 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1449

Abstract

IgA plays a crucial role in early virus neutralization. To identify the IgA stimulation by COVID-19 vaccine, this study aimed to evaluate the level of anti-S1 IgA in the serum of participants immunized with different COVID-19 vaccination regimens. Sera from 567 eligible participants [...] Read more.

IgA plays a crucial role in early virus neutralization. To identify the IgA stimulation by COVID-19 vaccine, this study aimed to evaluate the level of anti-S1 IgA in the serum of participants immunized with different COVID-19 vaccination regimens. Sera from 567 eligible participants vaccinated with two, three, or four doses of different types of COVID-19 vaccine were recruited. Post-vaccine anti-S1 IgA responses significantly varied according to vaccine type and regimen. The finding showed that heterologous boosters, especially after priming with an inactivated vaccine, elicited higher IgA levels than homologous boosters. Vaccination with SV/SV/PF produced the highest IgA level among all the immunization regimens after either two, three, or four doses. The different routes and amounts of vaccine used for vaccination showed non-significant differences in IgA levels. After the third dose of immunization for 4 months, the level of IgA decreased significantly from the level found on day 28 in both SV/SV/AZ and SV/SV/PF groups. In conclusion, our study showed that heterologous booster regimens for COVID-19 elicited higher anti-S1 IgA levels in serum, especially after priming with inactivated vaccine. The presented anti-S1 IgA may have advantages in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Response of Vaccines to SARS-CoV-2)

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24 pages, 4535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Live Attenuated Salmonella Vaccines on Cecal Microbiome Composition and Microbiota Abundances in Young Broiler Chickens

by Wilfred Michael Lyimu, Samson Leta, Nadia Everaert and Jan Paeshuyse

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061116 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2681

Abstract

Salmonellosis is a global food safety challenge caused by Salmonella, a gram-negative bacterium of zoonotic importance. Poultry is considered a major reservoir for the pathogen, and humans are exposed through consumption of raw or undercooked products derived from them. Prophylaxis of Salmonella [...] Read more.

Salmonellosis is a global food safety challenge caused by Salmonella, a gram-negative bacterium of zoonotic importance. Poultry is considered a major reservoir for the pathogen, and humans are exposed through consumption of raw or undercooked products derived from them. Prophylaxis of Salmonella in poultry farms generally mainly involves biosecurity measures, flock testing and culling, use of antibiotics, and vaccination programs. For decades, the use of antibiotics has been a common practice to limit poultry contamination with important pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella at the farm level. However, due to an increasing prevalence of resistance, non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal production has been banned in many parts of the world. This has prompted the search for non-antimicrobial alternatives. Live vaccines are among the developed and currently used methods for Salmonella control. However, their mechanism of action, particularly the effect they might have on commensal gut microbiota, is not well understood. In this study, three different commercial live attenuated Salmonella vaccines (AviPro^® Salmonella Vac T, AviPro^® Salmonella DUO, and AviPro^® Salmonella Vac E) were used to orally vaccinate broiler chickens, and cecal contents were collected for microbiomes analysis by 16S rRNA next generation sequencing. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to study the cecal immune-related genes expression in the treatment groups, while Salmonella-specific antibodies were analyzed from sera and cecal extracts by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We show that vaccination with live attenuated Salmonella vaccines had a significant influence on the variability of the broiler cecal microbiota (p = 0.016). Furthermore, the vaccines AviPro^® Salmonella Vac T and AviPro^® Salmonella DUO, but not AviPro^® Salmonella Vac E, had a significant effect (p = 0.024) on microbiota composition. This suggests that the live vaccine type used can differently alter the microbiota profiles, driving the gut colonization resistance and immune responses to pathogenic bacteria, and might impact the overall chicken health and productivity. Further investigation is, however, required to confirm this. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poultry Infectious Diseases: Immunity and Microbiota)

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8 pages, 1473 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Booster: A Case Report

by Tzu-Chien Lin, Pei-An Fu, Ya-Ting Hsu and Tsai-Yun Chen

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061115 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3206

Abstract

Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a life-threatening complication caused by platelet activation via platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies. We report a healthy 28-year-old man who developed hemoptysis, bilateral leg pain, and headaches three weeks after his third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine [...] Read more.

Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a life-threatening complication caused by platelet activation via platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies. We report a healthy 28-year-old man who developed hemoptysis, bilateral leg pain, and headaches three weeks after his third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine with the first BNT162b2 (from Pfizer-BioNTech) injection. He had previously had the first and second doses with ChAdOx1 nCov-19 without any discomfort. Serial investigations demonstrated pulmonary embolisms, cerebral sinus, and deep iliac venous thrombosis. Positive PF4 antibody assay (ELISA) confirmed the diagnosis of VITT. He had a prompt response to intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) at a total dose of 2 g/kg and his symptoms are now in remission with anticoagulant. Although the definite mechanism is unknown, the VITT was most likely triggered by his COVID-19 vaccine. We report this case of VITT following BNT162b2, a mRNA-based vaccine, and suggest that VITT could still happen without the adenoviral vector vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination)

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17 pages, 826 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neurological Disorders following COVID-19 Vaccination

by Ying Yang and Lisu Huang

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061114 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 22277

Abstract

Nowadays, people all over the world have been receiving different types of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. While their effectiveness has been well recognized, various post-vaccination disorders are not fully understood. In this review, we discuss neurological disorders related to vascular, immune, infectious, [...] Read more.

Nowadays, people all over the world have been receiving different types of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. While their effectiveness has been well recognized, various post-vaccination disorders are not fully understood. In this review, we discuss neurological disorders related to vascular, immune, infectious, and functional factors following COVID-19 vaccination, and attempt to provide neuroscientists, psychiatrists, and vaccination staff with a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. These disorders may present as a recurrence of previous neurological disorders or new-onset diseases. Their incidence rate, host and vaccine characteristics, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis differ significantly. The pathogenesis of many of them remains unclear, and further studies are needed to provide more evidence. The incidence rate of severe neurological disorders is relatively low, most of which are reversible or treatable. Therefore, the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risk of COVID-19 infection, especially among fragile populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety, Efficacy and Optimization of the COVID-19 Vaccines)

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17 pages, 5849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bibliometric Analysis of Melanoma Treated with Vaccinations Research from 2013 to 2023: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

by Xinyu Wang, Qian-Nan Jia, Mengyin Wu, Mingjuan Liu and Jun Li

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061113 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2034

Abstract

Backgrounds: Melanoma is a malignant tumor that originates from melanocytes and is known for its aggressive behavior and high metastatic potential. In recent years, vaccine therapy has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of melanoma, offering targeted and individualized immunotherapy options. [...] Read more.

Backgrounds: Melanoma is a malignant tumor that originates from melanocytes and is known for its aggressive behavior and high metastatic potential. In recent years, vaccine therapy has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of melanoma, offering targeted and individualized immunotherapy options. In this study, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to assess the global research trends and impact of publications related to melanoma and vaccine therapy. Methods: We retrieved relevant literature from the Web of Science database from the past decade (2013–2023) using keywords such as “melanoma”, “vaccine therapy”, and “cancer vaccines”. We used bibliometric indicators including publication trends, citation analysis, co-authorship analysis, and journal analysis to evaluate the research landscape of this field. Results: After screening, a total of 493 publications were included in the analysis. We found that melanoma and vaccine therapy have gained significant attention in the field of cancer immunotherapy, as evidenced by the numerous research output and increasing citation impact. The United States, China, and their organizations are the leading countries/institutes in terms of publication output, and collaborative research networks are prominent in this field. Clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of vaccination treatment in melanoma patients are the focus of research. Conclusions: This study provide valuable insights into the novel research landscape of vaccine treatment of melanoma, which could inform future research directions and facilitate knowledge exchange among researchers in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tumor Vaccines Frontier Applications in Tumor Microenvironment)

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16 pages, 2071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Phone Text Message Reminders on Compliance with Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis following Dog Bites in Rural Kenya

by Veronicah M. Chuchu, Nyamai Mutono, Philet Bichanga, Philip M. Kitala, Daniel Ksee, Mathew Muturi, Athman Mwatondo, Carolyne Nasimiyu, Lawrence Akunga, Amine Amiche, Katie Hampson and Samuel M. Thumbi

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061112 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2243

Abstract

The prompt administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is one of the key strategies for ending human deaths from rabies. A delay in seeking the first dose of rabies PEP, or failure to complete the recommended dosage, may result in clinical rabies and death. [...] Read more.

The prompt administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is one of the key strategies for ending human deaths from rabies. A delay in seeking the first dose of rabies PEP, or failure to complete the recommended dosage, may result in clinical rabies and death. We assessed the efficacy of short message system (SMS) phone texts in improving the adherence to scheduled PEP doses among bite patients in rural eastern Kenya. We conducted a single-arm, before-after field trial that compared adherence among bite patients presenting at Makueni Referral Hospital between October and December 2018 (control) and between January and March 2019 (intervention). Data on their demographics, socio-economic status, circumstances surrounding the bite, and expenditures related to the bite were collected. A total of 186 bite patients were enrolled, with 82 (44%) in the intervention group, and 104 (56%) in the control group. The odds of PEP completion were three times (OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.28, 10.20) more likely among patients who received the SMS reminder, compared to the control. The intervention group had better compliance on the scheduled doses 2 to 5, with a mean deviation of 0.18 days compared to 0.79 days for the control group (p = 0.004). The main reasons for non-compliance included lack of funds (30%), and forgetfulness (23%) on days for follow-up treatment, among others. Nearly all (96%, n = 179) the bite patients incurred indirect transport costs, at an average of USD 4 (USD 0–45) per visit. This study suggests that the integration of SMS reminders into healthcare service delivery increases compliance with PEP, and may strengthen rabies control and elimination strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabies Vaccines and Immunoglobulins)

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16 pages, 2981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of the Gibson Assembly Method in the Production of Two pKLS3 Vector-Derived Infectious Clones of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

by Ploypailin Semkum, Nattarat Thangthamniyom, Penpitcha Chankeeree, Challika Keawborisuth, Sirin Theerawatanasirikul and Porntippa Lekcharoensuk

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061111 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2870

Abstract

The construction of a full-length infectious clone, essential for molecular virological study and vaccine development, is quite a challenge for viruses with long genomes or possessing complex nucleotide sequence structures. Herein, we have constructed infectious clones of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) types O [...] Read more.

The construction of a full-length infectious clone, essential for molecular virological study and vaccine development, is quite a challenge for viruses with long genomes or possessing complex nucleotide sequence structures. Herein, we have constructed infectious clones of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) types O and A by joining each viral coding region with our pKLS3 vector in a single isothermal reaction using Gibson Assembly (GA). pKLS3 is a 4.3-kb FMDV minigenome. To achieve optimal conditions for the DNA joining, each FMDV coding sequence was divided into two overlapping fragments of approximately 3.8 and 3.2 kb, respectively. Both DNA fragments contain the introduced linker sequences for assembly with the linearized pKLS3 vector. FMDV infectious clones were produced upon directly transfecting the GA reaction into baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells. After passing in BHK-21 cells, both rescued FMDVs (rO189 and rNP05) demonstrated growth kinetics and antigenicity similar to their parental viruses. Thus far, this is the first report on GA-derived, full-length infectious FMDV cDNA clones. This simple DNA assembly method and the FMDV minigenome would facilitate the construction of FMDV infectious clones and enable genetic manipulation for FMDV research and custom-made FMDV vaccine production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Attenuated/Inactivated/Live and Vectored Vaccines)

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12 pages, 443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Influenza Vaccination on the Burden of Severe Influenza in the Elderly: Spain, 2017–2020

by Clara Mazagatos, Concepción Delgado-Sanz, Ana Milagro, María Liébana-Rodríguez and Amparo Larrauri

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061110 - 17 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1780

Abstract

Annual influenza vaccination is the main strategy to reduce the burden of seasonal influenza epidemics and is recommended for the elderly in most countries with influenza vaccination strategies, with the main objective of preventing hospitalizations and mortality associated with seasonal influenza in this [...] Read more.

Annual influenza vaccination is the main strategy to reduce the burden of seasonal influenza epidemics and is recommended for the elderly in most countries with influenza vaccination strategies, with the main objective of preventing hospitalizations and mortality associated with seasonal influenza in this age group. Studies from different countries have estimated the benefits of seasonal influenza vaccination programs in the elderly, preventing a considerable number of cases, hospitalizations and deaths every year. A study measured the number of medically attended confirmed influenza cases in primary care that are prevented annually by vaccination in the population aged 65 and older in Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal, but estimates of the impact of the national influenza vaccination program in the prevention of severe disease in Spain are lacking. The two objectives of this study were to estimate the burden of severe influenza disease in the Spanish population and to measure the impact of influenza vaccination in the prevention of these outcomes in the population aged 65 years and older. Using influenza surveillance systems put in place before the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a retrospective observational study to estimate the burden of hospitalizations and ICU admissions in Spain between 2017–18 and 2019–20, by season and age group. Burden estimates for the 65+ group, combined with vaccine effectiveness (VE) and vaccination coverage (VC) data, were used as input data in an ecological, observational study to estimate the impact of the influenza vaccination program on the elderly. We found a higher burden of severe influenza disease in seasons 2017–18 and 2018–19, with A(H3N2) circulation, and in the youngest and oldest age groups. In those aged 65 and older, we estimated an average of 9900 influenza hospitalizations and 1541 ICU admissions averted by vaccination each year. Seasonal influenza vaccination was able to prevent between 11 and 26% influenza hospitalizations and around 40% ICU admissions in the elderly in the three pre-pandemic seasons. In conclusion, our study complements previous analyses in the primary care setting in Spain and demonstrates the benefits of the annual influenza vaccination program in the prevention of severe influenza disease in the elderly, even in seasons with moderate VE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Epidemiology)

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15 pages, 262 KiB

Open AccessData Descriptor

COVID-19 Vaccination Personas in Syria: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey

by Zlatko Nikoloski, Elnur Aliyev, Robert E. S. Bain, Leonardo Menchini, Sahar Hegazi, Mai Zalkha, Shaza Mouawad, Neha Kapil and Amaya M. Gillespie

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061109 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1379

Abstract

Achieving a high level of COVID-19 vaccination coverage in a conflict-affected setting is challenging. The objective of this paper is to shed further light on the main determinants of vaccination coverage using a large, cross-sectional sample (October–November 2022) of over 17,000 adults in [...] Read more.

Achieving a high level of COVID-19 vaccination coverage in a conflict-affected setting is challenging. The objective of this paper is to shed further light on the main determinants of vaccination coverage using a large, cross-sectional sample (October–November 2022) of over 17,000 adults in Syria. We find evidence that certain demographic and socioeconomic characteristics describe a core set of vaccination personas. Men, older respondents, and those who are more educated and trust information received from healthcare authorities are more likely to be vaccinated. Healthcare workers in this sample are highly vaccinated. Furthermore, respondents with more positive views towards COVID-19 vaccines are also more likely to be willing to be vaccinated. By contrast, respondents who believe that vaccines are associated with significant side effects are also more likely to refuse vaccination. In addition, younger respondents and women, as well as those with a lower level of education, are more likely to refuse to be vaccinated. Respondents with a neutral attitude towards vaccines are also more likely to be undecided, whereas respondents who are refusing to get vaccinated are more likely to trust the information received from private doctors, private clinics, as well as social media and, more broadly, the internet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Acceptance and Uptake: Insights from Behavioural and Social Sciences)

18 pages, 1200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among English-Speaking Pregnant Women Living in Rural Western United States

by Elizabeth Cox, Magali Sanchez, Carly Baxter, Isabelle Crary, Emma Every, Jeff Munson, Simone Stapley, Alex Stonehill, Katherine Taylor, Willamina Widmann, Hilary Karasz and Kristina M. Adams Waldorf

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061108 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2098

Abstract

This mixed-method study investigated vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women living in rural western United States and their response to social media ads promoting COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Thirty pregnant or recently pregnant participants who live in rural zip codes in Washington, Oregon, California, and [...] Read more.

This mixed-method study investigated vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women living in rural western United States and their response to social media ads promoting COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Thirty pregnant or recently pregnant participants who live in rural zip codes in Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho were interviewed between November 2022 and March 2023. Interviews were transcribed and coded, while the ad ratings were analyzed using linear mixed models. The study identified five main themes related to vaccine uptake, including perceived risk of COVID, sources of health information, vaccine hesitancy, and relationships with care providers. Participants rated ads most highly that used peer-based messengers and negative outcome-based content. Ads with faith-based and elder messengers were rated significantly lower than peer messengers (p = 0.04 and 0.001, respectively). An activation message was also rated significantly less favorably than negative outcome-based content (p = 0.001). Participants preferred evidence-based information and the ability to conduct their own research on vaccine safety and efficacy rather than being told to get vaccinated. Primary concerns of vaccine-hesitant respondents included the short amount of time the vaccine had been available and perceived lack of research on its safety during pregnancy. Our findings suggests that tailored messaging using peer-based messengers and negative outcome-based content can positively impact vaccine uptake among pregnant women living in rural areas of the Western United States. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Correlates and Interventions)

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17 pages, 2268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Case Study Analysis: Applying the HIPE Framework to Combat Harmful Health Information and Drive COVID-19 Vaccine Adoption in Underserved Communities

by Linda Desens, Brandon Walling, Anna Fiedor, Vanessa Howard, Zue Lopez Diaz, Katherine Kim and Denise Scannell

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061107 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3178

Abstract

This descriptive, observational paper utilizes the comparative case study approach to analyze the application of the HIPE™ Framework to two health campaigns addressing vaccine hesitancy in underserved communities. Exposure to inaccurate/misleading health information impacts vaccination adoption, especially for individuals with low health/digital literacy. [...] Read more.

This descriptive, observational paper utilizes the comparative case study approach to analyze the application of the HIPE™ Framework to two health campaigns addressing vaccine hesitancy in underserved communities. Exposure to inaccurate/misleading health information impacts vaccination adoption, especially for individuals with low health/digital literacy. Underserved groups—like minority, racial/ethnic, or rural populations—typically have lower literacy and higher rates of vaccine hesitancy. Grounded in persuasion and behavioral change theory, the Health Information Persuasion Exploration (HIPE™) Framework was applied to the Black/Haitian community in Miami-Dade, Florida and the Migrant Agricultural Worker Community in Central Valley, California. The campaigns addressed each community’s unique characteristics via Detect, Analyze, Design, and Evaluate phases of the HIPE framework. Both campaigns achieved their respective vaccine uptake goals. For Miami-Dade, over 850 vaccinations were administered (the goal was 800 vaccinations), and vaccination rates increased by 25.22%. In Central Valley, vaccination rates for 5–11-year-old children in Merced and Stanislaus counties increased about 20% and 14%, respectively, and overall vaccination rates increased compared to surrounding counties. Discussion of the results and recommendations for future research highlight the potential efficacy of applying the HIPE™ Framework for developing health campaigns and response strategies to improve health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy)

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20 pages, 3583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TonB-Dependent Receptor Protein Displayed on Spores of Bacillus subtilis Stimulates Protective Immune Responses against Acinetobacter baumannii

by Nor-Aziyah MatRahim, Kathryn Marie Jones, Brian P. Keegan, Ulrich Strych, Bin Zhan, Hai-Yen Lee and Sazaly AbuBakar

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061106 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1758

Abstract

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains with limited treatment options has become a significant global health concern. Efforts to develop vaccines against the bacteria have centred on several potential protein targets, including the TonB-dependent receptors (TBDRs). In the present study, TBDRs from [...] Read more.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains with limited treatment options has become a significant global health concern. Efforts to develop vaccines against the bacteria have centred on several potential protein targets, including the TonB-dependent receptors (TBDRs). In the present study, TBDRs from A. baumannii were displayed on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores. The immunogenicity of the recombinant spores was evaluated in orally vaccinated mice. None of the immunized mice demonstrated signs of illness and were observed to be healthy throughout the study. Sera and the intestinal secretions from the recombinant spores-treated mice demonstrated mucosal and humoral antibody responses to the vaccine antigen. In addition, bactericidal activities of the sera against A. baumannii clinical isolates were demonstrated. These observations suggest that the B. subtilis spore-displayed TBDRs should be further explored as much-needed potential oral vaccine candidates against A. baumannii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines Against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria: From Bench to Bedside)

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15 pages, 950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Virus and Vaccination Attitudes among Healthcare Workers in Michigan: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Maya Asami Takagi, Samantha Hess, Karissa Gawronski, Nicholas Haddad, Bernard Noveloso, Stephen Zyzanski and Neli Ragina

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061105 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1513

Abstract

Background: Defining the characteristics of healthcare worker (HCW) attitudes toward the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine can provide insights into vaccine hesitancy. This study’s goal is to determine HCWs’ attitudes regarding the COVID-19 vaccination and reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Methods: This cross-sectional study [...] Read more.

Background: Defining the characteristics of healthcare worker (HCW) attitudes toward the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine can provide insights into vaccine hesitancy. This study’s goal is to determine HCWs’ attitudes regarding the COVID-19 vaccination and reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed HCWs working in institutions in Saginaw, Sanilac, and Wayne counties in Michigan (N = 120) using tipping-scale questions. Analysis of variance and t-test were used to measure HCWs’ attitudes toward the COVID-19 virus and vaccines. Results: Most HCWs received (95.9%) and recommended (98.3%) a COVID-19 vaccine. The top three factors that HCWs cited for recommending a COVID-19 vaccine were: (1) efficacy of the vaccine, (2) current exposure to patients with active COVID-19 infection and risk of virus spread, and (3) safety of vaccine and long-term follow-up. Female HCWs or HCWs aged 25–54 years were more concerned about contracting COVID-19. Physicians or HCWs aged 55–64 were less concerned regarding the effectiveness and side effects of the vaccine. Conclusions: Gender, age, ethnicity, provider type, and medical specialty showed statistically significant differences among COVID-19 attitudes. Focusing educational efforts on HCW demographics who are more likely to have negative attitudes can potentially decrease vaccine hesitancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Cognition of Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination)

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13 pages, 563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Its Associated Factors during the Crisis: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Benin

by Sètondji Géraud Roméo Padonou, Clément Kakaï Glèlè, Manfred Accrombessi, Bayode Romeo Adegbite, Edouard Dangbenon, Houssaïnatou Bah, Enangnon Akogbeto, Ali Imorou Bah Chabi, Landry Kaucley, Salifou Sourakatou, Ange Dossou, Achille Batonon, Tania Bissouma-Ledjou and Benjamin Hounkpatin

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061104 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2021

Abstract

Background: Having a maximum number of people vaccinated was the objective to control the COVID-19 pandemic. We report in this manuscript the factors associated with the willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 during the pandemic period. Methods: From April to May 2022, a [...] Read more.

Background: Having a maximum number of people vaccinated was the objective to control the COVID-19 pandemic. We report in this manuscript the factors associated with the willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 during the pandemic period. Methods: From April to May 2022, a community-based cross-sectional survey was performed. Participants were randomly selected from four districts in Benin (taking into account the COVID-19 prevalence). Mixed-effect logistic regression models were used to identify the variables associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Results: A total of 2069 participants were included. The proportion of vaccine acceptance was 43.3%. A total of 24.2% were vaccinated and showed proof of vaccination. The population’s request for vaccination was higher after the third epidemic wave. The district of residence, the education level, a fear of being infected, the channel of information, poor medical conditions, a good knowledge of the transmission mode and symptoms, and good behaviors were significantly associated with vaccine acceptance. Conclusion: The overall acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in the Beninese population was relatively high. However, vaccine campaigns in areas with a low acceptance as well as the disclosure of information, particularly on our knowledge of the disease and the safety, side effects, and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines, should be strengthened with adapted and consistent messages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines and COVID-19 Vaccination Strategies)

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22 pages, 8241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Impact on DTP Vaccination Trends in Africa: A Joinpoint Regression Analysis

by Ines Aguinaga-Ontoso, Sara Guillen-Aguinaga, Laura Guillen-Aguinaga, Rosa Alas-Brun, Luc Onambele, Enrique Aguinaga-Ontoso and Francisco Guillen-Grima

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061103 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2454

Abstract

Background: Deaths due to vaccine-preventable diseases are one of the leading causes of death among African children. Vaccine coverage is an essential measure to decrease infant mortality. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the healthcare system and may have disrupted vaccine coverage. Methods: DTP [...] Read more.

Background: Deaths due to vaccine-preventable diseases are one of the leading causes of death among African children. Vaccine coverage is an essential measure to decrease infant mortality. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the healthcare system and may have disrupted vaccine coverage. Methods: DTP third doses (DTP3) Vaccine Coverage was extracted from UNICEF databases from 2012 to 2021 (the last available date). Joinpoint regression was performed to detect the point where the trend changed. The annual percentage change (APC) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was calculated for Africa and the regions. We compared DTP3 vaccination coverage in 2019–2021 in each country using the Chi-square test. Result: During the whole period, the vaccine coverage in Africa increased with an Annual Percent change of 1.2% (IC 95% 0.9–1.5): We detected one joinpoint in 2019. In 2019–2021, there was a decrease in DTP3 coverage with an APC of −3.5 (95% −6.0; −0,9). (p < 0.001). Vaccination rates decreased in many regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Eastern and Southern Africa. There were 26 countries (Angola, Cabo Verde, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eswatini, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Zimbabwe) where the vaccine coverage during the two years decreased. There were 10 countries (Angola, Cabo Verde, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, The Gambia, Mozambique, Rwanda, Senegal, and Sudan) where the joinpoint regression detected a change in the trend. Conclusions. COVID-19 has disrupted vaccine coverage, decreasing it all over Africa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Vaccination and Public Health)

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23 pages, 773 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Indian Biomedical Research on the Chikungunya Virus with Particular Reference to Its Vaccine, an Unmet Medical Need

by Muhammed Muhsin Varikkodan, Faisal Kunnathodi, Sarfuddin Azmi and Tzong-Yuan Wu

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061102 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4416

Abstract

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an infectious agent spread by mosquitos, that has engendered endemic or epidemic outbreaks of Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in Africa, South-East Asia, America, and a few European countries. Like most tropical infections, CHIKV is frequently misdiagnosed, underreported, and underestimated; it [...] Read more.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an infectious agent spread by mosquitos, that has engendered endemic or epidemic outbreaks of Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in Africa, South-East Asia, America, and a few European countries. Like most tropical infections, CHIKV is frequently misdiagnosed, underreported, and underestimated; it primarily affects areas with limited resources, like developing nations. Due to its high transmission rate and lack of a preventive vaccine or effective treatments, this virus poses a serious threat to humanity. After a 32-year hiatus, CHIKV reemerged as the most significant epidemic ever reported, in India in 2006. Since then, CHIKV-related research was begun in India, and up to now, more than 800 peer-reviewed research papers have been published by Indian researchers and medical practitioners. This review gives an overview of the outbreak history and CHIKV-related research in India, to favor novel high-quality research works intending to promote effective treatment and preventive strategies, including vaccine development, against CHIKV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development against Infectious Diseases: State of the Art, New Insights, and Future Directions)

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16 pages, 6030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

General Practitioners’ Awareness and Perception of Current Pneumococcal Vaccination for Adult Patients with Known Risk Factors in Switzerland: Evidence from a Survey

by Sandro Tiziano Stoffel, Matthias Schwenkglenks and Thomas Mutschler

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061101 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2238

Abstract

In Switzerland, the National Immunization Advisory Group (NITAG) has formulated recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination among adult risk patients. Little is known about general practitioners’ (GPs’) perception, knowledge, and implementation of these recommendations. Therefore, we investigated GPs’ awareness and drivers of and barriers to [...] Read more.

In Switzerland, the National Immunization Advisory Group (NITAG) has formulated recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination among adult risk patients. Little is known about general practitioners’ (GPs’) perception, knowledge, and implementation of these recommendations. Therefore, we investigated GPs’ awareness and drivers of and barriers to pneumococcal vaccination using a cross-sectional web-based survey of GPs. Of the 300 study participants, 81.3% were aware of the recommendations for vaccinating at-risk adult patients, but only 42.7% were aware of all risk groups. The recommendations were perceived by 79.7% as slightly to very complex. Most GPs (66.7%) had good arguments to convince patients to get vaccinated, but only 41.7% reported recognizing patients at risk for pneumococcal disease, and only 46.7% checked their patients’ vaccination status and proposed vaccination if needed. The main reasons for not vaccinating were patients’ refusal (80.1%), lack of reimbursement by the health insurance (34.5%), patients’ fear of side effects (25.1%), and lack of regulatory approval despite the NITAG recommendations (23.7%). Most (77.3%) agreed that the treating chronic disease specialist should recommend the vaccination and 94.7% believed that adult-risk patients would not be aware of their need for pneumococcal vaccinations. Optimal implementation of the recommendations will require addressing knowledge gaps and reported barriers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Vaccines against Pneumococcal Infection)

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22 pages, 5270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crisis Communication during COVID-19: English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish Discourse of AstraZeneca Vaccine and Omicron Variant on Social Media

by Daniel Catalan-Matamoros, Ignacio Prieto-Sanchez and Andrea Langbecker

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061100 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1903

Abstract

Social media have been the arena of different types of discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aim to characterize public discourse during health crises in different international communities. Using Tweetpy and keywords related to the research, we collected 3,748,302 posts from the English, [...] Read more.

Social media have been the arena of different types of discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aim to characterize public discourse during health crises in different international communities. Using Tweetpy and keywords related to the research, we collected 3,748,302 posts from the English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish Twitter communities related to two crises during the pandemic: (a) the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, and (b) the Omicron variant. In relation to AstraZeneca, ‘blood clot’ was the main focus of public discourse. Using quantitative classifications and natural language processing algorithms, results are obtained for each language. The English and French discourse focused more on “death”, and the most negative sentiment was generated by the French community. The Portuguese discourse was the only one to make a direct reference to a politician, the former Brazilian President Bolsonaro. In the Omicron crisis, the public discourse mainly focused on infection cases follow-up and the number of deaths, showing a closer public discourse to the actual risk. The public discourse during health crises might lead to different behaviours. While public discourse on AstraZeneca might contribute as a barrier for preventive measures by increasing vaccine hesitancy, the Omicron discourse could lead to more preventive behaviours by the public, such as the use of masks. This paper broadens the scope of crisis communication by revealing social media’s role in the constructs of public discourse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Hesitancy towards COVID-19 Vaccination and Booster Doses)

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23 pages, 3474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Customizable Suite of Methods to Sequence and Annotate Cattle Antibodies

by Kristel Ramirez Valdez, Benjamin Nzau, Daniel Dorey-Robinson, Michael Jarman, James Nyagwange, John C. Schwartz, Graham Freimanis, Angela W. Steyn, George M. Warimwe, Liam J. Morrison, William Mwangi, Bryan Charleston, Marie Bonnet-Di Placido and John A. Hammond

Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061099 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2454

Abstract

Studying the antibody response to infection or vaccination is essential for developing more effective vaccines and therapeutics. Advances in high-throughput antibody sequencing technologies and immunoinformatic tools now allow the fast and comprehensive analysis of antibody repertoires at high resolution in any species. Here, [...] Read more.

Studying the antibody response to infection or vaccination is essential for developing more effective vaccines and therapeutics. Advances in high-throughput antibody sequencing technologies and immunoinformatic tools now allow the fast and comprehensive analysis of antibody repertoires at high resolution in any species. Here, we detail a flexible and customizable suite of methods from flow cytometry, single cell sorting, heavy and light chain amplification to antibody sequencing in cattle. These methods were used successfully, including adaptation to the 10x Genomics platform, to isolate native heavy–light chain pairs. When combined with the Ig-Sequence Multi-Species Annotation Tool, this suite represents a powerful toolkit for studying the cattle antibody response with high resolution and precision. Using three workflows, we processed 84, 96, and 8313 cattle B cells from which we sequenced 24, 31, and 4756 antibody heavy–light chain pairs, respectively. Each method has strengths and limitations in terms of the throughput, timeline, specialist equipment, and cost that are each discussed. Moreover, the principles outlined here can be applied to study antibody responses in other mammalian species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reverse Vaccinology and Vaccine Antigens)

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