Occurrence of Microplastics in River Water in Southern Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Storage
2.3. Microplastic Extraction and Identification
2.4. Contamination Prevention
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Abundance and Distribution of Microplastics in River
3.2. Shape, Size, and Color of Microplastics
3.3. Polymer Types
3.4. Comparison of Abundance of MPs Worldwide
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station | Latitude–Longitude | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | 47 N 0657679, E 0735178 | Upstream |
2 | 47 N 0659374, E 0751493 | Upstream |
3 | 47 N 0661806, E 0758027 | Upstream |
4 | 47 N 0659067, E 0766325 | Midstream |
5 | 47 N 0663018, E 0782344 | Downstream |
6 | 47 N 0660512, E 0788918 | Downstream |
7 | 47 N 0662050, E 0791279 | Downstream |
Polymer | February | April | June | August |
---|---|---|---|---|
PE | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Nylon | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
PP | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
PET | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Rayon | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
PDMS | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ |
Poly (ethylene:propylene) | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ |
Frequency | 5 | 6 | 3 | 5 |
Location | Abundance | Shape of MPs | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Tapi-Phumduang River, Thailand | 0.68–2.81 particles/5 L | Fibers | [18] |
Saen Saeb Canal, Thailand | 370 ± 140 particles/m3 | Films, fibers | [36] |
Chao Phraya River, Thailand | 21 ± 16 particles/m3 | Fragments or sheets/films | [37] |
Chao Phraya River, Thailand | 104 particles/m3 | Fragments | [38] |
Karnafull River, Bangladesh | 0.57 ± 0.07 to 6.63 ± 0.52 particles/L | Fibers | [39] |
Rivers in Sungai Dungun, Malaysia | 22.8–300.8 particles/m3 | Fibers | [40] |
Rivers in Nwangele, Nigeria | 440–1556 particles/L | Fragments | [41] |
Wei River, China | 3.67–10.7 particles/L | Fibers | [42] |
Nakdong River, South Korea | 293 ± 83 particles/m3 and 4760 ± 5242 particles/m3 | Fragments and fibers | [43] |
Ganga River, India | 380–684 particles/1000 m3 and 143–340 particles/1000 m3 | Films | [46] |
Fengshan River, Taiwan | 334–1058 particles/m3 | Fibers | [47] |
Hudson River, USA | 0.98 particles/L | Fibers | [48] |
Yangtze River, China | 0.9 particles/m3 | Sheets and fragments | [49] |
Rivers in Tibet Plateau, China | 483–967 particles/m3 | Fibers | [50] |
Mississippi River, USA | 14–83 particles/L | Fragments | [51] |
Ciwalengke River, Indonesia | 5.85 ± 3.28 particles/L | Fibers | [52] |
Taltow Canal, Germany | 0.01–95.8 particles/2.2 L | Fragments | [53] |
Chishui River, China | 1.77–14.33 particles/L | Fibers | [54] |
U-Taphao River, Thailand | 0.24 ± 0.11 to 0.41 ± 0.08 particles/L | Fibers and fragments | This study |
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Pradit, S.; Noppradit, P.; Sengloyluan, K.; Suwanno, P.; Tanrattanakul, V.; Sornplang, K.; Nuthammachot, N.; Jitkaew, P.; Nitiratsuwan, T. Occurrence of Microplastics in River Water in Southern Thailand. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010090
Pradit S, Noppradit P, Sengloyluan K, Suwanno P, Tanrattanakul V, Sornplang K, Nuthammachot N, Jitkaew P, Nitiratsuwan T. Occurrence of Microplastics in River Water in Southern Thailand. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(1):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010090
Chicago/Turabian StylePradit, Siriporn, Prakrit Noppradit, Karnda Sengloyluan, Phudith Suwanno, Varaporn Tanrattanakul, Kittiwara Sornplang, Narissara Nuthammachot, Preyanuch Jitkaew, and Thongchai Nitiratsuwan. 2023. "Occurrence of Microplastics in River Water in Southern Thailand" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010090
APA StylePradit, S., Noppradit, P., Sengloyluan, K., Suwanno, P., Tanrattanakul, V., Sornplang, K., Nuthammachot, N., Jitkaew, P., & Nitiratsuwan, T. (2023). Occurrence of Microplastics in River Water in Southern Thailand. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010090