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Article

Food Quality, Sensory Attributes and Nutraceutical Value of Fresh “Osteen” Mango Fruit Grown under Mediterranean Subtropical Climate Compared to Imported Fruit

by
Giorgia Liguori
1,*,
Carla Gentile
2,
Giuseppe Sortino
1,
Paolo Inglese
1 and
Vittorio Farina
1
1
Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
2
Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2020, 10(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040103
Submission received: 26 February 2020 / Revised: 17 March 2020 / Accepted: 21 March 2020 / Published: 2 April 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Product Quality and Safety)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Mango is a fruit with a very short shelf-life due to its rapid ripeness after harvest; it is high in B vitamins, contains some amounts of magnesium, calcium, zinc, and selenium and it is rich in soluble and insoluble fibers. In order to reach the European markets at proper marketable maturity, fruit from tropical countries are harvested at early maturity stage. Although this harvesting practice improves mango postharvest life, fruit reach the market with very low quality, especially in terms of taste. The present study was conducted to evaluate food quality, sensory attributes and nutraceutical value of “Osteen” fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit, and imported ones coming from tropical countries. Mango fruit imported from abroad were collected from 5 large-scale organized markets; fresh Italian mango fruit were harvested from a commercial orchard, at green- and mature-ripe stage. Imported and fresh Italian mango fruit were analyzed in terms of firmness, total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, flesh disorders, nutraceutical value, and sensory attributes. Mediterranean Italian mango fruit showed the best quality performances in terms of nutraceutical value and quality attributes. Sensorial analysis confirmed this behavior, these quality attributes, were perceived by the trained panel, that preferred fresh Mediterranean mango fruit.

1. Introduction

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the major fruit crops in tropical and subtropical regions. Among tropical fruit, mango production is second behind bananas (more than 113 million tons) reaching 46 million tons [1] that are mostly shipped to foreign markets [2].
Mango production is mostly concentrated in India, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Pakistan, and Mexico, but in recent decades, its cultivation has been spreading also outside the traditional geographical regions to Australia, Central, and South America, South-East Asia, Hawaii, Egypt, Israel, South Africa, and Europe, especially for export [3].
The favorable climate of the Mediterranean basin areas is suitable for mango cultivation, particularly in Egypt, Israel, Spain, and in Italy, especially in Sicily [4,5]. The Sicilian climatic conditions differ greatly from those of tropical mango-growing countries, indeed, the winter is mild and wet and the summer is hot and dry; due to those climatic conditions, in Sicily, the mango harvest window has been enlarged to six months (from June to November) [4].
Mango is a fruit with a relatively short shelf-life and is one of the most consumed fruits in the world. The most popular exported mango cultivars are “Kent”, “Tommy Atkins”, “Haden”, and “Keitt”; less known cultivars such as “Ataulfo”, “Amelie”, “Francis”, and “Osteen” are now being widely accepted all over the world [1,2].
A part of its sensorial attributes, mango fruit has high nutritional value. It is high in B vitamins, contains some amounts of magnesium, calcium, zinc, and selenium and it is rich in both soluble and insoluble fibers. In addition, mango fruit are an interesting source of antioxidant molecules, including phenolic compounds, and antioxidant vitamins such as carotenoids, and vitamin C [6,7]. The quality attributes of mango fruit, including nutritional and nutraceutical parameters, depends strongly on genotype, but pre-harvest and post-harvest factors are also important [8,9].
In order to reach distant markets, while simultaneously achieving optimum eating quality, mango fruit are usually picked at mature-green stage, firm, and green (physiologically mature), but before the onset of the climacteric rise; whereas fruits sent to local markets or air-shipped are harvested at mature-ripe stage [10,11]. If mango fruit are immature at harvest, they do not reach a high-quality eating standard when ripe, and hence, the differences between early and optimal fruit harvest are very important from a marketing point of view, in order to have the best quality and to reduce losses in the supply chain [12]. The ripening process in mature-green fruit takes within 9-14 days and includes starch to sugar conversion, decreased acidity and increased carotenoids and aroma volatiles; mature-ripe fruit shortly decline within 6 days at room temperature [13].
The largest import markets for fresh and processed tropical fruit belong to the European Union followed by the United States of America [14]; in recent decades, consumer demand for tropical fruit has increased, for several reasons, such as health consciousness, population growth of ethnic minorities in Europe and through international travel and global communication [15].
Several authors have investigated the complex interactions of different factors influencing consumers’ choices and preferences in terms of fruit and vegetables, but only a few have focused on tropical fruit [16]. There is a lack of data in terms of food quality, nutraceutical value and sensory analysis on fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit compared to imported ones in Europe, as well as on taste sensing and consumer preference of Mediterranean mango production, which are described but not compared to imported mango production [17].
Appearance, freshness and peel color are relevant fruit quality parameters and play a significant role in consumer mango fruit acceptability and preference [18]. Generally, during ripening, mango varieties change color from green to yellow or orange, often showing a red blush [11]. The sensory profile of mango fruit, especially color, taste, aroma, and flavor, has a great impact on consumers’ choices [8].
Nowadays, consumers are more interested in the role that foods have in maintaining and promoting health, therefore, nutraceutical value is important to determine fruit quality. Sensory experiences have a prevalent role in shaping consumers’ satisfaction and, by implication, acceptance of tropical fruit with which they are unfamiliar [15]. Unfamiliarity with tropical fruit and the high prices are the principal barriers for consumption and purchase in Europe.
The present study was conducted to evaluate food quality, sensory attributes and nutraceutical value of fresh “Osteen” mango fruit grown under Mediterranean subtropical climate compared to imported fruit. The study was conducted to verify if Southern Italy mango fruit production can reach the high-quality standard and offer interesting export potential for fresh fruit, due to its closeness to other EU countries

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Design

“Osteen” mango fruit produced in Italy, under Mediterranean subtropical climate, was harvested from a commercial orchard, located at Furiano, province of Messina (Sicily, Italy; 38°3′ N, 14°33′ E; 5 m a.s.l.). Six uniform 11-year-old trees, grafted on Gomera-3 rootstock, trained to a globe shape, were selected. Fruit (n = 180, 20 fruits × 9 trees) were hand-picked at mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) stage, suitable for the fresh fruit market. Fruit morphological characteristics such as shape, from oval to round, or skin color were taken into account, according to the cultivar, to assess the level of ripeness [5,18,19]. Ninety fruits were used for sensory and physicochemical analysis; ninety fruits were used to extract the pulp (after washing and peeling), which was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80 °C and used for the nutraceutical evaluation within one month. Immediately after harvest MR fruit were evaluated or were frozen, mature-green fruit were stored at room temperature (20 °C) for 4–8 days, until they reached ready-to-eat maturity (MR) and then were submitted to analysis or were frozen.
Immediately after harvest, the weight, firmness, total soluble solids content (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) were measured on 30 mango fruits.
Osteen mango fruit imported from abroad and grown under tropical climate were collected from 5 large-scale organized distribution markets. On the same day, fruit with external injuries were removed, while the rest were presorted (n = 180, 18 replicates of 10 fruit), using nondestructive (color index) and destructive (firmness) criteria, into GR and MR categories to facilitate the qualitative and descriptive analysis. A total of 90 fruits were used for sensory and physicochemical analysis; 90 fruits were used to extract the pulp (after washing and peeling), which was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80 °C and used for the nutraceutical evaluation within one month.
GR mango fruit collected from 5 large-scale organized markets (LDM) were immediately analyzed and evaluated; 50% of GR remaining mango fruit were stored at room temperature (20 °C) for 4–8 days until they reached MR stage and then were submitted to analysis or were frozen [9].

2.2. Quality Parameters: Weight, Firmness, Total Soluble Solids, Titratable Acidity, and Decay

Fruit (n = 60) were analyzed at harvest and when they were collected from the 5 large-scale organized distribution markets (GR and MR). Fruit weight was determined using a digital scale. Firmness, expressed in Newton (N), was evaluated with a digital penetrometer (mod. 53205, TR Turoni, Forlì, Italy) incorporating an 8 mm diameter probe on opposite cheeks of each fruit, after removal of a small piece of peel. A wedge-shaped portion of flesh was removed longitudinally (from the top to the bottom) from each fruit and ten fruit wedges were peeled and juiced. Total soluble solids (TSS) were analyzed by digital refractometer (Palette PR-32, Atago Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and titratable acidity (TA) was quantified by titration of 10 mL juice with 0.1 N NaOH to pH 8.1 (mod. S compact titrator, Crison Instruments, Barcelona, Spain) and expressed as g L−1 of citric acid, which is the most representative acid in mango fruit [4]. Fruit were also checked for the presence of decay, the incidence of which was expressed as a percentage.

2.3. Total Carotenoid Content

As previously reported, after preliminary carotenoids extraction, total carotenoid content (TCC) was quantified by spectrophotometer [20]. Procedures were carried out on ice and under dim light. Three aliquots of fruit flesh (ca. 5 g per aliquot) were analyzed. Each aliquot was obtained from 5 fruit for each series (GR or MR); the aliquot was previously ground to a fine powder under liquid nitrogen and then it was mixed for 20 min with 50 mL of extracting solvent (hexane/acetone/ethanol, 50:25:25, v/v/v). After dilution with hexane, the organic phase with carotenoids was recovered, and then it was used for analyses. Visible spectra were collected and TCC was evaluated by absorbance at 450 nm. TCC was quantified according to the method of Ritter and Purcell using a molar extinction coefficient of β-carotene of 2505 and was expressed as μg β-carotene per g fresh weight (FW). For each ripening stage, 3 biological replicates were used consisting of 5 fruits each.

2.4. Preparation of the Fruit Extracts

Ethanolic extracts of flesh fruit were produced as previously described [7]. Three different samples of five fruit for each series, GR or MR, were analyzed. The extracts were used for the total phenolic content and the total antioxidant activity.

2.5. Total Phenolic Content

According to Folin and Denis, total phenolic content (TPC) of ethanolic extracts was quantified using the reduction, in alkaline solution, of phosphotungstic-phosphomolybdic acid (Folin-Ciocalteau’s reagent) to blue pigments [21]. Quantification was performed by gallic acid (GA) calibration curve, and the results were expressed as mg GA equivalents (GAE) per 100 g FW. For each ripening stage, 3 biological replicates were used consisting of 5 fruits each.

2.6. Total Antioxidant Activity

The total antioxidant activity (TAA) of ethanol extracts was investigated using the ABTS radical cation decolorization assay [22]. Samples were evaluated at five different dilutions, within the assay linearity range. TAA was expressed as μmol Trolox equivalent (TE) per 100 g FW. For each ripening stage, 3 biological replicates were used consisting of 5 fruits each.

2.7. Sensory Analysis

Fruit (n = 15) from local grower and imported from abroad were subjected to sensory evaluation at GR and MR stage. The sensory profile was constructed by a semi-trained panel made of 10 judges (5 females and 5 males, aged between 25 and 45 years) who, by using commercial fruit, in a few preliminary meetings, generated a list of descriptors [23]. The semi-trained panel is made up of people normally familiar with mango fruit. This type of panel can discriminate differences and communicate their reactions, though the individuals may not have been formally trained; furthermore, a semi-trained panelist judgment is likely to be closer to that of the average consumer [24]. Sensory analysis was focused on appearance (2 descriptors), tactile hand feel (1 descriptor), aroma (6 descriptors), flavor (6 descriptors), taste and tactile (5 descriptors) and rheological descriptors, focused on juiciness perceived in the mouth (1 descriptor) [8].
An approximately 50 g sample was dispensed into a small plastic tray with a 3-digit code on the side and served to the judges [4]. The different descriptors were measured using an eight-point intensity scale where the digit 1 indicates the descriptor absence while the digit 8 indicates the full intensity. Among the judges the order of presentation of the fruit was randomized; water was used to rinse the mouth [5].

2.8. Statistical Analysis

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to measure differences between mean values of all data using Tukey’s multiple comparisons test for p ≤ 0.05. Statistical software SYSTAT 10 was used for the analysis.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Quality Parameters: Weight, Firmness, Total Soluble Solids, Titratable Acidity, and Decay

Fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) mango fruit showed significantly higher weight in both maturity stages. Indeed, MedIT mango fruit (GR and MR) showed values of 12% and 25% higher than imported ones (Figure 1), most likely due to the early harvest of the imported fruit. “Osteen” MedIT mango fruit and the imported fruit showed similar behavior in terms of firmness reduction from GR to MR ripen stage, showing a firmness decrease of 75% and 89%, respectively (Figure 2). MR MedIT “Osteen” mango fruit showed firmness values 2.1 times higher than imported ones; furthermore, imported mango fruit showed a faster ripening from GR and MR ripen stage (Figure 2). GR and MR MedIT mango fruit showed significantly higher values of TSS than the imported ones (Figure 3). Indeed, “Osteen” GR MedIT mango fruit showed TSS values of 48% higher than imported ones. “Osteen” MR MedIT fresh mango fruit showed similar behavior with TSS values of 38% higher than imported ones (Figure 3). “Osteen” MedIT mango fruit showed an average TSS value of 1.7 times higher (GR and MR) than imported mango fruit (Figure 3). GR and MR imported mango fruits, showed higher TA values than MedIT mango fruit; in fact, TA values were almost double in both maturity stages (GR and MR) (Figure 4). In any case, firmness, TSS and TA were affected by maturity stages (GR and MR) in all mango fruit (MedIT and imported). Our data confirm that the early harvest of imported mango fruit improves transportability, but negatively affects fruit quality parameters such as firmness, TSS and TA. MR imported mango fruits were affected by flesh disorders, specifically, 30% of MR “Osteen” imported mango fruits were affected by flesh disorders (browning), losing its marketability (data not shown). Mango imported fruit flesh disorders were probably caused by chilling injuries due to the application of temperature below 10–13 °C during long transportation and retail storage [24]. Indeed, MedIT mango fruit were not affected by flesh disorders.

3.2. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Properties

The beneficial effects of plant food consumption may be ascribed also in this case to numerous bioactive compounds [25,26,27]. Phytochemical content and profile of individual phytochemicals are affected by genotype, ripening stage and storage conditions [8,28].
In this study, TCC in “Osteen” mango fruit changed as a function of both ripening stage (GR and MR) of fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) mango fruit and imported ones, with mean values comparable to previous studies reported for other mango cultivars [7,28]. Carotenoid synthesis was higher during ripening at the tree with light exposure. Predictably, MR fruit showed higher TCC values than GR fruit. In particular, MR MedIT mango fruits showed TCC values approximately 10 times higher than the corresponding GR ones. Concerning the imported fruit, the differences were smaller, with TCC of MR fruit being approximately 2 times higher than the corresponding GR ones, MR MedIT mango fruit showed TCC values approximately 65% higher than imported ones, probably due to a too early harvest of the imported fruit (Table 1).
The evolution of the content in hydrophilic antioxidants, such as polyphenols and vitamin C, during ripening, unlike the evolution in TCC, is more difficult to predict. In fact, during ripening, the quantity of these secondary metabolites is influenced not only by their biosynthesis but also by oxidative conditions induced by light or air exposure. In our experimental conditions, while were no differences between GR and MR imported mango fruit, MR MedIT mango fruit showed higher TPC than the corresponding GR ones (Table 1). Concerning MedIT mango fruit, similar evolution in TPC of Osteen fruits was shown previously [7].
Bioactivity of several phytochemicals has been frequently related to their antioxidant properties, useful for preventing oxidative stress phenomena and influencing important redox-dependent cell functions [29]. Radical scavenging activity, expressed as the TAA value, of the ethanolic extracts of the observed mango fruits was evaluated by ABTS assay. Our results showed a significant variability as a function of the ripening stage: regardless of the origin, MR mango fruit showed TAA values higher than the corresponding GR fruits. However, MR MedIT mango fruit showed significantly higher antioxidant properties than imported MR ones (Table 1). For both fruit series, GR and MR, TAA values positively correlated with TPC, according to previously reported data [7,30,31], suggesting the great contribution of polyphenols to the antioxidant properties of mango fruit.

3.3. Sensory Analysis

Panelists preferred fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) mango fruit at both maturity stages (Figure 5 and Figure 6); in particular, “Osteen” MedIT mango fruit achieved higher scores in terms of skin color, juiciness, exotic fruit flavor, exotic fruit odor and overall acceptance (Figure 5 and Figure 6).
GR “Osteen” MedIT mango fruit showed higher scores in most of the descriptors, as well as, skin color, peach flavor, and odor, juiciness, exotic fruit flavor and odor, etc.; and the lowest scores in terms of off-flavor and off-odor (medicinal flavor and odor; burned oil odor), than imported mango fruits (Figure 6).
MR “Osteen” MedIT mango fruit showed higher scores in most of the descriptors, as well as, skin and flesh color, peach flavor, and odor, sweetness, juiciness, exotic fruit flavor and odor, etc.; and the lowest scores in terms of off-flavor and off-odor, than imported mango fruits (Figure 6).
During softening (from GR to MR ripening stage), Osteen peach aroma and tropical fruit increased in both fruit categories (MedIT and imported), but, in any case, MedIT mango fruit demonstrated significantly higher scores (Figure 5 and Figure 6), as shown in “Ataulfo” mango fruit [32]. The specific fruit aroma and flavor perception are due to different volatile compounds intensity and range synthesized during ripening. This characteristic aroma and flavor affect consumer preference and acceptance [32]. Juiciness had the lowest score of high flesh firmness, increasing from GR to MR ripening stage in MedIT and imported mango fruit; but, in any case, MedIT mango fruit showed significantly higher scores and was preferred by the panelists (Figure 5 and Figure 6). The loss of fruit juiciness during softening is due to the pectin polysaccharide metabolism. The reduction of its capacity to retain water leads to an increase in the perception of juiciness in fruit tissue [33,34]. For that reason, panelists perceived higher juiciness in the lowest fruit flesh firmness in both categories (imported and MedIT) (Figure 5 and Figure 6). Polysaccharides cell wall breakdown can also reduce fibrous texture due to the reduction of polysaccharide chains in fruit flesh [33,34]. For that reason, GR MedIT and imported mango fruit showed the highest scores in terms of presence of fiber in the flesh (Figure 5); in any case, GR and MR MedIT mango fruit showed the lowest scores and were preferred by the panelists (Figure 5 and Figure 6).
MR mango imported fruit showed higher scores in terms of off-flavor (medicinal flavor and burned oil flavor) and off-odor (medicinal odor, burned oil odor), than the MedIT ones (Figure 6). “Osteen”, mango imported fruit showed a noticeable increase in terms of medicinal odor, burned oil odor, medicinal flavor and burned oil flavor between GR and MR stage (Figure 5 and Figure 6).
Sensory analysis was consistent with the analytical measurements, namely that the higher TSS values of MR MedIT mango fruit were also perceived by the panelists. MR MedIT mango fruit quality parameters measured were in line with the scores obtained in terms of overall acceptance.

4. Conclusions

Our study showed that fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit were preferred by the panelists, despite that fact that the fruit did not come from their original tropical countries; this is probably because imported mango fruit were collected before full flavor development. Furthermore, our data confirm the high potential of Southern Italy for mango fruit production that reaches high quality also under the Mediterranean climate.
Fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit demonstrated higher size, higher levels of TSS and the best scores in terms of taste in both maturity stages (GR and MR). In particular, the data obtained on MR fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit showed that ripening is strictly correlated to the sensory perception of panelists and could affect consumer preferences and potentially choices. MR fresh Mediterranean Italian fruit showed the highest pomological and sensorial traits, together with interesting nutraceutical values suitable for short supply chains. Fruit harvested at commercial ripening (GR) and matured after harvest appear firmer and can withstand prolonged storage and shipping. Moreover, as expected, our results demonstrated that the harvest time significantly affects the final fruit quality; imported mango fruit grown under tropical climate needs an advanced harvest to reach EU market in acceptable condition, while fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit can be collected also at ready-to-eat maturity (MR) stage and reach the EU markets in higher quality conditions in terms of taste and nutraceutical value, due to the shorter distance to the European markets.
Sensory experiences play a prevailing role in consumer satisfaction, and as a consequence, the acceptance of tropical fruit in EU markets. Our study brings out some important factors dealing with the relationship between taste and product evaluation or acceptance. Until now, a large number of consumers are still unfamiliar with Italian fresh mango fruit, grown in the Mediterranean climate, and for that reason, producers and retailers should promote an educational initiative to inform people about Mediterranean Italian tropical fruit production and to improve the large potential for the fresh mango market in Italy. Mango fruit production in Southern Italy offers interesting export potential for high-quality fresh fruit, mainly due to its closeness to other EU countries.

Author Contributions

All authors have equally contributed with their knowledge to the present article. Conceptualization, G.L.; Methodology, G.L., V.F., G.S., and C.G.; Data Gathering and Preparation, G.L., C.G., P.I., and G.S.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, G.L., C.G., and V.F.; Writing—review and editing, G.L and G.S; Supervision, G.L., and V.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Evolution of fruit weight in green-ripe (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Values represented as mean ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between imported and fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit (GR and MR). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) stages in the same series, fresh Mediterranean Italian fresh mango fruit or imported (Osteen MedIT or Osteen LDM).
Figure 1. Evolution of fruit weight in green-ripe (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Values represented as mean ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between imported and fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit (GR and MR). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) stages in the same series, fresh Mediterranean Italian fresh mango fruit or imported (Osteen MedIT or Osteen LDM).
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Figure 2. Evolution of fruit firmness in green-ripe (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Values represented as mean ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between imported and fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit (GR and MR). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) stages in the same series, fresh Mediterranean Italian fresh mango fruit or imported (Osteen MedIT or Osteen LDM).
Figure 2. Evolution of fruit firmness in green-ripe (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Values represented as mean ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between imported and fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit (GR and MR). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) stages in the same series, fresh Mediterranean Italian fresh mango fruit or imported (Osteen MedIT or Osteen LDM).
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Figure 3. Evolution of Total Soluble Solids (TSS) in green-ripe (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Values represented as mean ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between imported and fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit (GR and MR). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) stages in the same series, fresh Mediterranean Italian fresh mango fruit or imported (Osteen MedIT or Osteen LDM).
Figure 3. Evolution of Total Soluble Solids (TSS) in green-ripe (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Values represented as mean ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between imported and fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit (GR and MR). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) stages in the same series, fresh Mediterranean Italian fresh mango fruit or imported (Osteen MedIT or Osteen LDM).
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Figure 4. Evolution of Titratable Acidity (TA) in green-ripe (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Values represented as mean ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between imported and fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit (GR and MR). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) stages in the same series, fresh Mediterranean Italian fresh mango fruit or imported (Osteen MedIT or Osteen LDM).
Figure 4. Evolution of Titratable Acidity (TA) in green-ripe (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Values represented as mean ± SE (n = 30). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between imported and fresh Mediterranean Italian mango fruit (GR and MR). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) stages in the same series, fresh Mediterranean Italian fresh mango fruit or imported (Osteen MedIT or Osteen LDM).
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Figure 5. Sensory analysis of mature-green (GR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Data are Mean of 15 fruit for each ripening stage. * Indicates significant differences for values (Tukey’s test at p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 5. Sensory analysis of mature-green (GR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Data are Mean of 15 fruit for each ripening stage. * Indicates significant differences for values (Tukey’s test at p ≤ 0.05).
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Figure 6. Sensory analysis of mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Data are Mean of 15 fruit for each ripening stage. * Indicates significant differences for values (Tukey’s test at p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 6. Sensory analysis of mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Data are Mean of 15 fruit for each ripening stage. * Indicates significant differences for values (Tukey’s test at p ≤ 0.05).
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Table
Table 1. Total carotenoid content (TCC), total polyphenolic content (TPC) and Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) in green-ripe (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Values represented as mean ± SE (n = 15). For each line, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between the ripening stage mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) of each mango fruit (fresh Mediterranean Italian or imported); for each column, uppercase letters, within the same series (GR or MR) indicate significantly differences between fresh Mediterranean Italian and imported fruit.
Table 1. Total carotenoid content (TCC), total polyphenolic content (TPC) and Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) in green-ripe (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) fresh Mediterranean Italian (MedIT) and imported (LDM) “Osteen” mango fruit. Values represented as mean ± SE (n = 15). For each line, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between the ripening stage mature-green (GR) and mature-ripe (MR) of each mango fruit (fresh Mediterranean Italian or imported); for each column, uppercase letters, within the same series (GR or MR) indicate significantly differences between fresh Mediterranean Italian and imported fruit.
TCCTPCTAA
(μg β-Carotene eq per g of FW)(mg GAE per 100g of FW)(μmol TE per 100 g of FW)
GRMRGRMRGRMR
OSTEEN MedIT1.38 ± 0.07 bB13.64 ± 0.12 aA16.63 ± 1.94 bB28.29 ± 1.24 aA93.07 ± 2.43 bA195.45 ± 5.32 aA
OSTEEN LDM6.17 ± 0.09 bA8.93 ± 0.08 aB20.39 ± 0.39 aA20.11 ± 1.86 aB91.49 ± 1.97 bA99.90 ± 2.03 aB

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liguori, G.; Gentile, C.; Sortino, G.; Inglese, P.; Farina, V. Food Quality, Sensory Attributes and Nutraceutical Value of Fresh “Osteen” Mango Fruit Grown under Mediterranean Subtropical Climate Compared to Imported Fruit. Agriculture 2020, 10, 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040103

AMA Style

Liguori G, Gentile C, Sortino G, Inglese P, Farina V. Food Quality, Sensory Attributes and Nutraceutical Value of Fresh “Osteen” Mango Fruit Grown under Mediterranean Subtropical Climate Compared to Imported Fruit. Agriculture. 2020; 10(4):103. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040103

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liguori, Giorgia, Carla Gentile, Giuseppe Sortino, Paolo Inglese, and Vittorio Farina. 2020. "Food Quality, Sensory Attributes and Nutraceutical Value of Fresh “Osteen” Mango Fruit Grown under Mediterranean Subtropical Climate Compared to Imported Fruit" Agriculture 10, no. 4: 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040103

APA Style

Liguori, G., Gentile, C., Sortino, G., Inglese, P., & Farina, V. (2020). Food Quality, Sensory Attributes and Nutraceutical Value of Fresh “Osteen” Mango Fruit Grown under Mediterranean Subtropical Climate Compared to Imported Fruit. Agriculture, 10(4), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040103

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