High Endothelial Venule with Concomitant High CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Is Associated with a Favorable Prognosis in Resected Gastric Cancer
by
, , and
Soon Auck Hong
1
,
Hye Won Hwang
1,
Min Kyoon Kim
2,
Tae Jin Lee
1,
Kwangil Yim
3
,
Hye Sung Won
4,
Der Sheng Sun
4,
Eun Young Kim
5,* and
Yoon Ho Ko
4,6,* 1
Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
2
Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
3
Department of Hospital Pathology, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea
4
Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea
5
Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea
6
Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(8), 2628; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082628
Submission received: 25 June 2020
/
Revised: 12 August 2020
/
Accepted: 12 August 2020
/
Published: 13 August 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)
Abstract
:CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play a major role in antitumor immunity. High endothelial venules (HEVs) are related to diverse immune cells in solid tumors. We analyzed CD8+ and Foxp3+ TILs in combination with HEVs to determine their prognostic role in advanced gastric cancer (AGC). We enrolled 157 patients with AGC in this study. The densities of CD8+ TILs and Foxp3+ TILs were calculated using immunohistochemical staining. HEVs were evaluated by MECA-79 expression. HEVs were identified in 60 (38.2%) cases and was significantly associated with an increased number of CD8+ TILs (p = 0.027) but not of Foxp3+ TILs (p = 0.455) and CD20+ TILs (p = 0.163). A high CD8+/HEV+ level was significantly associated with nodal metastasis (p = 0.048). In survival analysis, patients with high CD8+/HEV+ levels demonstrated the longest overall survival (OS) (p = 0.015). Furthermore, a high CD8+/HEV+ level was an independent prognostic factor in AGC (p = 0.011; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.435; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.245–0.837). HEVs were found to play an important role in antitumor immunity associated with CD8+ TILs in AGC. This analysis of HEVs and CD8+ TILs helps stratify patients with AGC and sheds light on tumor immunity.
1. Introduction
Gastric cancer (GC) is the sixth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide [1]. Advanced gastric cancer (AGC) is one of the most aggressive cancers, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10% [2]. Immunotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for various advanced cancers [3]. A recent study indicated that nivolumab, as a third-line setting in refractory GC, significantly prolonged survival compared to a placebo [4]. Immunotherapy alone or in combination with targeted therapy is emerging as a promising treatment for AGC.
Currently, immunotherapy focuses on restoring the antitumor immunity by effector T cells, including blocking immune checkpoints [5,6]. However, recent studies have focused on controlling antitumor immunity through the tumor microenvironment. High endothelial venules (HEVs) are the new biomarkers of tumor immunity [7,8]. HEVs are post-capillary venules characterized by active lymphocyte trafficking; they are usually observed in secondary lymphoid organs, excluding the spleen [8,9]. HEVs are characterized by the expression of peripheral node addressin and high levels of 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X ligands. They are identified by the HEV-specific antibody MECA-79, which mediates the adherence and transendothelial migration of lymphocytes along the HEV vessel wall [10,11]. Interestingly, newly formed HEVs can appear in solid tumors associated with the distinct histological features of increased tumor infiltrative lymphocytes (TILs) in peri-HEVs or tertiary lymphoid tissue [12]. Previous studies have noted that a high density of HEVs in breast cancer and melanoma is associated with a favorable prognosis, possibly due to increased TILs and their phenotypes [13,14]. However, there have not been any combined analyses of HEVs and TILs conducted for gastric cancer.
In this study, we investigated HEVs and CD8+, Foxp3+, and CD20+ TILs, along with their correlation with the clinicopathologic features of AGC, and we evaluated the prognostic role of a combined analysis of HEVs and CD8+, Foxp3+, and CD20+ TILs.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
In total, we enrolled 157 AGC patients who had undergone a radical resection between 2001 and 2005 at Ujeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital of the Catholic University of Korea. Patient data, including age, sex, diagnosis date, recurrence, and death, were retrieved from their electronic medical records. The pathologic features were re-evaluated by two board-certified pathologists (S.A.H. and H.W.H.), and TNM staging was reclassified according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Board of Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital of the Catholic University of Korea (UC20SESI0101) and was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
2.2. Immunohistochemistry
Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed for immunohistochemistry. The tissue cores (2 mm) from two representative areas were punched and placed into the recipient blocks using a manual TMA device (SuperBioChips Laboratories, Seoul, Korea). Immunohistochemistry was performed using a Ventana Benchmark Autostainer (Ventana Medical System, Tucson, AZ, USA). Briefly, the slides were de-paraffinized, and antigen retrieval was conducted using heat-induced (92 °C for 30 min) epitope retrieval with an MC1 solution (Ventana Medical System, Tucson, AZ, USA). Sections were incubated with primary antibodies: CD8 (1:100, C8/144B, Dako, Cambridge, UK), Foxp3 (1:100, 236A/E7, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), CD20 (1:600, L26, Dako, Cambridge, UK), and MECA-79 (1:200, Santa Cruz, Tucson, AZ, USA). The Ultraview Polymer Detection Kit (Ventana Medical System, Tucson, AZ, USA) was used for visualization, and the stained sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Human tonsil tissue was used as the positive control tissue. A negative control was performed by replacing the primary antibody with normal serum.
2.3. Evaluation of Immunohistochemistry
CD8+, Foxp3+, and CD20+ TILs were counted in five foci of the intratumoral area at a magnification of ×400 (BX51, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The mean numbers of CD8+, Foxp3+, and CD20+ TILs were manually calculated. MECA-79 expression was evaluated on the endothelial cells of vessels in the intratumoral stroma. The cut value for high- and low-expression was defined as the median value of CD8+, Foxp3+, and CD20+ TILs. The HEV level was denoted as positive if the expression of MECA-79 was found in any vessel.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Categorical variables were compared, as needed, using the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from diagnosis to death of any cause or last follow-up. The survival time was plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method with a log rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify the significance of the prognostic factor. A two-sided p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant in all tests and models. All data were analyzed using R statistical programming version 3.4.1 (http://www.r-project.org).
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
All patients underwent radical resection and lymph node dissection (D2). R0 resections were performed in 137 subjects (87.3%); 115 (71.4%) patients were men. The mean age was 66.3 years (range: 35–92 years). According to Lauren’s classification, 75 (47.8%) of the cancers were intestinal, 51 (32.5%) were diffuse, and 31 (19.7%) were mixed-type. At the time of resection, nodal and distant metastases were found in 99 (63.1%) and 17 (10.8%) patients, respectively. Based on the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th edition, 29 (18.5%) patients were classified as stage IB, 21 (13.4%) as stage IIA, 22 (14.0%) were classified as stage IIB, 17 (10.8%) were classified as IIIA, 16 (10.2%) were classified as stage IIIB, 35 (22.3%) were classified as stage IIIC, and 17 (10.8%) were classified as stage IV. The median OS was 43 months.
3.2. Correlation of HEVs and TILs with Clinicopathological Factors and Survival
The clinicopathologic parameters associated with HEVs and TILs are listed in Table 1. The median number of CD8+, Foxp3+, and CD20+ TILs was 46 (range: 2–412), 16 (range: 1–153), and 7 (range: 0–92), respectively. Based on the cut-value defined as the median number of TILs, a high CD8+ TIL level was found in 78 (49.7%) cases, a high Foxp3+ TIL level was found in 76 (48.4%) cases, and a high CD20+ TIL level was found in 69 (44.8%) cases (Figure 1A–F). HEVs, as evidenced by MECA-79 immunostaining, were observed in 60 (38.2%) cases (Figure 1G,H). A high CD8+ TIL level was significantly correlated with a low T stage (p = 0.045) and a low N stage (p = 0.011), while Foxp3+ TILs were only associated with a patient’s age (p = 0.035) (Table 1). A high CD20+ TIL level was not significantly related to any clinicopathologic parameter. HEVs were statistically correlated with perineural invasion (p = 0.005) (Table 1).
We analyzed the number of CD8+, Foxp3+, and CD20+ TILs and the presence of HEVs to clarify the association between the two. The number of CD8+ TILs was significantly higher in the HEV-positive group than in the HEV-negative group (p = 0.027) (Figure 2A). However, Foxp3+ and CD20+ TIL levels were similar in the HEV-positive and -negative groups (Figure 2B,C).
3.3. Combined Analysis with CD8+ TIL and HEV.
A high CD8+ TIL level with HEVs was noted in 35 (22.3%) cases and was only associated with the low n stage (p = 0.048) (Table 2). OS was significantly different among the four groups based on a combined analysis of CD8+ TILs and HEVs (p = 0.015) (Figure 4A). The group with the high CD8+ and HEV levels showed the most favorable OS. In the high CD8+ TIL subgroup, the group with HEVs showed a significantly longer OS than that without HEVs (p = 0.016) (Figure 4B). However, HEVs were not significantly related to OS in the low CD8+ subgroup (p = 0.518) (Figure 4C).
3.4. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis
Following a univariate Cox’s proportional hazards analysis, a shorter OS was found to be significantly associated with an older age (<66 years vs. ≥66 years), a larger tumor size (<5.5 cm vs. ≥5.5 cm), a high T stage (pT2–3 vs. pT4), nodal metastasis (pN0 vs. ≥pN1), distant metastasis (pM0 vs. pM1), lymphovascular invasion, and resection margin (R0 vs. >R1). A longer OS was significantly associated with a high CD8+ TIL level (hazard ratio (HR), 0.611; confidence interval (CI), 0.400–0.933; p = 0.023) and a high CD8+ TIL level with HEVs (HR, 0.399; CI, 0.217–0.735; p = 0.003). After multivariate analysis, a high CD8+ TIL level with HEVs was found to be an independent favorable prognostic factor in AGC (p = 0.011, HR = 0.4352; 95% CI = 0.2453–0.8372) (Table 3).
4. Discussion
In this study, a combined analysis of HEVs, demonstrated by MECA-79 expression, and CD8+ TILs was associated with favorable clinicopathologic factors. Notably, a high CD8+ TIL level with HEVs was an independent prognostic factor for AGC.
HEVs have a crucial role in attracting TILs. The finding was derived from the association of HEVs and TILs, especially T-cells in human solid cancers, including breast cancer, melanoma, diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and testicular seminoma [13,14,15,16]. Malignant melanoma and invasive ductal carcinoma with HEVs have demonstrated favorable prognoses [13,14]. However, no study exploring whether the level of TIL according to presence/absence of HEVs has a survival effect in GC has been performed.
Analyzing immune cell infiltration is the classic methodology for understanding the tumor immune microenvironment. The core role of TILs is a tumoricidal effect of CD8+ TILs [17]. Furthermore, from simple numerical estimation of TILs, studies examining how the tumor microenvironment controls TILs or boosts immunity have been recently conducted [18,19]. However, the interactions between the vascular network and TILs in AGC have not been extensively studied.
HEVs are postcapillary venules in lymphoid tissues and support lymphocyte migration from the blood [9]. The development and prognostic role of HEVs could differ according to the primary site of the tumor [14,16,20]. Based on our data, HEVs themselves did not have a significant prognostic role in AGC.
The evolution of HEVs partly matches the development of the tertiary lymphoid tissue. Though tertiary lymphoid tissue has survival benefits for breast, colorectal, and lung cancers, several studies have failed to determine their role in the survival associated with some solid tumors [20,21]. Our results, per previous research, indicated that the presence of tertiary lymphoid tissue without an analysis of immune cell components cannot be used to determine the prognosis of AGC [22].
The results of our combined analysis of HEVs and CD8+ TILs supported the important interaction between CD8+ TILs and HEVs in tumor immunology. The high density of CD8+ TIL in the intra-tumoral area was associated with high T and n stages. After univariate analysis, a high CD8+ TIL level was found to be a favorable prognostic factor (HR, 0.611; CI, 0.400–0.933; p = 0.023). However, a multivariate analysis did not demonstrate the value of CD8+ TILs as an independent prognostic factor. A high CD8+ TIL level with HEVs was identified as an independent and good prognostic factor (HR, 0.4532; CI, 0.2453–0.8372; p = 0.011494). Even in the high CD8+ TIL level group, HEVs could be used to segregate patients by survival (p = 0.016). There are two hypotheses for these results. The first is that HEVs themselves have the potential to attract and transport CD8+ T cells into a tumor. This was supported by the significant difference in the number of CD8+ TILs between the HEV-positive and -negative groups in our study. This is also consistent with previous research that has indicated that a high density of HEVs is associated with an upregulation of the genes associated with Th1 and cytotoxic T cells but not of genes associated with Th2 and Th17 [14]. In addition, common inciting factors, such as tumor necrosis factor, were found for both increasing CD8+ T cell and HEV levels [8,23].
The second hypothesis is that HEVs select highly competent CD8+ TILs with antitumor immunity. HEVs are well known to attract and transport naïve and central memory T cells into tumor tissues [24]. Previous reports have emphasized that effector cells developed from naïve T cells at the tumor site have higher potential and better long-term, effective antitumor responses than central memory T cells [25,26]. Naïve T cells priming in the vicinity of the tumor have an opportunity to transform into tumor antigen-specific and -sensitive T cells by a high antigenic load and a vast repertoire of tumor antigens [27,28]. Further research is required to determine the competence of CD8+ TILs associated with HEVs in GC. However, we cautiously suggest that the prognostic effect in AGC is related to HEVs with highly competent CD8+ TILs.
Foxp3 is a transcriptional factor that regulates the function and development of regulatory T cells (Treg) [29]. Research on a variety of solid cancers has reported that a high number of Foxp3+ TILs is associated with a poor prognosis due to the Treg-mediated suppression of antitumor immunity [30,31,32]. However, there are conflicting data regarding the role of Foxp3 TILs in the prognosis of gastric cancer [33,34]. Perrone et al. reported that an increased density of intratumoral foxp3+ TILs is associated with shorter survival time in stages II–IV gastric cancer patients [33]. However, several studies have failed to demonstrate a prognostic role of Foxp3+ TILs [34]. A single immunostaining for Foxp3 cannot identify effector or true Tregs because Foxp3+ TILs represent subpopulations of effector Tregs, naïve Tregs, and non-Tregs [35,36]. Our findings that Foxp3 TILs have no impact on the OS of AGC are consistent with previous research.
Notably, HEVs were not impacted by Foxp3 TIL changes in our cohort. Our results revealed that Foxp3+ TIL density in melanoma was similar for low- and high-density HEVs [13]. In addition, both CD8+ and Foxp3+ TILs were outnumbered by CD20+ TILs in GC with HEVs in our study. This result was consistent with a previous study in that CD3+ T cells comprised the main population in the perivascular space of HEVs when compared with CD20+ B cells. Furthermore, the presence of HEVs was also not correlated with the increased number of CD20+ TILs [37]. Based on our results, the function of HEVs as a gateway for TILs may be selective depending on the type of immune cell, particularly favoring CD8+ TILs but not Foxp3+ and CD20+ TILs.
The limitations of this retrospective study include the lack of the validation of different immune cells associated with HEVs and the colocalization between HEVs and TILs in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, further studies are required in this regard, and using flowcytometry and immunofluorescence could be useful to recognize different TIL populations associated with HEVs and to identify the spatial association between HEVs and TILs.
5. Conclusions
This study highlighted the prognostic role of HEVs and TILs in AGC. HEVs were found to be significantly associated with a high CD8+ TIL level, but they were not affected by Foxp3+ and CD20+ TILs in GC. However, HEVs themselves did not impact survival. A subgroup analysis demonstrated that a high CD8+ TIL level with HEVs demonstrated a favorable prognosis and was an independent prognostic factor in AGC. Further research on the interaction between CD8+ TILs and HEVs is needed to better understand the tumor microenvironment in AGC.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, S.A.H., Y.H.K. and E.Y.K.; methodology, H.W.H., M.K.K., and K.Y.; software, T.J.L. and M.K.K.; validation, H.S.W. and D.S.S.; formal analysis, S.A.H. and T.J.L.; investigation, H.S.W. and D.S.S.; resources, E.Y.K.; data curation, M.K.K.; writing—original draft preparation, S.A.H., Y.H.K., and E.Y.K.; writing—review and editing, S.A.H. and Y.H.K.; visualization, S.A.H.; supervision, E.Y.K.; project administration, Y.H.K.; funding acquisition, S.A.H. and Y.H.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea, grant number NRF-2018R1C1B5041752 (S.A.H.) and The Catholic University of Korea Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital Clinical Research Laboratory Foundation made in the program year of 2017 (UJBCRL201701, Y.H.K.) and 2018 (UJBCRL201743, Y.H.K.).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Bray, F.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Siegel, R.L.; Torre, L.A.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 394–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jim, M.A.; Pinheiro, P.S.; Carreira, H.; Espey, D.K.; Wiggins, C.L.; Weir, H.K. Stomach cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001–2009): Findings from the CONCORD-2 study. Cancer 2017, 123, 4994–5013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gong, J.; Chehrazi-Raffle, A.; Reddi, S.; Salgia, R. Development of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors as a form of cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive review of registration trials and future considerations. J. Immunother. Cancer 2018, 6, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kang, Y.-K.; Boku, N.; Satoh, T.; Ryu, M.-H.; Chao, Y.; Kato, K.; Chung, H.C.; Chen, J.-S.; Muro, K.; Kang, W.K. Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO-4538-12, ATTRACTION-2): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2017, 390, 2461–2471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Huang, S.; Gong, D.; Qin, Y.; Shen, Q. Programmed death-1 upregulation is correlated with dysfunction of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 2010, 7, 389–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kilinc, M.O.; Gu, T.; Harden, J.L.; Virtuoso, L.P.; Egilmez, N.K. Central role of tumor-associated CD8+ T effector/memory cells in restoring systemic antitumor immunity. J. Immunol. 2009, 182, 4217–4225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Avram, G.; Sanchez-Sendra, B.; Martin, J.M.; Terradez, L.; Ramos, D.; Monteagudo, C. The density and type of MECA-79-positive high endothelial venules correlate with lymphocytic infiltration and tumour regression in primary cutaneous melanoma. Histopathology 2013, 63, 852–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ager, A.; May, M.J. Understanding high endothelial venules: Lessons for cancer immunology. Oncoimmunology 2015, 4, e1008791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Girard, J.-P.; Springer, T.A. High endothelial venules (HEVs): Specialized endothelium for lymphocyte migration. Immunol. Today 1995, 16, 449–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Streeter, P.R.; Rouse, B.; Butcher, E.C. Immunohistologic and functional characterization of a vascular addressin involved in lymphocyte homing into peripheral lymph nodes. J. Cell Boil. 1988, 107, 1853–1862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hemmerich, S.; Butcher, E.C.; Rosen, S.D. Sulfation-dependent recognition of high endothelial venules (HEV)-ligands by L-selectin and MECA 79, and adhesion-blocking monoclonal antibody. J. Exp. Med. 1994, 180, 2219–2226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hiraoka, N.; Ino, Y.; Yamazaki-Itoh, R. Tertiary Lymphoid Organs in Cancer Tissues. Front. Immunol. 2016, 7, 244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Martinet, L.; Le Guellec, S.; Filleron, T.; Lamant, L.; Meyer, N.; Rochaix, P.; Garrido, I.; Girard, J.P. High endothelial venules (HEVs) in human melanoma lesions: Major gateways for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Oncoimmunology 2012, 1, 829–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Martinet, L.; Garrido, I.; Filleron, T.; Le Guellec, S.; Bellard, E.; Fournie, J.J.; Rochaix, P.; Girard, J.P. Human solid tumors contain high endothelial venules: Association with T- and B-lymphocyte infiltration and favorable prognosis in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2011, 71, 5678–5687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Low, S.; Sakai, Y.; Hoshino, H.; Hirokawa, M.; Kawashima, H.; Higuchi, K.; Imamura, Y.; Kobayashi, M. High endothelial venule-like vessels and lymphocyte recruitment in diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pathology 2016, 48, 666–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sakai, Y.; Hoshino, H.; Kitazawa, R.; Kobayashi, M. High endothelial venule-like vessels and lymphocyte recruitment in testicular seminoma. Andrology 2014, 2, 282–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Klebanoff, C.A.; Gattinoni, L.; Restifo, N.P. CD8+ T-cell memory in tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Immunol. Rev. 2006, 211, 214–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hinrichs, C.S.; Rosenberg, S.A. Exploiting the curative potential of adoptive T-cell therapy for cancer. Immunol. Rev. 2014, 257, 56–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roybal, K.T.; Williams, J.Z.; Morsut, L.; Rupp, L.J.; Kolinko, I.; Choe, J.H.; Walker, W.J.; McNally, K.A.; Lim, W.A. Engineering T cells with customized therapeutic response programs using synthetic notch receptors. Cell 2016, 167, 419–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bento, D.C.; Jones, E.; Junaid, S.; Tull, J.; Williams, G.T.; Godkin, A.; Ager, A.; Gallimore, A. High endothelial venules are rare in colorectal cancers but accumulate in extra-tumoral areas with disease progression. Oncoimmunology 2015, 4, e974374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Figenschau, S.L.; Fismen, S.; Fenton, K.A.; Fenton, C.; Mortensen, E.S. Tertiary lymphoid structures are associated with higher tumor grade in primary operable breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2015, 15, 101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, H.J.; Kim, J.Y.; Park, I.A.; Song, I.H.; Yu, J.H.; Ahn, J.-H.; Gong, G. Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and the tertiary lymphoid structures in HER2-positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant trastuzumab. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2015, 144, 278–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bertrand, F.; Rochotte, J.; Colacios, C.; Montfort, A.; Andrieu-Abadie, N.; Levade, T.; Benoist, H.; Segui, B. Targeting TNF alpha as a novel strategy to enhance CD8(+) T cell-dependent immune response in melanoma? Oncoimmunology 2016, 5, e1068495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Peske, J.D.; Woods, A.B.; Engelhard, V.H. Control of CD8 T-Cell Infiltration into Tumors by Vasculature and Microenvironment. Adv. Cancer Res. 2015, 128, 263–307. [Google Scholar]
- Hinrichs, C.S.; Borman, Z.A.; Cassard, L.; Gattinoni, L.; Spolski, R.; Yu, Z.; Sanchez-Perez, L.; Muranski, P.; Kern, S.J.; Logun, C. Adoptively transferred effector cells derived from naive rather than central memory CD8+ T cells mediate superior antitumor immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 17469–17474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yu, P.; Lee, Y.; Liu, W.; Chin, R.K.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Schietinger, A.; Philip, M.; Schreiber, H.; Fu, Y.X. Priming of naive T cells inside tumors leads to eradication of established tumors. Nat. Immunol. 2004, 5, 141–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spiotto, M.T.; Yu, P.; Rowley, D.A.; Nishimura, M.I.; Meredith, S.C.; Gajewski, T.F.; Fu, Y.-X.; Schreiber, H. Increasing tumor antigen expression overcomes “ignorance” to solid tumors via crosspresentation by bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Immunity 2002, 17, 737–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bai, X.-F.; Liu, J.; Li, O.; Zheng, P.; Liu, Y. Antigenic drift as a mechanism for tumor evasion of destruction by cytolytic T lymphocytes. J. Clin. Investig. 2003, 111, 1487–1496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hori, S.; Sakaguchi, S. Foxp3: A critical regulator of the development and function of regulatory T cells. Microbes Infect. 2004, 6, 745–751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Q.; Qiu, S.-J.; Fan, J.; Zhou, J.; Wang, X.-Y.; Xiao, Y.-S.; Xu, Y.; Li, Y.-W.; Tang, Z.-Y. Intratumoral balance of regulatory and cytotoxic T cells is associated with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25, 2586–2593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Petersen, R.P.; Campa, M.J.; Sperlazza, J.; Conlon, D.; Joshi, M.B.; Harpole, D.H., Jr.; Patz, E.F., Jr. Tumor infiltrating Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells are associated with recurrence in pathologic stage I NSCLC patients. Cancer 2006, 107, 2866–2872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heimberger, A.B.; Abou-Ghazal, M.; Reina-Ortiz, C.; Yang, D.S.; Sun, W.; Qiao, W.; Hiraoka, N.; Fuller, G.N. Incidence and prognostic impact of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human gliomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 5166–5172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Perrone, G.; Ruffini, P.A.; Catalano, V.; Spino, C.; Santini, D.; Muretto, P.; Spoto, C.; Zingaretti, C.; Sisti, V.; Alessandroni, P.; et al. Intratumoural FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells are associated with adverse prognosis in radically resected gastric cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2008, 44, 1875–1882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mizukami, Y.; Kono, K.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Akaike, H.; Kamimura, K.; Sugai, H.; Fujii, H. Localisation pattern of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells is associated with clinical behaviour in gastric cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 98, 148–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Roncarolo, M.G.; Gregori, S. Is FOXP3 a bona fide marker for human regulatory T cells? Eur. J. Immunol. 2008, 38, 925–927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, M.R.; Kasprowicz, D.J.; Gersuk, V.H.; Bènard, A.; Van Landeghen, M.; Buckner, J.H.; Ziegler, S.F. Induction of FoxP3 and acquisition of T regulatory activity by stimulated human CD4+ CD25–T cells. J. Clin. Investig. 2003, 112, 1437–1443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Inamura, S.; Shinagawa, T.; Hoshino, H.; Sakai, Y.; Imamura, Y.; Yokoyama, O.; Kobayashi, M. Appearance of High Endothelial Venule-Like Vessels in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is Associated With Lower Urinary tract Symptoms. Prostate 2017, 77, 794–802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1.
Representative immunohistochemistry of CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), Foxp3+ TILs, and MECA-79 expression. (A) A high CD8+ TIL level, (B) a low CD8+ TIL level, (C) a high Foxp3+ TIL level, (D) a low Foxp3+ TIL level, (E) a high CD20+ TIL level, (F) a low CD20+ TIL level, and (G) a high endothelial venule (HEV) level exhibited by MECA-79; (H) no HEVs identified by MECA-79.
Figure 1.
Representative immunohistochemistry of CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), Foxp3+ TILs, and MECA-79 expression. (A) A high CD8+ TIL level, (B) a low CD8+ TIL level, (C) a high Foxp3+ TIL level, (D) a low Foxp3+ TIL level, (E) a high CD20+ TIL level, (F) a low CD20+ TIL level, and (G) a high endothelial venule (HEV) level exhibited by MECA-79; (H) no HEVs identified by MECA-79.
Figure 2.
Differences in the mean number of TILs according to the presence or absence of HEVs in gastric cancer. (A) A significant elevation of the mean number of CD8+ TILs in HEV-positive patients compared to HEV-negative patients (p = 0.027); Non-significant increases of the mean number of Foxp3+ TILs (B) (p = 0.455) and CD20+ TILs (C) (p = 0.163) in HEV-positive cases as compared to HEV-negative cases.
Figure 2.
Differences in the mean number of TILs according to the presence or absence of HEVs in gastric cancer. (A) A significant elevation of the mean number of CD8+ TILs in HEV-positive patients compared to HEV-negative patients (p = 0.027); Non-significant increases of the mean number of Foxp3+ TILs (B) (p = 0.455) and CD20+ TILs (C) (p = 0.163) in HEV-positive cases as compared to HEV-negative cases.
Figure 3.
Prognostic analysis for CD8+ TILs, Foxp3+ TILs, CD20+ TILs, and HEVs in gastric cancer. (A) The Kaplan–Meier curve demonstrates a longer overall survival (OS) in patients with a high CD8+ TIL density. The significant differences of OS in patients were not observed according to the level of (B) Foxp3+ TILs, (C) CD20+ TILs, and (D) the presence or absence of HEVs.
Figure 3.
Prognostic analysis for CD8+ TILs, Foxp3+ TILs, CD20+ TILs, and HEVs in gastric cancer. (A) The Kaplan–Meier curve demonstrates a longer overall survival (OS) in patients with a high CD8+ TIL density. The significant differences of OS in patients were not observed according to the level of (B) Foxp3+ TILs, (C) CD20+ TILs, and (D) the presence or absence of HEVs.
Figure 4.
Prognostic effects for combined analysis of CD8+ TILs and HEVs. (A) Patients with a high CD8+ TIL density and HEVs demonstrated a longer OS than patients with a non-high CD8+TIL density and HEVs (p = 0.015). (B) In patients with a high CD8+ TIL density, those with HEVs showed a favorable OS (p = 0.016). (C) An OS difference was not observed between patients with/without HEVs in the low CD8+ TIL level group (p = 0.518).
Figure 4.
Prognostic effects for combined analysis of CD8+ TILs and HEVs. (A) Patients with a high CD8+ TIL density and HEVs demonstrated a longer OS than patients with a non-high CD8+TIL density and HEVs (p = 0.015). (B) In patients with a high CD8+ TIL density, those with HEVs showed a favorable OS (p = 0.016). (C) An OS difference was not observed between patients with/without HEVs in the low CD8+ TIL level group (p = 0.518).
Table 1.
The correlation of clinicopathologic findings of advanced gastric cancer with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and HEVs.
Table 1.
The correlation of clinicopathologic findings of advanced gastric cancer with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and HEVs.
| CD8 | FOXP3 | CD20 | HEV | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | High (n = 78) (%) | Low (n = 79) (%) | p Value | High (n = 74) (%) | Low (n = 83) (%) | p Value | High (n = 69) (%) | Low (n = 88) (%) | p Value | Positive (n = 60) (%) | Negative (n = 97) (%) | p Value |
| Age | 0.923 | 0.035 * | 0.594 | 0.749 | ||||||||
| ≥66 | 47 (60.3) | 46 (58.2) | 52 (68.4) | 41 (50.6) | 43 (62.3) | 50 (56.8) | 37 (61.7) | 56 (57.7) | ||||
| <66 | 31 (39.7) | 33 (41.8) | 24 (31.6) | 40 (49.4) | 26 (37.7) | 38 (43.2) | 23 (38.3) | 41 (42.3) | ||||
| Gender | 0.342 | 0.509 | 0.728 | 0.591 | ||||||||
| Male | 54 (69.2) | 61(77.2) | 58 (76.3) | 57 (70.4) | 52 (75.4) | 63 (71.6) | 42 (70.0) | 73 (75.3) | ||||
| Female | 24 (30.8) | 18 (22.8) | 18 (23.7) | 24 (29.6) | 17 (24.6) | 25 (28.4) | 18 (30.0) | 24 (24.7) | ||||
| Tumor size | 0.092 | 0.918 | 0.994 | 0.116 | ||||||||
| ≥5.5 | 31 (39.7) | 43 (54.4) | 35 (46.1) | 39 (48.1) | 32 (46.4) | 42 (47.7) | 23 (38.3) | 51 (52.6) | ||||
| <5.5 | 47 (60.3) | 36 (45.6) | 41 (53.9) | 42 (51.9) | 37 (53.4) | 46 (52.3) | 37 (61.7) | 46 (47.4) | ||||
| Histologic grade | 0.169 | 0.266 | 0.838 | 0.083 | ||||||||
| Well | 11 (14.1) | 5 (6.3) | 10 (13.2) | 6 (7.4) | 7 (10.1) | 9 (10.2) | 8 (13.3) | 8 (8.2) | ||||
| Moderate | 28 (35.9) | 25 (31.6) | 28 (36.8) | 25 (30.9) | 25 (36.2) | 28 (31.8) | 14 (23.3) | 39 (40.2) | ||||
| Poorly | 39 (50.0) | 49 (62.0) | 38 (50.0) | 50 (61.7) | 37 (53.6) | 51 (58.0) | 38 (63.3) | 50 (51.5) | ||||
| Lauren classification | 0.096 | 0.146 | 0.132 | 0.454 | ||||||||
| Intestinal | 42 (53.8) | 33 (41.8) | 41 (53.9) | 34 (42.0) | 35 (50.7) | 40 (45.5) | 25 (41.7) | 50 (51.5) | ||||
| Diffuse | 19 (24.4) | 32 (40.5) | 19 (25.0) | 32 (39.5) | 17 (24.6) | 34 (38.6) | 21 (35.0) | 30 (30.9) | ||||
| Mixed | 17 (21.8) | 14 (17.7) | 16 (21.1) | 15 (18.5) | 17 (24.6) | 14 (15.9) | 14 (23.3) | 17 (17.5) | ||||
| pT stage | 0.045 * | 0.910 | 0.181 | 1.000 | ||||||||
| T2 | 49 (62.8) | 36 (45.6) | 42 (55.3) | 43 (53.1) | 42 (60.9) | 43 (48.9) | 32 (53.3) | 53 (54.6) | ||||
| T3/T4 | 29 (37.2) | 43(54.4) | 34 (44.7) | 38 (46.9) | 27 (30.1) | 45 (51.1) | 28 (46.7) | 44 (45.4) | ||||
| pN stage | 0.011 * | 0.849 | 0.503 | 0.427 | ||||||||
| N0 | 37 (47.4) | 21 (26.6) | 27 (35.5) | 31 (38.3) | 28 (40.6) | 30 (34.1) | 25 (41.7) | 33 (34.0) | ||||
| N1/N2/N3 | 41 (52.6) | 58 (73.4) | 49 (64.5) | 50 (61.7) | 41 (59.4) | 58 (65.9) | 35 (58.3) | 64 (66.0) | ||||
| pM stage | 0.318 | 0.708 | 1.000 | 0.291 | ||||||||
| M0 | 72 (92.3) | 68 (86.1) | 69 (90.8) | 71 (87.7) | 62 (89.9) | 78 (88.6) | 56 (93.3) | 84 (86.6) | ||||
| M1 | 6 (7.7) | 11 (13.9) | 7 (9.2) | 10 (12.3) | 7 (10.1) | 10 (11.4) | 4 (6.7) | 13 (13.4) | ||||
| Lymphovascular invasion | 0.217 | 0.830 | 0.202 | 0.962 | ||||||||
| Yes | 47 (60.3) | 56 (70.9) | 51 (67.1) | 52 (64.2) | 41 (59.4) | 62 (70.5) | 40 (66.7) | 63 (64.9) | ||||
| No | 31 (39.7) | 23 (29.1) | 25 (32.9) | 29 (35.8) | 28 (40.6) | 26 (29.5) | 20 (33.3) | 34 (35.1) | ||||
| Perineural invasion | 0.174 | 0.170 | 0.058 | 0.005 * | ||||||||
| Yes | 33 (42.3) | 43 (54.5) | 32 (42.1) | 44 (54.3) | 42 (60.9) | 39 (44.3) | 38 (63.3) | 38 (39.2) | ||||
| No | 45 (57.7) | 36 (45.6) | 44 (57.9) | 37 (45.7) | 27 (30.1) | 48 (55.7) | 22 (36.7) | 59 (60.8) | ||||
*, Significant at the level of p < 0.05.
Table 2.
Association between a high CD8 level with a positive HEV level and a clinicopathologic finding of advanced gastric cancer.
Table 2.
Association between a high CD8 level with a positive HEV level and a clinicopathologic finding of advanced gastric cancer.
| High CD8 with Positive HEV | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Yes (n = 35) (%) | No (n = 122) (%) | p Value |
| Age | 0.765 | ||
| ≥66 | 22 (62.9) | 71 (58.2) | |
| <66 | 13 (37.1) | 51 (41.8) | |
| Gender | 0.174 | ||
| Male | 22 (62.9) | 93 (76.2) | |
| Female | 13 (37.1) | 29 (23.8) | |
| Tumor size | 0.125 | ||
| ≥5.5 | 12 (34.4) | 62 (50.8) | |
| <5.5 | 23 (65.7) | 60 (49.2) | |
| Histologic grade | 0.146 | ||
| Well | 4 (11.4) | 12 (9.8) | |
| Moderate | 7 (20.0) | 46 (37.7) | |
| Poorly | 24 (68.6) | 64 (52.5) | |
| Lauren classification | 0.137 | ||
| Intestinal | 15 (42.9) | 60 (49.2) | |
| Diffuse | 9 (25.7) | 42 (34.4) | |
| Mixed | 11 (31.4) | 20 (16.4) | |
| T stage | 0.832 | ||
| T2/T3 | 20 (57.1) | 65 (53.3) | |
| T4 | 15 (42.9) | 57 (46.7) | |
| n stage | 0.048 * | ||
| N0 | 19 (54.3) | 39 (32.0) | |
| ≥N1 | 16 (45.7) | 83 (68.0) | |
| Lymphovascular invasion | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 23 (65.7) | 80 (65.6) | |
| No | 12 (34.3) | 42 (29.1) | |
| Perineural invasion | 0.831 | ||
| Yes | 18 (51.4) | 58 (47.5) | |
| No | 17 (48.6) | 64 (52.5) | |
*, Significant at the level of p < 0.05.
Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with overall survival of advanced gastric cancer.
Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with overall survival of advanced gastric cancer.
| Clinicopathologic Factors | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p Value | HR | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Age (years), ≥66 vs. <66 | 1.720 | 1.098–2.696 | 0.018 * | 1.967 | 1.249–3.096 | 0.003 * |
| Gender, female vs. male | 0.843 | 0.533–1.333 | 0.465 | |||
| Tumor size, ≥5.5 vs. <5.5 | 1.837 | 1.202–2.808 | 0.005 * | 1.059 | 0.668–1.678 | 0.808 |
| Histologic grade, poorly vs. well/moderately | 1.286 | 0.593–2.788 | 0.524 | |||
| pT stage, pT4 vs. pT2/3 | 2.726 | 1.768–4.204 | <0.001 * | 1.880 | 1.165–3.033 | 0.010 * |
| pN stage, ≥pN1 vs. pN0 | 4.371 | 2.531–7.549 | <0.001 * | 2.972 | 1.668–5.295 | <0.001 * |
| pM stage M1 vs. M0 | 4.079 | 2.408–6.910 | <0.001 * | 1.894 | 1.077–3.330 | 0.027 * |
| Lymphovascular invasion, Yes vs. No | 3.229 | 1.898–5.494 | <0.001 * | 1.504 | 0.792–2.857 | 0.212 |
| Perineural invasion, Yes vs. No | 1.457 | 0.957–2.217 | 0.079 | |||
| R0 resection No vs. Yes | 2.973 | 1.729–5.109 | <0.001 * | 2.120 | 0.663–6.780 | 0.205 |
| CD8 High vs. Low | 0.611 | 0.400–0.933 | 0.023 * | 0.799 | 0.507–1.254 | 0.327 |
| FOXP3 High vs. Low | 0.887 | 0.576–1.335 | 0.539 | |||
| CD20 High vs. Low | 0.669 | 0.431–1.030 | 0.068 | |||
| HEV Yes vs. No | 0.693 | 0.444–1.081 | 0.106 | |||
| High CD8/ positive HEV Yes vs. No | 0.399 | 0.217–0.735 | 0.003 * | 0.464 | 0.243–0.883 | 0.019 * |
| High FOXP3/ Positive HEV Yes vs. No | 0.661 | 0.379–1.153 | 0.145 | |||
| High CD20/ positive HEV Yes vs. No | 0.540 | 0.271–1.078 | 0.081 | |||
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HEV, high endothelial venule; *, Significant at the level of p < 0.05.
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Hong, S.A.; Hwang, H.W.; Kim, M.K.; Lee, T.J.; Yim, K.; Won, H.S.; Sun, D.S.; Kim, E.Y.; Ko, Y.H. High Endothelial Venule with Concomitant High CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Is Associated with a Favorable Prognosis in Resected Gastric Cancer. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082628
AMA Style
Hong SA, Hwang HW, Kim MK, Lee TJ, Yim K, Won HS, Sun DS, Kim EY, Ko YH. High Endothelial Venule with Concomitant High CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Is Associated with a Favorable Prognosis in Resected Gastric Cancer. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(8):2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082628
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Soon Auck, Hye Won Hwang, Min Kyoon Kim, Tae Jin Lee, Kwangil Yim, Hye Sung Won, Der Sheng Sun, Eun Young Kim, and Yoon Ho Ko. 2020. "High Endothelial Venule with Concomitant High CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Is Associated with a Favorable Prognosis in Resected Gastric Cancer" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8: 2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082628
APA StyleHong, S. A., Hwang, H. W., Kim, M. K., Lee, T. J., Yim, K., Won, H. S., Sun, D. S., Kim, E. Y., & Ko, Y. H. (2020). High Endothelial Venule with Concomitant High CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Is Associated with a Favorable Prognosis in Resected Gastric Cancer. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(8), 2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082628
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
