The Relative Contributions of Occupational and Community Risk Factors for COVID-19 among Hospital Workers: The HOP-COVID Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection and Study Variables
2.3. Outcome
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Outcome
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Diagnosis of COVID-19 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Definite | Probable | p-Values a | ||
N = 213 | N = 175 | N = 38 | ||
Fever and respiratory symptoms | 93 (43.9) | 76 (43.7) | 17 (44.7) | 0.91 |
Anosmia and/or ageusia | 89 (42.0) | 76 (43.7) | 13 (34.2) | 0.28 |
Other symptoms b | 159 (74.6) | 127 (72.6) | 32 (84.2) | 0.15 |
SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test | ||||
Not performed | 49 (23.0) | 30 (17.1) | 19 (50.0) | - |
Not helpful c | 26 (12.2) | 7 (4.0) | 19 (50.0) | |
Negative d | 3 (1.4) | 3 (1.7) | 0 (-) | |
Positive | 135 (63.4) | 135 (77.1) | 0 (-) | |
SARS-CoV-2 serology test | ||||
Not performed | 84 (39.4) | 52 (29.7) | 32 (84.2) | - |
Not helpful e | 58 (27.2) | 52 (29.7) | 6 (15.8) | |
Negative | 6 (2.8) | 6 (3.4) | 0 (-) | |
Positive | 65 (30.5) | 65 (37.1) | 0 (-) | |
Patient classification | ||||
Positive RT-PCR test | 110 (51.6) | 110 (62.9) | 0 (-) | - |
Positive RT-PCR and serology tests | 25 (11.7) | 25 (14.3) | 0 (-) | |
Positive serology test | 40 (18.8) | 40 (22.9) | 0 (-) | |
Clinical diagnosis/sick leave | 38 (17.8 | 0 (-) | 38 (100) | |
COVID-19 acquisition | 0.59 | |||
Probably hospital-acquired | 121 (56.8) | 99 (56.6) | 22 (57.9) | |
Probably community-acquired | 51 (23.9) | 44 (25.1) | 7 (18.4) | |
Indefinite f | 41 (19.3) | 32 (18.3) | 9 (23.7) |
Diagnosis of COVID-19 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | No | Definite/Probable | p | ||
Characteristics | (n = 1369) a | (n = 1156) b | (n = 213) b | Value c | OR [95% CI] |
Recruitment period | 0.003 | ||||
18 May 2020–5 November 2020 | 809 (59.1) | 700 (86.5) | 109 (13.5) | 1.4 [0.7–2.8] | |
6 November 2020–28 February 2021 | 471 (34.4) | 376 (79.8) | 95 (20.2) | 2.3 [1.1–4.6] | |
1 March 2021–16 July 2021 | 89 (6.5) | 80 (89.9) | 9 (10.1) | Ref. | |
Hospital (n = 1368, 1155/213) | <0.001 | ||||
Henri Mondor | 1000 (73.1) | 877 (87.7) | 123 (12.2) | 0.8 [0.3–1.7] | |
Albert Chenevier | 105 (7.7) | 93 (88.6) | 12 (11.4) | Ref. | |
Emile Roux (geriatric hospital) | 123 (9.0) | 83 (67.5) | 40 (32.5) | 3.4 [2.3–5.2] | |
Joffre-Dupuytren (geriatric hospital) | 68 (5.0) | 43 (63.2) | 25 (36.8) | 4.2 [2.5–7.0] | |
Georges Clemenceau (geriatric hospital) | 72 (5.3) | 59 (81.9) | 13 (18.1) | 1.4 [0.5–3.6] | |
Regional daily COVID-19 incidence per 100,000 inhabitants | <0.001 | ||||
<50 | 392 (28.6) | 379 (96.7) | 13 (3.3) | Ref. | |
50 to 149 | 157 (11.5) | 130 (82.8) | 27 (17.2) | 6.1 [3.0–12.1] | |
150 to 249 | 140 (10.2) | 120 (85.7) | 20 (14.3) | 4.9 [2.4–10.1] | |
≥250 | 246 (18.0) | 194 (78.9) | 52 (21.1) | 7.8 [4.1–14.6] | |
Before data were available (May 2020) | 434 (31.7) | 333 (76.7) | 101 (23.3) | 8.8 [4.9–16.1] | |
Age, median [IQR], years (n = 1368, 1155/213) | 43 [32–53] | 43 [32–53] | 43 [33–53] | 0.68 | - |
Sex | 0.46 | ||||
Male | 375 (27.4) | 321 (85.6) | 54 (14.4) | ||
Female | 994 (72.6) | 835 (84.0) | 159 (16.0) | - | |
Blood group (n = 1221, 1036/185) | 0.31 | ||||
O | 517 (42.3) | 445 (86.1) | 72 (13.9) | - | |
A, B or AB | 704 (57.7) | 591 (83.9) | 113 (16.0) | ||
Living with children attending primary school (n = 1361, 1149/212) | 0.22 | ||||
No | 971 (71.4) | 827 (85.2) | 144 (14.8) | - | |
Yes | 389 (28.6) | 321 (82.6) | 68 (17.5) | ||
Living with children attending junior high or high school (n = 1361, 1149/212) | 0.53 | ||||
No | 964 (70.9) | 810 (84.0) | 154 (16.0) | . | - |
Yes | 396 (29.1) | 338 (85.4) | 58 (14.6) | ||
Use of public transport (n = 1368, 1155/213) | 0.15 | ||||
No | 1010 (73.9) | 844 (83.6) | 166 (16.4) | Ref. | |
Yes | 357 (26.1) | 310 (86.8) | 47 (13.2) | 0.8 [0.5–1.1] | |
COVID-19 contact in the community (n = 1352,1139/213) | <0.001 | ||||
No | 1167 (86.3) | 1012 (86.7) | 155 (13.28) | Ref. | |
Yes | 185 (13.7) | 127 (68.65) | 58 (31.35) | 3.0 [2.1–4.3] |
Diagnosis of COVID-19 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | No | Definite/Probable | p | ||
Characteristics | (n = 1369) a | (n=1156) b | (n = 213) b | Value c | OR [95% CI] |
Activity (n = 1359, 1146/213) | 0.06 | ||||
Teleworking | 49 (3.6) | 45 (91.8) | 4 (8.2) | Ref. | |
Alternate teleworking and in-hospital work | 127 (9.4) | 114 (89.8) | 13 (10.2) | ||
In-hospital work | 1183 (87.0) | 987 (83.4) | 196 (16.6) | 1.9 [1.1–3.1] | |
Job function (n = 1367, 1154/213) | 0.003 | ||||
Physicians | 374 (27.4) | 311 (83.2) | 63 (16.8) | 2.2 [1.2–4.1] | |
Nurses | 157 (11.5) | 131 (83.4) | 26 (16.8) | ||
Nursing assistants | 115 (8.4) | 83 (72.2) | 32 (27.8) | 4.1 [2.0–8.5] | |
Nurse managers | 102 (7.5) | 90 (88.2) | 12 (11.8) | 1.6 [0.9–3.1] | |
Allied health professionals d | 101 (7.4) | 88 (87.1) | 13 (12.9) | ||
Medical and other students | 94 (6.9) | 83 (88.3) | 11 (11.7) | ||
Laboratory technicians | 57 (4.2) | 49 (86.0) | 8 (14.0) | ||
Administrative staff in clinical units | 73 (5.3) | 62 (84.9) | 11 (15.1) | ||
Researchers and research support staff | 63 (4.6) | 54 (85.7) | 9 (14.3) | ||
Pharmacists | 30 (2.2) | 28 (93.3) | 2 (6.7) | Ref. | |
Technical and administrative unit managers | 61 (4.5) | 56 (91.8) | 5 (8.2) | ||
Technical staff (other than managers) | 50 (3.7) | 45 (90.0) | 5 (10.0) | ||
Administrative staff (other than managers) | 90 (6.6) | 74 (82.2) | 16 (17.8) | 2.3 [1.0–5.2] | |
Workplace area (n = 1319, 1106/213) | 0.02 | ||||
Emergency departments | 92 (7.0) | 80 (87.0) | 12 (13.0) | 1.3 [0.6–2.9] | |
Geriatric wards | 210 (15.9) | 150 (71.4) | 60 (28.6) | 3.5 [1.9–6.4] | |
Other specialty wards | 303 (23.0) | 250 (82.5) | 53 (17.5) | 1.9 [1.1–3.4] | |
Surgical wards | 71 (5.4) | 60 (84.5) | 11 (15.5) | 1.6 [0.7–3.7] | |
Intensive care units | 133 (10.1) | 124 (93.2) | 9 (6.8) | 0.6 [0.3–1.5] | |
Medical biology laboratories | 125 (9.5) | 109 (87.2) | 16 (12.8) | 1.3 [0.6–2.7] | |
Radiology/physiology/functional assessment facilities | 50 (3.8) | 40 (80.0) | 10 (20.0) | 2.6 [1.1–5.7] | |
Stretcher services | 8 (0.6) | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) | ||
Medical departments with limited patient contact e | 157 (11.9) | 141 (89.8) | 16 (10.2) | Ref. | |
Other services f | 170 (12.9) | 147 (86.5) | 23 (13.5) | 1.4 [0.7–2.7] | |
Type of geriatric ward (n = 197, 148/49) | 0.90 | ||||
Acute care ward | 65 (33.0) | 50 (76.9) | 15 (23.1) | - | |
Rehabilitation ward | 103 (52.3) | 76 (73.8) | 27 (26.2) | ||
Long-term care ward | 29 (14.7) | 22 (75.9) | 7 (24.1) | ||
Type of laboratory (n = 124, 109/15) | 0.13 | ||||
Microbiology | 42 (33.9) | 35 (83.3) | 7 (16.7) | 2.4 [0.8–7.4] | |
Pathology | 18 (14.5) | 15 (83.3) | 3 (16.7) | ||
Other | 64 (51.6) | 59 (92.2) | 5 (7.8) | Ref | |
Contact with patients or caregivers (n = 1358, 1145/213) | 0.006 | ||||
Patient care | 622 (45.8) | 502 (80.7) | 120 (19.3) | 2.1 [1.2–3.9] | |
Patient contact without care provision | 255 (18.8) | 218 (85.5) | 37 (14.5) | 1.3 [0.7–2.5] | |
Contact with caregivers | 355 (26.1) | 310 (87.3) | 43 (12.1) | ||
No or limited contact with caregivers | 128 (9.4) | 115 (89.8) | 13 (10.2) | Ref. | |
COVID-19 sectors (n = 1319, 1108/201) | 0.045 | ||||
No COVID-19 patients | 782 (59.3) | 680 (86.0) | 102 (13.0) | Ref. | |
Some COVID-19 patients | 288 (21.8) | 236 (81.9) | 52 (18.1) | 1.5 [1.0–2.1] | |
Dedicated to COVID-19 patients | 249 (18.9) | 202 (81.1) | 47 (18.9) | 1.6 [1.1–2.3] | |
COVID-19 patient burden, median [IQR] (n = 579, 482/97) g | |||||
Number of COVID-19 patients | 4 [1–15] | 4 [1–11] | 8 [3–29] | <0.001 | 1.4 [1.1–1.8] |
Proportion of COVID-19 patients | 6.1 [2–31] | 6 [2–27] | 19.1 [5–51] | <0.001 | 1.5 [1.2–1.9] |
Working in a sector with COVID-19 clusters (n = 1164, 1156/213) | <0.001 | ||||
No | 981 (71.7) | 863 (88.0) | 118 (12.0) | Ref. | |
Cluster among the patients | 29 (2.1) | 18 (62.1) | 11 (37.9) | 2.1 [1.4–3.1] | |
Cluster among the staff | 67 (4.9) | 55 (82.1) | 12 (17.9) | ||
Cluster among the patients and staff | 87 (6.4) | 69 (73.9) | 18 (20.7) | ||
Systematic use of a mask in hospital (n = 1334, 1127/207) | 0.59 | ||||
No | 143 (10.7) | 123 (86.0) | 20 (14.0) | - | |
Yes | 1191 (89.3) | 1004 (84.3) | 187 (15.7) |
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Bastuji-Garin, S.; Brouard, L.; Bourgeon-Ghittori, I.; Zebachi, S.; Boutin, E.; Hemery, F.; Fourreau, F.; Oubaya, N.; De Roux, Q.; Mongardon, N.; et al. The Relative Contributions of Occupational and Community Risk Factors for COVID-19 among Hospital Workers: The HOP-COVID Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031208
Bastuji-Garin S, Brouard L, Bourgeon-Ghittori I, Zebachi S, Boutin E, Hemery F, Fourreau F, Oubaya N, De Roux Q, Mongardon N, et al. The Relative Contributions of Occupational and Community Risk Factors for COVID-19 among Hospital Workers: The HOP-COVID Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(3):1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031208
Chicago/Turabian StyleBastuji-Garin, Sylvie, Ludivine Brouard, Irma Bourgeon-Ghittori, Sonia Zebachi, Emmanuelle Boutin, Francois Hemery, Frédéric Fourreau, Nadia Oubaya, Quentin De Roux, Nicolas Mongardon, and et al. 2023. "The Relative Contributions of Occupational and Community Risk Factors for COVID-19 among Hospital Workers: The HOP-COVID Cohort Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 3: 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031208
APA StyleBastuji-Garin, S., Brouard, L., Bourgeon-Ghittori, I., Zebachi, S., Boutin, E., Hemery, F., Fourreau, F., Oubaya, N., De Roux, Q., Mongardon, N., Fourati, S., & Decousser, J. -W. (2023). The Relative Contributions of Occupational and Community Risk Factors for COVID-19 among Hospital Workers: The HOP-COVID Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(3), 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031208