Membranes

1840 KiB

Open AccessReview

Light Responsive Polymer Membranes: A Review

by Fiore Pasquale Nicoletta, Daniela Cupelli, Patrizia Formoso, Giovanni De Filpo, Valentina Colella and Annarosa Gugliuzza

Membranes 2012, 2(1), 134-197; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes2010134 - 2 Mar 2012

Cited by 120 | Viewed by 18068

Abstract

In recent years, stimuli responsive materials have gained significant attention in membrane separation processes due to their ability to change specific properties in response to small external stimuli, such as light, pH, temperature, ionic strength, pressure, magnetic field, antigen, chemical composition, and so [...] Read more.

In recent years, stimuli responsive materials have gained significant attention in membrane separation processes due to their ability to change specific properties in response to small external stimuli, such as light, pH, temperature, ionic strength, pressure, magnetic field, antigen, chemical composition, and so on. In this review, we briefly report recent progresses in light-driven materials and membranes. Photo-switching mechanisms, valved-membrane fabrication and light-driven properties are examined. Advances and perspectives of light responsive polymer membranes in biotechnology, chemistry and biology areas are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responsive Polymer Membranes)

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226 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms of Membrane Curvature Generation in Membrane Traffic

by Hye-Won Shin, Hiroyuki Takatsu and Kazuhisa Nakayama

Membranes 2012, 2(1), 118-133; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes2010118 - 29 Feb 2012

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10894

Abstract

During the vesicular trafficking process, cellular membranes undergo dynamic morphological changes, in particular at the vesicle generation and fusion steps. Changes in membrane shape are regulated by small GTPases, coat proteins and other accessory proteins, such as BAR domain-containing proteins. In addition, membrane [...] Read more.

During the vesicular trafficking process, cellular membranes undergo dynamic morphological changes, in particular at the vesicle generation and fusion steps. Changes in membrane shape are regulated by small GTPases, coat proteins and other accessory proteins, such as BAR domain-containing proteins. In addition, membrane deformation entails changes in the lipid composition as well as asymmetric distribution of lipids over the two leaflets of the membrane bilayer. Given that P4-ATPases, which catalyze unidirectional flipping of lipid molecules from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflets of the bilayer, are crucial for the trafficking of proteins in the secretory and endocytic pathways, changes in the lipid composition are involved in the vesicular trafficking process. Membrane remodeling is under complex regulation that involves the composition and distribution of lipids as well as assembly of proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Membrane Morphogenesis)

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369 KiB

Open AccessReview

The BAR Domain Superfamily Proteins from Subcellular Structures to Human Diseases

by Fatemeh Safari and Shiro Suetsugu

Membranes 2012, 2(1), 91-117; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes2010091 - 27 Feb 2012

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 14015

Abstract

Eukaryotic cells have complicated membrane systems. The outermost plasma membrane contains various substructures, such as invaginations and protrusions, which are involved in endocytosis and cell migration. Moreover, the intracellular membrane compartments, such as autophagosomes and endosomes, are essential for cellular viability. The Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs167 [...] Read more.

Eukaryotic cells have complicated membrane systems. The outermost plasma membrane contains various substructures, such as invaginations and protrusions, which are involved in endocytosis and cell migration. Moreover, the intracellular membrane compartments, such as autophagosomes and endosomes, are essential for cellular viability. The Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs167 (BAR) domain superfamily proteins are important players in membrane remodeling through their structurally determined membrane binding surfaces. A variety of BAR domain superfamily proteins exist, and each family member appears to be involved in the formation of certain subcellular structures or intracellular membrane compartments. Most of the BAR domain superfamily proteins contain SH3 domains, which bind to the membrane scission molecule, dynamin, as well as the actin regulatory WASP/WAVE proteins and several signal transduction molecules, providing possible links between the membrane and the cytoskeleton or other machineries. In this review, we summarize the current information about each BAR superfamily protein with an SH3 domain(s). The involvement of BAR domain superfamily proteins in various diseases is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Membrane Morphogenesis)

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216 KiB

Open AccessReview

Development of Hydrogels and Biomimetic Regulators as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

by Junbin Shi, Malcolm M. Q. Xing and Wen Zhong

Membranes 2012, 2(1), 70-90; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes2010070 - 14 Feb 2012

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8480

Abstract

This paper reviews major research and development issues relating to hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering, the article starts with a brief introduction of tissue engineering and hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics, followed by a description of the various types of hydrogels and [...] Read more.

This paper reviews major research and development issues relating to hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering, the article starts with a brief introduction of tissue engineering and hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics, followed by a description of the various types of hydrogels and preparation methods, before a discussion of the physical and chemical properties that are important to their application. There follows a short comment on the trends of future research and development. Throughout the discussion there is an emphasis on the genetic understanding of bone tissue engineering application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membranes for Health and Environmental Applications)

628 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thin Hydrogel Films for Optical Biosensor Applications

by Anca Mateescu, Yi Wang, Jakub Dostalek and Ulrich Jonas

Membranes 2012, 2(1), 40-69; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes2010040 - 8 Feb 2012

Cited by 124 | Viewed by 20944

Abstract

Hydrogel materials consisting of water-swollen polymer networks exhibit a large number of specific properties highly attractive for a variety of optical biosensor applications. This properties profile embraces the aqueous swelling medium as the basis of biocompatibility, non-fouling behavior, and being not cell toxic, [...] Read more.

Hydrogel materials consisting of water-swollen polymer networks exhibit a large number of specific properties highly attractive for a variety of optical biosensor applications. This properties profile embraces the aqueous swelling medium as the basis of biocompatibility, non-fouling behavior, and being not cell toxic, while providing high optical quality and transparency. The present review focuses on some of the most interesting aspects of surface-attached hydrogel films as active binding matrices in optical biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance and optical waveguide mode spectroscopy. In particular, the chemical nature, specific properties, and applications of such hydrogel surface architectures for highly sensitive affinity biosensors based on evanescent wave optics are discussed. The specific class of responsive hydrogel systems, which can change their physical state in response to externally applied stimuli, have found large interest as sophisticated materials that provide a complex behavior to hydrogel-based sensing devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responsive Polymer Membranes)

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649 KiB

Open AccessReview

Stimuli Responsive Ionogels for Sensing Applications—An Overview

by Andrew Kavanagh, Robert Byrne, Dermot Diamond and Kevin J. Fraser

Membranes 2012, 2(1), 16-39; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes2010016 - 7 Feb 2012

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 11979

Abstract

This overview aims to summarize the existing potential of “Ionogels” as a platform to develop stimuli responsive materials. Ionogels are a class of materials that contain an Ionic Liquid (IL) confined within a polymer matrix. Recently defined as “a solid interconnected [...] Read more.

This overview aims to summarize the existing potential of “Ionogels” as a platform to develop stimuli responsive materials. Ionogels are a class of materials that contain an Ionic Liquid (IL) confined within a polymer matrix. Recently defined as “a solid interconnected network spreading throughout a liquid phase”, the ionogel therefore combines the properties of both its solid and liquid components. ILs are low melting salts that exist as liquids composed entirely of cations and anions at or around 100 °C. Important physical properties of these liquids such as viscosity, density, melting point and conductivity can be altered to suit a purpose by choice of the cation/anion. Here we provide an overview to highlight the literature thus far, detailing the encapsulation of IL and responsive materials within these polymeric structures. Exciting applications in the areas of optical and electrochemical sensing, solid state electrolytes and actuating materials shall be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responsive Polymer Membranes)

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1142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Characterization of Mouse Deep Vein Thrombosis Derived Microparticles by Differential Filtration with Nanopore Filters

by Antonio Peramo and Jose A. Diaz

Membranes 2012, 2(1), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes2010001 - 27 Dec 2011

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8691

Abstract

With the objective of making advancements in the area of pro-thrombotic microparticle characterization in cardiovascular biology, we present a novel method to separate blood circulating microparticles using a membrane-based, nanopore filtration system. In this qualitative study, electron microscopy observations of these pro-thrombotic mouse [...] Read more.

With the objective of making advancements in the area of pro-thrombotic microparticle characterization in cardiovascular biology, we present a novel method to separate blood circulating microparticles using a membrane-based, nanopore filtration system. In this qualitative study, electron microscopy observations of these pro-thrombotic mouse microparticles, as well as mouse platelets and leukocytes obtained using a mouse inferior vena cava ligation model of deep-vein thrombosis are presented. In particular, we present mouse microparticle morphology and microstructure using SEM and TEM indicating that they appear to be mostly spherical with diameters in the 100 to 350 nm range. The nanopore filtration technique presented is focused on the development of novel methodologies to isolate and characterize blood circulating microparticles that can be used in conjunction with other methodologies. We believe that determination of microparticle size and structure is a critical step for the development of reliable assays with clinical or research application in thrombosis and it will contribute to the field of nanomedicine in thrombosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Physics and Theory)

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Membranes, Volume 2, Issue 1 (March 2012) – 7 articles , Pages 1-197

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