Effect of Humus, Compost, and Vermicompost Extracts on the Net Energy Concentration, Net Energy of Lactation, and Energy Yield of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne
Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2022, 12(8), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081092
Submission received: 21 June 2022
/
Revised: 15 July 2022
/
Accepted: 21 July 2022
/
Published: 26 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Agriculture in Implementing Concept of Sustainable Food System)
Abstract
:The purpose of the research was to examine whether selected organic materials could increase the net energy concentration, net energy of lactation, and energy yield of two grass species. The main factors in the experiment were soil conditioners with the content based on compost, vermicompost and humus extract, applied separately and supplemented with NPK fertilizers. The second factor is grass species, Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne. Mineral fertilizer and compost extract resulted in a reduction in net energy concentration by about 5%. The largest value of net energy of lactation (NEL) was obtained after the application of humus extract with NPK. The average value of the energy yield was the biggest on units where biological extracts were applied together with NPK. That increase was from 63% for NPK applied together with humus extract to 76.5% for the NPK applied with compost extract. Of the applied humic substances, those applied together with mineral fertilizer had the greatest impact on net energy value and NEL. The use of compost extract contributed to a substantial increase in the yield of feed energy. Other biological substances applied together with mineral fertilizer also had a positive impact. Weather conditions in various years of the research differentiated feed energy values. Due to the complexity of the environment (soil, climate, plant), it is impossible to provide a universal combination of fertilizers that increases the energy value of forage. Therefore, it is important to carry out practical field experiments that will indicate the optimal fertilizer combinations suitable for the selected region.
1. Introduction
Systems for feeding dairy cows (DLG) intended to balance energy and nutrients for high performance cows have been applied in Poland since 1999. The use of the standards to formulate basic rations for livestock brings benefits, increasing productivity and reducing production costs. Based on net energy of lactation (NEL) in the case of dairy cows, the DLG system, and a variety of others, determines the value of the energy of feed stuffs [1]. According to Jonker et al. [2], the content of energy and protein in the correctly balanced ration affects an optimal course of lactation and milk composition. Juszczak and Ziemiński [3] reported that animals at the height of the lactation period suffer from low energy and protein content in the feed when nutritional needs outweigh the possibility of nutrient intake to maintain nutritional balance. However, an excess of protein in the feed can also be harmful as it can cause an increase in the number of milk somatic cells. As the literature indicates [4,5], feed energy value varies depending on the plant species, growing season, fertilizer used, irrigation, and the stage at which the plants are harvested.
Cocksfoot grass is successfully cultivated in unfavourable hydrothermal conditions [6,7]. The literature reports that cocksfoot grows well in drought conditions [8] and under water stress [9]. Research conducted on acidic soils of Lithuania showed that the highest yield of cocksfoot was obtained with high nitrogen fertilization with simultaneous liming [10]. In turn, perennial ryegrass is sensitive to high soil moisture and drought stress [11]. The yield of ryegrass increases with the phosphorus content in the soil; therefore, this species is used for the remediation of soils with a high content of P [12]. Nevertheless, the soil factor was omitted from the experiment, which focused instead on the effects of fertilization and the weather conditions.
In the era of organic farming, which excludes the use of mineral fertilizer, biological growth-enhancing products are increasingly used. Another reason to use of biological preparations is the reduction in mineral fertilization by 20% in the EU by 2030 [13]. In Poland, biological products are enumerated in the list of fertilizers and soil conditioners drawn up by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG) in Puławy. Although there have been some research studies concerning the effect of soil amendments on the quantitative and qualitative properties of grass [14,15,16,17,18,19], there is no information available in the literature on the application of biological products to improve the energy value of grass.
Three biological preparations with different compositions were selected for the study: compost extract, vermicompost extract and humus extract. In order to verify the validity of the use of biopreparations, they were compared with NPK mineral fertilization. Additionally, biological preparations were combined with mineral fertilization to see if their effect would be better together or separately. The aim of the research was to determine how biological preparations used separately and in combination with NPK affect the net energy concentration, net energy lactation and the energy yield of two grass species.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Location
The experiment was set up in the autumn of 2018. The three-year research was conducted in the experimental field at the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce (52.169° N, 22.280° E), Poland. With a split-plot arrangement, the experimental units were plots of 3 m3 with three replications.
The study was conducted on the soil with the granulometric composition of light loamy sand, classified as technosol [20]. Chemical analysis showed that it was of slight acidic pH (pH = 6.6), with a concentration of Corg of 12.30 g kg−1 DM and Ntotal of 1.250 g kg−1 DM. The assimilable macronutrients concentration (mg kg−1 DM) was P–790; K–1060; Mg–1260; Ca–1820.
2.2. Experimental Factors
The main factors in the experiment were biological fertilizers, with the trade names of UGmax (compost extract, CE), Eko-Użyźniacz (vermicompost extract, VE), and Humus Active Papka (humus extract, HE), applied separately and supplemented with NPK fertilizers, according to the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Puławy, and their composition is presented in Table 1. In the present experiment, they were tested on two fodder grass species, Dactylis glomerata var. Bora and Lolium perenne var. Info, sown in the autumn of 2018 with sowing rates of 18 and 23 kg ha−1, respectively. They were used each year in the spring before the growing season with the following doses: compost extract-0.6 dm3 ha−1, vermicompost extract-15 dm3 ha−1 and humus extract-50 dm3 ha−1.
Mineral nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers were used at the following doses: N–150, P (P2O5)–80, K (K2O)–120 kg ha−1.
2.3. Weather Conditions
Meteorological data for the years of research were obtained from the Hydrological and Meteorological Station in Siedlce (Table 2).
In the first year (2019), optimal precipitation was only in May and August. In the remaining months of that growing season, rainfall was at least twice as low as the annual mean. The years 2020 and 2021 were rich in rainfall, but dry periods also occurred. The average temperature in 2019 was about 13% higher than the average temperature according to the annual mean. The temperatures recorded in 2020 and 2021 were close to the annual average.
2.4. Analysis
Net energy concentration in 1 kg of dry matter was determined using the following formula [21]:
where:
NE = 1.50 − 0.02·CF
- NE—Net energy concentration in 1 kg DM,
- CF—Crude fibre content (% DM).
Net energy of lactation was determined with the following formula [22]:
where:
NEL = 6.998 − 0.061·CF + 0.014·TP
- NEL—net energy of lactation (MJ kg−1 DM),
- CF—crude fibre content (% DM),
- TP—total protein (% DM).
Energy yield of the fodder was determined using the following formula [5]:
where:
PE= P·100 (0.968 − 0.0063·CF + 0.033·TP)
- PE—forage energy yield (JP ha−1),
- P—dry matter yield (dt ha−1),
- CF—crude fibre content (% DM),
- TP—total protein content (% DM).
During each of the three growth cycles, the plants were cut three times per year (May, July and September). During plant harvest, the green mass of each plot was cut and weighed. Then, samples of the plant material (1.0 kg on average) were taken for chemical analyses. The dry weight of plants was determined by the drying and weighing method. For chemical analyses, the dry plant raw material was ground (including leaves, stems and inflorescences).
The content of total protein and crude fibre in plant material was measured with near-infrared spectroscopy, using the NIRFlex N-500 spectrometer (BUCHI, Flawil, Switzerland) with the INGOT calibration package for dry feed.
The results of the research were processed statistically using three factor analysis of variance. The significance of the impact of experimental factors on the tested characteristics was verified with the Fisher–Snedecor test, while Tukey’s test was used to evaluate differences between means. The calculations were conducted with the Statistica 13 Program (TIBCO Software Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Net Energy Concentration in 1 kg DM
Both grass species differed in their average concentration of net energy (NE) in 1 kg of dry matter; it was significantly greater by 7.5% in Lolium perenne (1.098) than in Dactylis glomerata (1.022). The latter did not respond to different fertilizer treatments in a statistically significant way (Table 3). In turn, Lolium perenne had the largest NE concentration on the plots where vermicompost extract was applied (1.145) and where humus concentrate was used together with mineral fertilizer (1.121). Mineral fertilizer and compost extract, both applied separately, resulted in a reduction in this parameter by about 5% compared to the control; it was not, however, a statistically significant difference. Analysing the response to all treatments, it was found that the largest concentration of NE as an average for both species was after vermicompost application (1.082), and after treatment with a combination of humus extract and mineral fertilizer (1.084). According to Wiśniewska-Kadżajan [21], applying manure and mushroom substrate both alone and with mineral fertilization, it was found that the net energy concentration in forage ranged from 0.93 to 0.95, and different kinds of treatment did not differentiate the values significantly. In the present experiment, the highest increase in NE concentration (1.076) was observed in the second growing season in 2020 (Table 3). The abundance of rainfall and moderate temperatures in 2020 could have contributed to the accumulation of NE in the plants. This was supported by a decrease of 4% in NE in seasons (years) when dry periods and higher temperatures prevailed.
The concentration of energy in 1 kg DM of plants depends, to a large extent, on weather conditions. Grass species displayed different sensitivity to changing weather during the first growing season (Figure 1a) when Dactylis glomerata had the lowest concentration of NE (1.007), while Lolium perenne had the highest (1.123). NE concentration in both species decreased in the last year (2021), which could have been caused by alternately occurring dry and wet periods. NE was the smallest in the first harvest (1.020) and then increased with successive ones by about 3.5% to its maximum in plants of the third cut (1.097). For both grass species, net energy concentration also increased in subsequent harvests, and the difference between the first and the last was about 7%, being statistically significant (Figure 1b).
3.2. Net Energy of Lactation
The average net energy of lactation (NEL) was greater in Lolium perenne forage (5.98 MJ kg−1 DM), and the 4% difference between both grass species was statistically significant (Table 4). The NEL results for the two species ranged from 5.64 to 6.12 MJ kg−1, which classified them as good quality forage [1]. According to Abas et al. [4], NEL for grass hay was 3.78 MJ kg−1 and for alfalfa hay 5.20 MJ kg−1. Analysing the response of the species to different treatments, the value of the NEL of Dactylis glomerata showed no significant variation. In turn, Lolium perenne had the largest NEL on units where vermicompost extract was applied (6.12 MJ kg−1 DM). The responses were similar in the case of humic extract (6.03 MJ kg−1 DM), compost extract in combination with mineral fertilization (6.03 MJ kg−1 DM), and humic extract applied with mineral fertilizer (6.06 MJ kg−1 DM). According to Kujawiak and Zarudzki [1], forage with the NEL value from 6.0 to 6.5 MJ kg−1 DM is of very good quality.
By comparing the values of NEL for different treatments, as an average for both species, the largest was obtained after the application of humus extract with mineral fertilizer (5.95 MJ kg−1 DM). Mineral fertilizer applied on its own did not increase it (5.77 MJ kg−1 DM), and neither did compost extract (5.72 MJ kg−1 DM). Those values do not differ significantly in terms of statistical significance. However, the average NEL values for fertilization indicated that the feed was of good quality [1]. On average, the largest NEL was observed in the second year (5.92 MJ kg−1 DM), with a significant reduction in the third year (5.80 MJ kg−1 DM). The differences in the net energy of lactation content between different growing seasons were probably caused by weather conditions. The results of the research indicated that wet periods during a growing season promoted the accumulation of net energy of lactation in grass forage, while dynamic changes in meteorological conditions, as in 2021, decreased it.
NEL in different growing seasons varied depending on the grass species (Figure 2a). In Dactylis glomerata fodder, this parameter remained at a similar level (5.69–5.78 MJ ha−1 DM), not showing significant differences in all three growing seasons. In turn, for the feed of Lolium perenne, the largest NEL value was recorded in the first (6.06 MJ ha−1 DM) and second (6.05 MJ ha−1 DM) years of the research, while in the third this parameter decreased considerably to 5.83 MJ ha−1 DM, i.e., by about 3.6%. The greatest value of net energy of lactation was in the last harvest (5.84 and 6.15 MJ ha−1 DM), and the smallest in the first (5.59 and 5.85 MJ ha−1 DM). Both grass species had the same tendency of increasing the value of the NEL parameter from the first to third harvest by about 4.5% on average (Figure 2b).
3.3. The Yield of Feed Energy
Feed energy yields vary depending on the plant species, growing season, fertilizer treatment, irrigation and the stage at which the plants are harvested [4]. Analysing the average annual energy yield (Table 5) for both grass species, it was found that Dactylis glomerata with 14,704 JP ha−1 had, by 14%, better results than Lolium perenne (12,855 JP ha−1). In the case of Dactylis glomerata, a significant increase in the annual energy yield compared with the control was reported after the use of compost extract, together with mineral fertilizer, while Lolium perenne responded with a higher value to vermicompost applied together with mineral fertilizer.
The average value of the energy yield was the biggest on units where biological extracts were applied together with mineral fertilizer. That increase was from 63% for NPK applied together with humus extract (to 15,806 JP ha−1) to 76.5% for the NPK applied with compost extract (to 17,121 JP ha−1). There was a statistically significant increase by about 35% in the energy yield on plots with vermicompost (13,124 JP ha−1) by about 35%. For the other two biological materials used on their own, an increase was not significant. Ciepiela et al. [5] found that the energy yield increased with the dose of nitrogen. The authors recorded a 4320 JP ha−1 energy yield on the control unit, while on units with nitrogen at a dose of 60 kg ha−1 it was 8363 JP ha−1. As an average for grass species and treatments, the largest yield of feed energy was in the first (14,985 JP ha−1) and second (15,008 JP ha−1) years, and the smallest in the third (11,345 JP ha−1). Significantly lower results in the third year might have been caused by plant aging, which decreased both the amount of protein relative to raw fibre and the yield of dry matter.
The largest statistically significant average energy yield was in the second harvest (4729 JP ha−1), and the smallest in the third (4314 JP ha−1). Differences in quantity between harvests were probably caused by varied weather conditions during the growing seasons of the three-year experiment. Each year, dry periods prevailed before the second harvest, which may have contributed to total protein accumulation without increasing crude fibre content. This had a positive impact on the energy yield. In turn, its low value in the third harvest was probably due to a lower yield of plants.
As it is presented in Figure 3a, the annual energy yield of Lolium perenne was at a similar level throughout the experiment (from 11,761 to 13,434 JP ha−1), while for Dactylis glomerata it declined from 16,600 JP ha−1 in the first year to a significantly lower value of 10,929 JP ha−1 in the last year. Higher amounts of the annual energy yield of Dactylis glomerata in relation to Lolium perenne may be due to its characteristics. Generally, Dactylis glomerata in comparison with Lolium perenne contains more protein and produces higher dry matter yields, which could have affected its energy yield [23,24]. This fact was confirmed by previous studies conducted in Poland under similar physical and chemical conditions of the soil [18,19,25]. The energy yield of Lolium perenne throughout the growing season was at a similar level, from 4356 JP ha−1 in the first harvest to 4177 JP ha−1 in the third (Figure 3b). A more dynamic situation was in the case of Dactylis glomerata, for which the yield in the second harvest (5167 JP ha−1) was statistically significantly greater than in the third (4451 JP ha−1).
This species had a high dry matter yield in the first and second harvests, but it decreased in the third, leading to a lower energy yield [23]. In a study on the energy yield of Lolium perenne, the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Słupia Wielka, Poland, observed considerable changes in the values [26]. It ranged from 9062 JP ha−1 (the first harvest) to 1858 JP ha−1 (the third harvest) in 2015 and from 6133 JP ha−1 (the first harvest) to 2355 JP ha−1 (the third harvest) in 2016.
4. Conclusions
- Of the applied biological materials, humic substances applied together with mineral fertilizer had the greatest impact on net energy value and net energy of lactation (NEL).
- The use of compost extract contributed to a substantial increase in the yield of feed energy. Other biological substances applied together with mineral fertilizer also had a positive impact.
- Lolium perenne feed had a higher net energy of lactation and concentration of net energy than Dactylis glomerata; in turn, the latter one had a higher annual yield of feed energy than the former.
- Weather conditions in various years of research differentiated feed energy values. In 2020, the year with the largest amount of rainfall during most months of the growing period, the feed had the highest value of energy concentration, net energy, and net energy of lactation.
- Due to the complexity of the environment (soil, climate, plant), it is impossible to provide a universal combination of fertilizers that increases the energy value of forage. Therefore, it is important to carry out practical field experiments that will indicate the optimal fertilizer combinations suitable for the selected region.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.S.; methodology, J.S.; software, M.T.; validation, J.S. and M.T.; formal analysis, M.T.; investigation, J.S.; resources, K.J.; data curation, M.T. and K.J.; writing—original draft preparation, J.S.; writing—review and editing, M.T.; visualization, K.J.; supervision, J.S.; project administration, J.S.; funding acquisition, J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
His research was funded by Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland, grant number 357/13/S. Publication was co-financed with the project entitled ‘Excellent science’ program of the Ministry of Education and Science as a part of the contract No. DNK/513265/2021 ‘Role of agri-culture in implementing concept of sustainable food system “from field to table.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Kujawiak, R.; Zarudzki, R. DLG system in feeding dairy cows. Nowocz. Zyw. Zwierząt 2001, 6, 18–19. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Jonker, J.S.; Kohn, R.A.; Erdman, R.A. Milk urea nitrogen target concentratsis for lactating dairy cows fed according to national research council recommendations. J. Dairy Sci. 1999, 82, 1261–1273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Juszczak, J.; Ziemiński, R. The urea content in milk as an indicator of the protein-energy ratio in the feed dose for dairy cows. Adv. Agric. Sci. 1997, 3, 73–82. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Abas, I.; Ozpinar, H.; Can Kutay, H.; Kahraman, R. Determination of the Metabolizable Energy (ME) and Net Energy Lactation (NEL) Content of Some Feeds in the Marmara Region by In vitro Gas Technique. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2005, 29, 751–757. [Google Scholar]
- Ciepiela, G.A.; Jankowska, J.; Kolczarek, R. Yield of feed units obtained from cocksfoot cultivated in pure sowing and in mixtures with leguminous plants. Zesz. Nauk. WSA Łomża 2008, 37, 83–88. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Vulchinkov, Z.; Katova, A. Forage productivity evaluation in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) accessions. Bulg. J. Crop Sci. 2020, 57, 101–108. [Google Scholar]
- Kosolapova, T.V.; Tulinov, A.G. Assessment of adaptability parameters of cocksfoot in the conditions of the Komi Republic. Russ. Agric. Sci. 2022, 47, 562–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhouri, L.; Kallida, R.; Shaimi, N.; Barre, P.; Volaire, F.; Gaboun, F.; Fakiri, M. Evaluation of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) population for drought survival and behavior. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2019, 26, 49–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, T.M.; Meixue, Z.; David, P.; Rowan, W.S. Aerenchyma formation in adventitious roots of tall fescue and cocksfoot under waterlogged conditions. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2487. [Google Scholar]
- Siaudinis, G.; Jasinskas, A.; Karcauskiene, D.; Sarauskis, E.; Lekaviciene, K.; Repsiene, R. The dependence of cocksfoot productivity of liming and nitrogen application and the assessment of qualitative parameters and environmental impact using biomass for biofuels. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reed, K.F.M. Improving the adaptation of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, Phalaris, and cocksfoot for Australia. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 1996, 39, 457–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butler, T.J.; Muir, J.P.; Provin, T.L. Phosphorus fertilization of annual ryegrass and comparison of soil phosphorus extractants. J. Plant Nutr. 2007, 30, 9–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kotecki, A. Climate change for the European Green Deal. In Proceedings of the Scientific Conference: The Role of Agricultural Sciences in the Implementation of the Concept of a Sustainable Food System “from Farm to Fork”, Chełm, Poland, 7–8 June 2022. (In Polish). [Google Scholar]
- Sosnowski, J. The value of production, energy and food of Festulolium brauni (K. Richt.) A. Camus microbiologically and mineral suppled. Fragm. Agron. 2012, 29, 115–122. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Sosnowski, J.; Jankowski, K. Effect of soil medium amendment on chemical composition and digestibility of Lolium multiflorum Lam. Sci. Nat. Technol. 2013, 7, 15. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Truba, M.; Wiśniewska-Kadżajan, B.; Jankowski, K. The influence of biology preparations and mineral fertilization NPK on fiber fractions content in Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne. Fragm. Agron. 2017, 34, 107–116. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Truba, M.; Wiśniewska-Kadżajan, B.; Sosnowski, J.; Malinowska, E.; Jankowski, K.; Makarewicz, A. The effect of soil conditioners on cellulose, hemicellulose, and the ADL fibre fraction concentration in Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne. J. Ecol. Eng. 2017, 18, 107–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Truba, M.; Jankowski, K.; Wiśniewska-Kadżajan, B.; Malinowska, E. The effect of soil conditioners on the content of soluble carbohydrates, digestible protein and the carbohydrate-protein ratio in Lolium perenne and Dactylis glomerata. Environ. Prot. Nat. Resour. 2018, 29, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Truba, M.; Jankowski, K.; Wiśniewska-Kadżajan, B.; Sosnowski, J.; Malinowska, E.; Barszczewski, J. The effects of soil conditioners on total protein and crude fiber concentration in selected grass species. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 2018, 16, 2729–2739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schad, P.; van Huyssteen, C.; Micheli, E. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps: World Soil Resources Reports. In World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014; World Soil Resources Reports No. 106; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Wiśniewska-Kadżajan, B. Effect of mushroom substrate on the feed quality from the permanent meadow. J. Ecol. Eng. 2014, 15, 45–49. [Google Scholar]
- Kolczarek, R.; Jankowska, J.; Ciepiela, G.A.; Jodełka, J. The nutritional value of sward from a permanent meadow depending on the type of fertilization. Wiad. Mel. i Łąk. 2008, 4, 181–183. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Downing, T.; Gamroth, M. Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Cool-Season Grasses; Special Report 1079; Oregon State University: Corvallis, OR, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Tilvikiene, V.; Kadziuliene, Z.; Dabkevicius, Z.; Sarunaite, L.; Slepetys, J.; Pociene, L.; Slepetiene, A.; Ceceviciene, J. The yield and variation of chemical composition of cocksfoot biomass after five years of digestate application. Grassl. Sci. Eur. 2014, 19, 468–470. [Google Scholar]
- Jankowski, K.; Truba, M.; Wiśniewska-Kadżajan, B.; Sosnowski, J.; Malinowska, E. The effect of soil conditioners on yield of dry matter, protein, and sugar in grass. Acta Agroph. 2018, 25, 45–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centralny Ośrodek Badania Odmian Roślin Uprawnych. Synthesis of the Results of Registry Experiments, Poaceae (Grass) 2013–2016; Centralny Ośrodek Badania Odmian Roślin Uprawnych: Słupia Wielka, Poland, 2017; 142p. (In Polish)
Figure 1.
Net energy of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne in consecutive (a) growing seasons and (b) harvests (in 1 kg DM). Means in columns marked with the same lower-case letters do not differ significantly.
Figure 1.
Net energy of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne in consecutive (a) growing seasons and (b) harvests (in 1 kg DM). Means in columns marked with the same lower-case letters do not differ significantly.
Figure 2.
Net energy of lactation of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne in consecutive (a) growing seasons (b) harvests (MJ kg−1 DM). Means in columns marked with the same lower-case letters do not differ significantly.
Figure 2.
Net energy of lactation of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne in consecutive (a) growing seasons (b) harvests (MJ kg−1 DM). Means in columns marked with the same lower-case letters do not differ significantly.
Figure 3.
The energy yield of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne in consecutive (a) growing seasons and (b) harvests (JP ha−1).
Figure 3.
The energy yield of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne in consecutive (a) growing seasons and (b) harvests (JP ha−1).
Table 1.
Soil conditioner composition based on manufacturers’ data.
| Name | CE | VE | HE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Macronutrients (g kg−1) | |||
| N | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
| P | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.3 |
| K | 2.9 | 0.7 | 4.6 |
| Ca | - | - | 3.0 |
| Mg | 0.1 | - | 0.5 |
| Na | 0.2 | - | - |
| Micronutrients (mg kg−1) | |||
| Mn | 0.3 | - | 15 |
| Fe | - | - | 500 |
| Zn | - | - | 3 |
| Cu | - | - | 1 |
| Mo | - | - | - |
| Microorganisms | |||
| lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, yeast, Actinomycetes | Endo micorrhiza, fungi, bacteria, enzymes of earthworms | Useful microorganisms | |
Table 2.
Average air temperature and sum of atmospheric precipitation in consecutive months of the growing seasons.
Table 2.
Average air temperature and sum of atmospheric precipitation in consecutive months of the growing seasons.
| Year | Month | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Means | |
| Temperature (°C) | ||||||||
| 2019 | 13.1 | 17.0 | 18.3 | 20.4 | 20.6 | 15.9 | 9.6 | 16.4 |
| 2020 | 8.6 | 11.7 | 19.3 | 19.0 | 20.2 | 15.5 | 12.0 | 15.2 |
| 2021 | 6.6 | 12.4 | 20.4 | 22.7 | 17.1 | 12.9 | 8.6 | 14.4 |
| Means | 9.4 | 13.7 | 19.3 | 20.7 | 19.3 | 14.8 | 10.1 | 15.3 |
| Multiannual means | 8.5 | 14.0 | 17.4 | 19.8 | 18.9 | 13.2 | 7.9 | 14.2 |
| Precipitation (mm) | ||||||||
| 2019 | 5.9 | 59.8 | 35.9 | 29.7 | 49.3 | 17.4 | 9.5 | 29.6 |
| 2020 | 6.0 | 63.5 | 118.5 | 67.7 | 18.0 | 38.8 | 17.6 | 47.2 |
| 2021 | 42 | 30 | 34 | 50 | 95 | 42 | 6 | 42.7 |
| Means | 18.0 | 51.1 | 62.8 | 49.1 | 54.1 | 32.7 | 11.0 | 39.8 |
| Multiannual means | 33.0 | 52.0 | 52.0 | 65.0 | 56.0 | 48.0 | 28.0 | 47.7 |
Table 3.
Net energy concentration in 1 kg DM.
| Fertiliser Effect | Means | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | NPK | CE | VE | HE | CE + NPK | VE + NPK | HE + NPK | ||
| Means for species | |||||||||
| Dactylis glomerata | 1.010 Ba | 1.020 Aa | 0.993 Ba | 1.018 Ba | 1.037 Ba | 1.026 Ba | 1.022 Ba | 1.047 Ba | 1.022 B |
| Lolium perenne | 1.104 Aab | 1.048 Ab | 1.053 Ab | 1.145 Aa | 1.113 Aab | 1.109 Aab | 1.089 Aab | 1.121 Aa | 1.098 A |
| Means for growing seasons | |||||||||
| 2019 | 1.030 Aa | 1.032 Aa | 1.045 Aa | 1.097 Aa | 1.080 Aa | 1.094 Aa | 1.053 Aa | 1.088 Aa | 1.065 AB |
| 2020 | 1.105 Aa | 1.072 Aa | 1.037 Aa | 1.083 Aa | 1.063 Aa | 1.050 Aa | 1.083 Aa | 1.116 Aa | 1.076 A |
| 2021 | 1.037 Aa | 0.997 Aa | 0.987 Aa | 1.066 Aa | 1.082 Aa | 1.058 Aa | 1.030 Aa | 1.048 Aa | 1.038 B |
| Means for harvests | |||||||||
| I | 1.035 Aa | 0.971 Ba | 1.005 Ba | 1.054 Aa | 0.997 Ba | 1.033 Aa | 1.014 Aa | 1.055 Aa | 1.020 B |
| II | 1.035 Aa | 1.038 ABa | 1.091 ABa | 1.050 Aa | 1.041 ABa | 1.077 Aa | 1.076 Aa | 1.082 Aa | 1.061 AB |
| III | 1.102 Aa | 1.100 Aa | 1.112 Aa | 1.094 Aa | 1.089 Aa | 1.091 Aa | 1.077 Aa | 1.114 Aa | 1.097 A |
| Mean | 1.057 ab | 1.034 ab | 1.023 b | 1.082 a | 1.075 ab | 1.067 ab | 1.056 ab | 1.084 a | |
0—Control; NPK—mineral fertiliser; CE—compost extract; VE—vermicompost extract; HE—humus extract; Means in lines marked with the same small letters do not differ significantly; Means in columns marked with the same capital letters do not differ significantly.
Table 4.
Net energy of lactation of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne in consecutive harvests and growing seasons (MJ·kg−1 DM).
Table 4.
Net energy of lactation of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne in consecutive harvests and growing seasons (MJ·kg−1 DM).
| Fertiliser Effect | Mean | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | NPK | CE | VE | HE | CE + NPK | VE + NPK | HE + NPK | ||
| Means within species | |||||||||
| Dactylis glomerata | 5.70 Ba | 5.73 Aa | 5.64 Aa | 5.73 Ba | 5.79 Ba | 5.77 Ba | 5.76 Ba | 5.83 Ba | 5.74 B |
| Lolium perenne | 5.99 Aab | 5.82 Ab | 5.80 Ab | 6.12 Aa | 6.03 Aa | 6.03 Aa | 5.97 Aab | 6.06 Aa | 5.98 A |
| Means within growing seasons | |||||||||
| 2019 | 5.74 Aa | 5.77 Aa | 5.77 Aa | 5.96 Aa | 5.91 Aa | 5.98 Aa | 5.86 Aa | 5.96 Aa | 5.87 AB |
| 2020 | 5.99 Aa | 5.90 Aa | 5.78 Aa | 5.93 Aa | 5.88 Aa | 5.83 Aa | 5.96 Aa | 6.05 Aa | 5.92 A |
| 2021 | 5.80 Aa | 5.65 Aa | 5.62 Aa | 5.88 Aa | 5.94 Aa | 5.88 Aa | 5.77 Aa | 5.83 Aa | 5.80 B |
| Mean within harvests | |||||||||
| I | 5.76 Aa | 5.56 Ba | 5.64 Ba | 5.82 Aa | 5.65 Ba | 5.78 Aa | 5.72 Aa | 5.85 Aa | 5.72 B |
| II | 5.76 Aa | 5.78 Aa | 5.93 Aa | 5.82 Aa | 5.81 Aa | 5.93 Aa | 5.93 Aa | 5.94 Aa | 5.86 AB |
| III | 6.01 Aa | 6.01 Aa | 6.01 Aa | 5.98 Aa | 5.97 Aa | 5.98 Aa | 5.94 Aa | 6.06 Aa | 6.00 A |
| Mean | 5.84 ab | 5.77 b | 5.72 b | 5.92 ab | 5.91 ab | 5.90 ab | 5.86 ab | 5.95 a | |
0—Control; NPK—mineral fertiliser; CE—compost extract; VE—vermicompost extract; HE—humus extract; Means in lines marked with the same small letters do not differ significantly; Means in columns marked with the same capital letters do not differ significantly.
Table 5.
The effect of different treatments on the annual energy yield of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne (JP ha−1).
Table 5.
The effect of different treatments on the annual energy yield of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne (JP ha−1).
| Fertiliser Effect | Means | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | NPK | CE | VE | HE | CE + NPK | VE + NPK | HE + NPK | ||
| Means within species | |||||||||
| Dactylis glomerata | 9970 Ab | 13,871 Ab | 13,572 Ab | 14,606 Aab | 12,519 Ab | 18,658 Aa | 17,614 Aab | 16,820 Aab | 14,704 A |
| Lolium perenne | 9432 Ab | 13,912 Aab | 10,751 Ab | 11,643 Ab | 10,775 Ab | 15,583 Aab | 15,951 Aa | 14,791 Aab | 12,855 B |
| Means within growing seasons | |||||||||
| 2019 | 9771 Ab | 15,171 Aab | 13,711 Ab | 14,782 Aab | 12,989 Ab | 18,553 Aa | 18,312 Aa | 16,591 Aab | 14,985 A |
| 2020 | 10,199 Ab | 15,879 Aab | 13,082 Ab | 13,775 Ab | 11,481 Ab | 19,850 Aa | 18,639 Aa | 17,160 Aab | 15,008 A |
| 2021 | 9133 Ab | 10,624 Bab | 9693 Aab | 10,816 Aab | 10,472 Aab | 12,960 Bab | 13,396 Bab | 13,667 Aa | 11,345 B |
| Mean | 9700 c | 13,892 b | 12,162 bc | 13,124 b | 11,647 bc | 17,121 a | 16,782 a | 15,806 ab | |
| Means within harvests | |||||||||
| I | 3427 Ac | 4641 Ab | 4102 Abc | 4562 Abc | 3982 Abc | 5873 Aa | 5711 Aab | 5327 Aab | 4703 AB |
| II | 3281 Ac | 4682 Ab | 4301 Abc | 4410 Abc | 4028 Abc | 5941 Aa | 5829 Aab | 5363 Aab | 4729 A |
| III | 2952 Ab | 4535 Aab | 3851 Ab | 4087 Ab | 3515 Ab | 5269 Aa | 5218 Aab | 5087 Aab | 4314 B |
| Mean | 3220 c | 4620 b | 4085 bc | 4353 bc | 3841 c | 5695 a | 5586 a | 5259 a | |
0—Control; NPK—mineral fertiliser; CE—compost extract; VE—vermicompost extract; HE—humus extract; Means in lines marked with the same small letters do not differ significantly; Means in columns marked with the same capital letters do not differ significantly.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Sosnowski, J.; Truba, M.; Jarecka, K. Effect of Humus, Compost, and Vermicompost Extracts on the Net Energy Concentration, Net Energy of Lactation, and Energy Yield of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne. Agriculture 2022, 12, 1092. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081092
AMA Style
Sosnowski J, Truba M, Jarecka K. Effect of Humus, Compost, and Vermicompost Extracts on the Net Energy Concentration, Net Energy of Lactation, and Energy Yield of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne. Agriculture. 2022; 12(8):1092. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081092
Chicago/Turabian StyleSosnowski, Jacek, Milena Truba, and Katarzyna Jarecka. 2022. "Effect of Humus, Compost, and Vermicompost Extracts on the Net Energy Concentration, Net Energy of Lactation, and Energy Yield of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne" Agriculture 12, no. 8: 1092. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081092
APA StyleSosnowski, J., Truba, M., & Jarecka, K. (2022). Effect of Humus, Compost, and Vermicompost Extracts on the Net Energy Concentration, Net Energy of Lactation, and Energy Yield of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne. Agriculture, 12(8), 1092. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081092
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
