The Effect of Sowing Date and Harvest Time on Leafy Greens of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Yield and Selected Nutritional Parameters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Harvest Date | Spring Sowing | Late Summer Sowing | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medium Soil | Light Soil | Medium Soil | Light Soil | |||||||||
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
1 harvest date | 25.05 (38) | 23.05 (35) | 04.06 (40) | 25.05 (38) | 24.05 (36) | 04.06 (40) | 25.08 (23) | 31.08 (30) | 07.09 (36) | - | 31.08 (30) | 01.09. (30) |
2 harvest date | 01.06 (45) | 30.05 (42) | 11.06 (47) | 01.06 (45) | 30.05 (42) | 11.06 (47) | 31.08 (29) | 07.09 (37) | 14.09 (43) | - | 07.09 (37) | 07.09. (36) |
3 harvest date | 08.06 (52) | 06.06 (49) | 18.06 (54) | 08.06 (52) | 06.06 (49) | 18.06 (54) | 07.09 (36) | 15.09 (45) | 22.09 (51) | - | 14.09 (44) | 14.09. (43) |
4 harvest date | 15.06 (59) | 13.06 (56) | 26.06 (62) | 15.06 (59) | 13.06 (56) | 26.06 (62) | 16.09 (45) | 21.09 (51) | 28.09 (57) | - | 21.09 (51) | 21.09 (50) |
5 harvest date | 22.06 (66) | 21.06 (64) | 03.07 (69) | 22.06 (66) | 20.06 (63) | 03.07 (69) | 21.09 (50) | 28.09 (58) | 05.10 (64) | - | 28.09 (58) | 28.09. (57) |
Year | Spring Sowing | Summer Sowing | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harvest Date | Harvest Date | |||||||||
1 * | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Medium soil | ||||||||||
2015 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 0.68 | 0.79 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
2016 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.97 | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.73 | 0.66 |
2017 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.04 | 0.89 | 1.21 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 1.03 |
Light soil | ||||||||||
2015 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.54 | 0.73 | 0.83 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.30 | 0.28 |
2016 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.74 | 0.68 |
2017 | 0.89 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.52 | 0.92 | 1.20 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.07 | 1.15 |
Months | Temperature (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | Multi Years Average | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | Multi Years Average | |
Medium soil | ||||||||
April | 9.2 | 10.7 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 16.3 | 39.2 | 15.0 | 37.0 |
May | 13.5 | 17.4 | 16.4 | 13.5 | 26.8 | 26.0 | 54.3 | 57.0 |
June | 16.8 | 21.0 | 20.7 | 16.3 | 66.3 | 69.2 | 73.5 | 79.0 |
July | 20.3 | 21.5 | 21.1 | 18.1 | 53.2 | 128.5 | 183.5 | 91.0 |
August | 25.1 | 20.5 | 21.5 | 17.8 | 2.1 | 19.1 | 38.0 | 64.0 |
September | 16.6 | 18.5 | 14.4 | 13.6 | 16.4 | 57.3 | 69.5 | 51.0 |
October | 9.3 | 9.0 | 12.0 | 8.9 | 19.4 | 71.6 | 67.8 | 38.0 |
Mean/Sum | 15.8 | 16.9 | 16.5 | 13.8 | 200.5 | 410.9 | 501.6 | 417.0 |
Light soil | ||||||||
April | 8.9 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 15.8 | 46.4 | 57.0 | 33.6 |
May | 13.5 | 15.3 | 14.2 | 14.4 | 21.0 | 5.3 | 24.1 | 54.1 |
June | 16.6 | 18.6 | 18.5 | 17.3 | 73.3 | 44.6 | 52.5 | 67.4 |
July | 20.3 | 19.5 | 19.0 | 19.6 | 55.6 | 114.3 | 112.2 | 78.9 |
August | 22.7 | 17.9 | 19.4 | 18.6 | 5.6 | 27.1 | 43.6 | 65.3 |
September | 15.1 | 16.4 | 13.3 | 13.7 | 23.2 | 44.7 | 65.7 | 44.9 |
October | 8.4 | 8.5 | 12.0 | 9.1 | 20.0 | 83.8 | 71.4 | 33.7 |
Mean/Sum | 15.1 | 15.0 | 14.9 | 14.5 | 214.5 | 366.2 | 426.5 | 377.9 |
Experiment Treatment | Experiment Treatment | Stem Length (cm) | Stem Diameter (mm) | Leaf Number | Weight of One Plant (g) | Weight from 1 m2 (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil and sowing date interaction | ||||||
Medium | Spring sowing | 30.3 | 4.8a | 12.5 | 11.9 | 1388.6a |
Summer sowing | 24.9 | 4.6a | 14.6 | 12.9 | 776.9b | |
Light | Spring sowing | 17.2 | 2.9c | 11.8 | 5.1 | 317.5c |
Summer sowing | 18.6 | 3.7b | 13.8 | 8.6 | 244.7c | |
Significance | p = 0.086 | p = 0.008 | p = 0.938 | p = 0.401 | p = 0.003 | |
Soil and harvest date interaction | ||||||
Medium | 1 * | 11.7 | 3.2 | 9.1 | 2.8e | 336.3ef |
2 | 19.5 | 4.3 | 12.7 | 7.3cde | 783.4cd | |
3 | 29.1 | 4.6 | 12.7 | 9.8bc | 946.1d | |
4 | 37.7 | 5.7 | 13.8 | 17.0b | 1539.0b | |
5 | 40.5 | 5.7 | 17.9 | 22.6a | 1958.7a | |
Light | 1 | 7.4 | 2.1 | 9.5 | 2.3c | 103.9c |
2 | 11.6 | 2.9 | 10.8 | 3.8c | 184.8bc | |
3 | 17.2 | 3.1 | 13.0 | 5.4bc | 257.3bc | |
4 | 24.1 | 3.8 | 13.7 | 9.6ba | 388.0bc | |
5 | 28.5 | 4.3 | 16.1 | 11.4a | 507.9ba | |
Significance | p = 0.105 | p = 0.672 | p = 0.614 | p = 0.030 | p < 0.001 | |
Average for soil type | ||||||
Medium | 27.9a | 4.7a | 12.4 | 12.3a | 1165.7a | |
Light | 17.8b | 3.2b | 12.6 | 6.5b | 288.4b | |
Significance | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.303 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
Average for sowing date | ||||||
Spring sowing Summer sowing | 23.7 22.0 | 3.8 4.2 | 12.2b 14.2a | 8.5 10.9 | 834.6a 535.0b | |
Significance | p = 0.420 | p = 0.146 | p = 0.007 | p = 0.118 | p = 0.010 | |
Average for harvest date | ||||||
1 | 9.5d | 2.6c | 9.3d | 2.5d | 220.1c | |
2 | 15.9c | 3.7b | 11.8c | 5.6cd | 484.1bc | |
3 | 23.2b | 3.8b | 12.9b | 7.6c | 633.0c | |
4 | 30.9s | 4.7a | 13.7b | 13.3b | 963.5a | |
5 | 35.1a | 5.0a | 17.1a | 17.5a | 1233.3a | |
Significance | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Experiment Treatment | Experiment Treatment | D.M. % | Chlorophyll a+b Mg g−1f.m.** | Carotenoids µg·g−1f.m. | Polyphenols mg·100 g−1f.m. | Vit C mg·100 g−1 f.m. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil and sowing date interaction | ||||||
Medium | Spring sowing | 12.6ab | 0.82a | 1.46b | 131.5 | 92.0a |
Summer sowing | 12.2bc | 0.60c | 1.40b | 119.2 | 68.8b | |
Light | Spring sowing | 13.5a | 0.74b | 1.44b | 107.1 | 87.8a |
Summer sowing | 11.4c | 0.70b | 1.72a | 132.4 | 88.5a | |
Significance | p = 0.018 | p = 0.002 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.057 | p = 0.029 | |
Soil and harvest date interaction | ||||||
Medium | 1 * | 10.8 | 0.68 | 1.43 | 114.2 | 71.5 |
2 | 11.8 | 0.75 | 1.39 | 118.1 | 80.9 | |
3 | 13.0 | 0.67 | 1.27 | 137.2 | 92.5 | |
4 | 13.2 | 0.75 | 1.57 | 143.4 | 82.3 | |
5 | 13.4 | 0.71 | 1.49 | 113.9 | 74.7 | |
Light | 1 | 11.0 | 0.72 | 1.71 | 105.8 | 83.8 |
2 | 10.9 | 0.69 | 1.41 | 116.1 | 81.1 | |
3 | 12.7 | 0.75 | 1.44 | 122.6 | 98.2 | |
4 | 13.7 | 0.74 | 1.66 | 119.1 | 90.1 | |
5 | 15.0 | 0.72 | 1.55 | 122.6 | 87.0 | |
Significance | p = 0.182 | p = 0.765 | p = 0.458 | p = 0.864 | p = 0.954 | |
Average for soil type | ||||||
Medium | 12.4 | 0.71 | 1.43b | 125.4 | 80.4 | |
Light | 12.6 | 0.73 | 1.56a | 117.2 | 88.1 | |
Significance | p = 0.597 | p = 0.641 | p = 0.012 | p = 0.407 | p = 0.163 | |
Average for sowing date | ||||||
Spring sowing Summer sowing | 13.1a 11.9b | 0.78a 0.64b | 1.45 1.53 | 119.3 124.5 | 89.9a 76.7b | |
Significance | p = 0.002 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.126 | p = 0.596 | p = 0.016 | |
Average for harvest date | ||||||
1 | 10.9c | 0.70 | 1.56ab | 110.4 | 77.1 | |
2 | 11.4bc | 0.72 | 1.40bc | 117.2 | 81.0 | |
3 | 12.8ab | 0.71 | 1.35c | 130.5 | 95.1 | |
4 | 13.4a | 0.74 | 1.61a | 132.4 | 85.9 | |
5 | 14.1a | 0.72 | 1.52ab | 117.9 | 80.3 | |
Significance | p = 0.002 | p = 0.915 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.559 | p = 0.258 |
Experiment Treatment | Experiment Treatment | P | K | Mg | Ca | N-NO3 mg·100 g−1 f.m. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg 100 g−1 D.M. | ||||||
Soil and sowing date interaction | ||||||
Medium | Spring sowing | 386c | 10,533 | 477a | 145a | 163.6 |
Summer sowing | 518b | 9894 | 580a | 164a | 115.9 | |
Light | Spring sowing | 434c | 9958 | 482a | 151a | 133.0 |
Summer sowing | 703a | 9551 | 319b | 121b | 51.1 | |
Significance | p = 0.006 | p = 0.720 | p = 0.008 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.259 | |
Soil and harvest date interaction | ||||||
Medium | 1 * | 519 | 11,005 | 472 | 164 | 193.9 |
2 | 485 | 10,739 | 524 | 148 | 123.6 | |
3 | 470 | 10,322 | 519 | 143 | 117.5 | |
4 | 417 | 10,234 | 548 | 143 | 98.1 | |
5 | 370 | 8735 | 578 | 176 | 157.9 | |
Light | 1 | 546 | 11,468 | 438 | 127 | 115.9 |
2 | 558 | 9885 | 416 | 127 | 102.1 | |
3 | 596 | 10,217 | 379 | 134 | 92.1 | |
4 | 534 | 9389 | 393 | 127 | 73.2 | |
5 | 474 | 8070 | 457 | 180 | 109.6 | |
Significance | p = 0.816 | p = 0.524 | p = 0.954 | p = 0.566 | p = 0.746 | |
Average for soil type | ||||||
Medium | 452b | 10,203 | 528a | 155 | 138.9a | |
Light | 542a | 9789 | 417b | 139 | 98.8b | |
Significance | p = 0.002 | p = 0.198 | p = 0.027 | p = 0.057 | p = 0.012 | |
Average for sowing date | ||||||
Spring sowing Summer sowing | 410b 592a | 10,246 9757 | 479 475 | 148 147 | 148.3a 89.9b | |
Significance | p < 0.001 | p = 0.127 | p = 0.934 | p = 0.884 | p < 0.001 | |
Average for harvest date | ||||||
1 | 531 | 11,215c | 457 | 147b | 158.4a | |
2 | 518 | 10,351bc | 475 | 138b | 113.8ab | |
3 | 528 | 10,275b | 455 | 139b | 106.2ab | |
4 | 470 | 9849b | 477 | 136b | 86.8b | |
5 | 417 | 8433a | 523 | 178a | 136.0ab | |
Significance | p = 0.066 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.920 | p = 0.005 | p = 0.040 |
Experiment Treatment | Experiment Treatment | Ca:Mg | Ca:P | K;Mg | K:(Mg+Ca) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil and sowing date interaction | |||||
Medium | Spring sowing | 0.25 | 0.33 | 23.49a | 18.26a |
Summer sowing | 0.22 | 0.31 | 14.95b | 12.06b | |
Light | Spring sowing | 0.23 | 0.35 | 18.40b | 14.64a |
Summer sowing | 0.24 | 0.14 | 19.02b | 15.37ab | |
Significance | p = 0.241 | p = 0.143 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.004 | |
Soil and harvest date interaction | |||||
Medium | 1 * | 0.25 | 0.30 | 20.66 | 16.18 |
2 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 21.28 | 16.78 | |
3 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 21.11 | 16.67 | |
4 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 18.35 | 14.86 | |
5 | 0.26 | 0.46 | 14.31 | 11.02 | |
Light | 1 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 22.01 | 17.93 |
2 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 19.90 | 16.01 | |
3 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 20.40 | 15.97 | |
4 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 17.30 | 14.16 | |
5 | 0.28 | 0.49 | 13.90 | 10.77 | |
Significance | p = 0.627 | p = 0.802 | p = 0.984 | p = 0.956 | |
Average for soil type | |||||
Medium | 0.23 | 0.32 | 19.07 | 15.05 | |
Light | 0.23 | 0.26 | 18.66 | 14.94 | |
Significance | p = 0.944 | p = 0.134 | p = 0.794 | p = 0.929 | |
Average for sowing date | |||||
Spring sowing Summer sowing | 0.24 | 0.34a | 20.92a | 16.43a | |
0.22 | 0.24b | 16.58b | 13.38b | ||
Significance | p = 0.275 | p = 0.016 | p = 0.006 | p = 0.012 | |
Average for harvest date | |||||
1 | 0.23 | 0.26b | 21.27a | 16.98a | |
2 | 0.23 | 0.24b | 20.65a | 16.43a | |
3 | 0.23 | 0.24b | 20.78a | 16.35a | |
4 | 0.21 | 0.27b | 17.88ab | 14.54ab | |
5 | 0.27 | 0.47a | 14.12b | 10.91b | |
Significance | p = 0.200 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.017 | p = 0.007 |
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Adamczewska-Sowińska, K.; Sowiński, J.; Jama-Rodzeńska, A. The Effect of Sowing Date and Harvest Time on Leafy Greens of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Yield and Selected Nutritional Parameters. Agriculture 2021, 11, 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050405
Adamczewska-Sowińska K, Sowiński J, Jama-Rodzeńska A. The Effect of Sowing Date and Harvest Time on Leafy Greens of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Yield and Selected Nutritional Parameters. Agriculture. 2021; 11(5):405. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050405
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdamczewska-Sowińska, Katarzyna, Józef Sowiński, and Anna Jama-Rodzeńska. 2021. "The Effect of Sowing Date and Harvest Time on Leafy Greens of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Yield and Selected Nutritional Parameters" Agriculture 11, no. 5: 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050405
APA StyleAdamczewska-Sowińska, K., Sowiński, J., & Jama-Rodzeńska, A. (2021). The Effect of Sowing Date and Harvest Time on Leafy Greens of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Yield and Selected Nutritional Parameters. Agriculture, 11(5), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050405