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Article

Antifungal Properties of Hydrazine-Based Compounds against Candida albicans

by
Louis Camaioni
1,2,3,
Dylan Lambert
1,2,3,
Boualem Sendid
1,2,3,
Muriel Billamboz
4,5 and
Samir Jawhara
1,2,3,*
1
CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, F-59000 Lille, France
2
Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
3
CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
4
INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1167-RID-AGE—Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
5
JUNIA, Health and Environment, Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry and Health, F-59000 Lille, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2023, 12(6), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061043
Submission received: 11 May 2023 / Revised: 6 June 2023 / Accepted: 9 June 2023 / Published: 12 June 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Pathogenesis of Fungal Infections)
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Abstract

:
Candida albicans, an opportunistic yeast, is the most common cause of fungal infection. In the past decade, there has been an increase in C. albicans resistance to existing antifungal drugs, which has necessitated the development of new antifungal agents. In the present study, screening 60 compounds from the JUNIA chemical library enabled us to explore an additional 11 hybrid compounds that contain pyrrolidinone rings and hydrazine moieties for their potential antifungal activities. This chemical series was identified with fair to excellent antifungal activities. Among this series, three molecules (Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl) significantly reduced C. albicans viability, with rapid fungicidal activity. In addition, these three compounds exhibited significant antifungal activity against clinically isolated fluconazole- or caspofungin-resistant C. albicans strains. Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl did not show any cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines up to a concentration of 50 µg/mL and decreased Candida biofilm formation, with a significant reduction of 60% biofilm formation with Hyd.OCH3. In an infection model of Caenorhabditis elegans with C. albicans, hydrazine-based compounds significantly reduced nematode mortality. Overall, fungicidal activity was observed for Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl against C. albicans, and these compounds protected C. elegans from C. albicans infection.

1. Introduction

Opportunistic fungal infections represent a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised or hospitalized patients with serious underlying diseases [1,2]. The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal mucosa, and vaginal tract [1,3]. C. albicans overgrowth in these niches can cause superficial mucosal infections and life-threatening systemic diseases, making C. albicans the main opportunistic fungal pathogen in humans [1,3]. C. albicans is also the most frequently identified Candida species causing nosocomial disease in hospital settings. Resistance to antifungal drugs is an emerging worldwide health problem and creates difficulties in selecting the correct antifungal therapy [4]. C. albicans has acquired resistance to many antifungal drugs, including azoles and echinocandins. This increase in C. albicans resistance is due to prolonged exposure to current antifungal drugs and, in particular, the excessive use of azoles and echinocandins in patients at high risk of invasive candidiasis [5,6].
An important virulence factor of C. albicans is its capacity to develop biofilms, densely packed communities of cells adhering to a surface. C. albicans biofilms containing hyphae, pseudohyphae, and yeast cells are resistant to conventional antifungal therapeutics and the immune response [7]. Most antifungal drugs are unable to penetrate biofilms. There is the potential for candidemia relapse, which leads to high rates of mortality and morbidity [8]. To investigate the impact of new antifungal compounds on fungal infection and pathogenesis progression, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-established model to study C. albicans infection and the host’s innate immune response. A yeast form of C. albicans is ingested into the digestive tract of C. elegans [9,10], and the yeast form then switches to the hyphal form in the liquid medium, causing tissue damage, aggressive infection, and death of the nematode [9]. In a C. elegans infection model, two compounds, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-3,6-dimethylpyridin-2(1H)-one and (Z)-N-(2-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)vinyl)-4-methoxyaniline, were recently shown to have antifungal activity against C. albicans [11].
In the present study, 60 potential antifungal compounds belonging to a dozen different chemical series were selected from the JUNIA chemical library. They were evaluated for their antifungal activity against C. albicans. Notably, a wide variety of synthetic compounds were analyzed, including carbazate or saccharine derivatives, triazenes, as well as bio-sourced compounds derived from menthol, eugenol, kojic acid, or sesamol. After conducting this preliminary screening as well as measuring their MICs against the C. albicans wild-type strain, it was found that hybrid molecules containing pyrrolidinone rings coupled with hydrazine moiety molecules provided fair to excellent antifungal effects against C. albicans. Next, a panel of 11 molecules from this series was submitted for biological evaluation to assess their antifungal activities. Three compounds (Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl) were identified from this panel that showed potential antifungal activity against C. albicans. These three compounds were then evaluated for their antifungal activities against Candida viability, Candida biofilms, and clinical antifungal-resistant Candida strains. In a C. elegans infection model, these three antifungal compounds affected C. albicans virulence and protected C. elegans from mortality due to C. albicans infection.

2. Results

The selected series of hydrazine-based 5-pyrrolidine-2-one compounds were evaluated and compared with related chemical substances (Figure 1) and caspofungin as a reference.

2.1. Antifungal Activities of Hydrazine-Based Compounds against C. albicans Wild-Type Strain

After screening selection, a panel of 11 molecules, composed of a pyrrolidinone ring coupled with a nitrogen donating group, was selected and evaluated against the C. albicans wild-type strain (Figure 1). The results are summarized in Table 1. Seven compounds are based on hydrazine moieties (2a–g). Related molecules (3–6), incorporating other linkers, were integrated into the test panel in order to decipher the role of the hydrazine linker. Amine (3 and 4), hydrazide (5), and hydrazone (6) linkers were chosen.
Following this panel, compounds 2a (Hyd.H), 2b (Hyd.OCH3), and 2c (Hyd.Cl) showed excellent activity against C. albicans, whereas hydrazine-based lactams (2d–g) displayed lower antifungal activity, comparable with those of compounds 3–6. Compound 2a exhibited potential activity against C. albicans, with MIC = 9.6 µg/mL (Table 1, entry 1). The addition of an electro-donating methoxy group in the para-position of the aromatic moiety, leading to compound 2b, decreased the antifungal activity slightly (Table 1, entry 2). The integration of a para-chlorine atom on the aromatic moiety led to compound 2c, with increased activity against C. albicans (MIC = 5.6 µg/mL) (Table 1, entry 3). Adding a strong electro-withdrawing group (-CF3), yielding 2d, decreased the activity, suggesting that the electronic ability of the substituents is crucial against C. albicans. The replacement of the phenyl moiety with a 2-pyridine in compound 2f led to a significant loss of activity against C. albicans (Table 1, entry 6). Moreover, steric hindrance seemed to be important since compounds 2e and 2g, bearing a difluorinated aromatic and a naphthyl group, respectively, showed very low potency (Table 1, entries 5 and 7). From this first screening, compound 2c, bearing a para-chlorophenyl moiety, was selected as the most interesting antifungal compound against C. albicans for the evaluation of linker replacement.
To assess the role of the hydrazine linker, related structures (3–6) were designed and evaluated (Figure 1). Replacing the 4-chlorohydrazine moiety with a 4-chloroaniline in 3 or a 4-chlorobenzylamine in 4 led to a strong decrease in activity, with MICs >100 µg/mL (Table 1, entries 8 and 9). This modification proved the importance of the second -NH- group to achieve high antifungal activity against C. albicans. This could be due to its proper hydrogen bonding capacity. Changing the hydrazine with a carbazide link in compound 5 also caused a dramatic loss of potency (Table 1, entry 10), proving that the addition of a carbonyl group in the link should be avoided. The integration of an acylhydrazone link led to compound 6, which did not show any antifungal potential. Again, increasing the length of the link by introducing a carbonyl group and losing the second -NH- group was deleterious for antifungal activity.
Combining these results, compounds 2a (Hyd.H), 2b (Hyd.OCH3), and 2c (Hyd.Cl) were selected for further experiments.

2.2. Antifungal Effects of Hydrazine-Based Compounds on Drug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of C. albicans

To determine whether these compounds had any antifungal activity against drug-resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans, fluconazole- or caspofungin-resistant strains isolated from patients (Table 2) were challenged with these compounds. The viability of C. albicans isolates resistant to either fluconazole or caspofungin was significantly reduced after treatment with either Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, or Hyd.Cl at 2× their MICs (Figure 2). These data show that the selected compounds are broad-spectrum agents able to inhibit drug-resistant strains, which is currently of particular concern.

2.3. C. albicans Biofilms

To assess whether hydrazine-based compounds affected C. albicans biofilm formation, which is implicated in resistance to several antifungal agents, including azoles and echinocandins, C. albicans biofilms were challenged with Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, or Hyd.Cl at 1× their MICs (9.6 µg/mL, 11.1 µg/mL, and 5.6 µg/mL, respectively) (Figure 3). The three antifungal agents inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation. Hyd.OCH3 significantly reduced biofilm formation, by 60%. Furthermore, HyD.OCH3 showed significantly higher biofilm inhibition when compared to Hyd.H and Hyd.Cl (p < 0.05). No significant difference between Hyd.H and Hyd.Cl was observed. Microscopic examination showed that the biofilm matrix was dense and highly compacted when C. albicans was challenged with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control (CTL), whereas when challenged with antifungal compounds, the biofilm appeared to dissolve, and the C. albicans cells detached from the biofilm matrix (Figure 3).

2.4. Analysis of Human Cancer Cell Line Viability after Treatment with Different Concentrations of Hydrazine-Based Compounds

According to previous assays, the three selected compounds Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl displayed potent antifungal and antibiofilm capacities. However, before the evaluation of their in vivo activity in a C. elegans model, an evaluation of their cytotoxicity profile was performed. Indeed, in the search for new active agents, any cytotoxic compounds should be detected and discarded. In this context, increasing dilutions of Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl higher than their MICs (9.6 µg/mL, 11.1 µg/mL, and 5.6 µg/mL, respectively) were incubated with human cancer cell lines (THP-1 macrophages and intestinal Caco-2 cells), and the percent cell viability was determined using an MTT assay. MTT assay is a standardized reference assay to determine the potential of a compound to proceed to in vivo evaluation. The cytotoxicity of these three compounds against macrophages and intestinal Caco-2 cells was measured (Figure 4). In both cell lines, the three selected molecules did not show any cytotoxicity against human cancer cells up to a concentration of 50 µg/mL (Figure 4). According to these data, the three compounds could proceed to the next in vivo step.

2.5. Hydrazine-Based Compounds Confer Increased Survival of C. elegans against C. albicans Infection

The impact of hydrazine-based compounds on C. albicans wild-type strain pathogenesis in vivo was explored using a C. elegans infection model (Figure 5). Nematodes infected with C. albicans were treated with Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, or Hyd.Cl at their MICs. The survival of C. elegans was examined daily using microscopic observation. As a control, infection with C. albicans caused 85% nematode mortality by day 4. The treatment of worms with hydrazine-based compounds showed a higher rate of C. elegans survival when compared to untreated worms (around 15% survival in the control compared to 90–99% survival after treatment). The percent survival of nematodes treated with Hyd.OCH3 or Hyd.Cl was slightly higher than that of C. elegans treated with Hyd.H (Figure 5).

3. Discussion

The increasing frequency of drug resistance among fungal pathogens poses a serious threat to public health and healthcare systems worldwide [14]. It is urgent to develop new antifungals that are effective against clinically relevant fungal pathogens as well as in defeating drug resistance in fungi [15]. In the present study, our initial screening of 60 compounds from the JUNIA chemical library allowed us to explore a further panel of 11 hybrid compounds with pyrrolidinone rings and hydrazine moieties for their antifungal properties. From this panel, three compounds (Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl) showed antifungal activity. These three hydrazine-based drug candidates showed antifungal activity against the C. albicans wild-type strain and were also effective against drug-resistant clinical C. albicans isolates. Different studies have emphasized the role of hydrazine derivatives as promising antifungal agents [16,17,18]. Zhang et al. showed that a series of citral-thiazolyl hydrazine derivatives caused an obvious malformation of mycelium and increased the permeability of cell membranes, demonstrating that these derivatives possess remarkable antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi [17]. In line with this study, the hydrazine compound 4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl induced oxidative damage in C. albicans and exhibited fungicidal activity while having low toxicity to human cancer cells [16].
A recent study showed that hydrazine and acyl hydrazone derivatives of 5-pyrrolidine-2-one were effective antifungal agents against a series of 12 fungal strains as well as 3 non-albicans Candida species [18]. Several hydrazine derivatives have also been found to have good antifungal properties against Zymoseptoria tritici, the main pathogen of wheat plants [19]. Pyrrolidine-2-one, or γ-lactam 1, is a heterocyclic moiety widespread in many natural compounds. As an illustration, talaroconvolutin B, extracted from Talaromyces convolutes, is highly active against Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, and C. albicans [20]. Synerazol, an antibiotic as well as an antifungal, isolated from cultures of A. fumigatus, also exhibited high potential against C. albicans [21]. Accordingly, structural features derived from natural γ-lactams are a significant inspiration to design innovative biologically active molecules. As a result of this new design, spirooxindole pyrrolidine tethered indole–imidazole hybrid heterocycle compound A (Figure 6) showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity against Candida species.
In the present study, compound 2a showed antifungal activity against C. albicans, while the addition of an electro-donating methoxy group in the para-position of the aromatic moiety affected its antifungal activity [18]. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of Hyd.CF3 (compound 2d) was found to be lower than that of Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl, indicating that the electronic ability of substituents plays a significant role in the antifungal activity of these compounds against C. albicans. However, the integration of an electro-withdrawing group (-CF3) was crucial to enhance the antifungal efficacy of this compound against Z. tritici [18]. Damiens et al. demonstrated that the integration of an acylhydrazone link (compound 6) resulted in antifungal activity against Z. tritici. However, the same compound did not show any antifungal potential against C. albicans, which implies that C. albicans behaves in a different way from Z. tritici towards this series of compounds, indicating that they have a different biological target [19].
The challenge of C. albicans with hydrazine compounds resulted in a significant reduction in C. albicans viability as well as a fast killing rate. These data suggest that these compounds have fungicidal activity against C. albicans. In addition, these compounds also reduced the viability of C. albicans clinical isolates that were resistant to either fluconazole or caspofungin.
C. albicans biofilms are intrinsically resistant to conventional antifungal drugs, making biofilm-associated infections difficult to combat [7]. In the present study, hydrazine compounds decreased biofilm formation by C. albicans, particularly Hyd.OCH3. These three compounds did not have any cytotoxicity towards human cancer cell lines, even at 5x their MICs. The effect of these compounds on the elimination of C. albicans infection was assessed using the nematode C. elegans. In recent years, this nematode has been widely used as a model for investigating C. albicans pathogenesis [10]. The present study showed that hydrazine compounds protected C. elegans from C. albicans infection, and the compounds Hyd.OCH3 and Hyd.Cl were the most effective against C. albicans infection.
The results of this study are in line with our recent finding that both TRI (for triazine derivatives) and PYR (for pyridinone) reduced the mortality rate of nematodes infected with C. albicans [11]. This suggests that, in addition to the in vitro screening of antifungal compounds, the C. elegans infection model is an important step forward in the identification of active antifungal compounds [11]. Notably, the structure of neither Hyd.OCH3 nor Hyd.Cl has been described in the literature. These two compounds were synthesized for this study and were shown to have antifungal properties against C. albicans.
In conclusion, hydrazine-based compounds showed fungicidal activity with a fast killing rate of C. albicans and were highly effective against clinical isolates of C. albicans resistant to antifungal drugs. In addition, they also decreased biofilm formation and did not exhibit any cytotoxicity against macrophages and intestinal Caco-2 cells. These compounds could protect C. elegans against C. albicans infection. Overall, these data suggest that hydrazine-based compounds may be the lead compounds for the development of novel antifungal drugs.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Materials

For the chemical compounds, all tested molecules were designed, synthesized, and provided by JUNIA-Hautes Etudes d’Ingénieur (HEI), Lille, France. They were fully characterized and indexed at the Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry and Health from JUNIA. They were employed at their MICs, respectively, and diluted in PBS (Fisher Scientific, Illkirch, France) during the various in vitro and in vivo experiments. Commercially available caspofungin (Merck, Semoy, France) and fluconazole (Fresenius, Sèvres, France) were used as positive controls. For cell line cultures, THP-1 (ATCC TIB-202) and Caco-2 cells (ATCC HTB-37) were cultured in an RPMI-1640 medium (Fisher Scientific, Illkirch, France) supplemented with fetal calf serum (10% v/v; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France) and penicillin–streptomycin (1% v/v; Fisher Scientific, Illkirch, France). For fungal and bacterial cultures, C. albicans strains were cultured in Sabouraud dextrose broth (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France) at 37 °C for 24 h. The Escherichia coli strain OP50 was cultured in Luria broth (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France) at 37 °C for 12 h.

4.2. C. albicans Strains

C. albicans SC5314 was the wild-type strain (ATCC MYA-2876) used in this study (Table 2) [12]. C. albicans cells were cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) for 24 h at 37 °C [22]. For the preparation of C. albicans suspensions, C. albicans cells were cultured in Sabouraud dextrose broth (Sigma-Aldrich, France) for 24 h at 37 °C in a rotary shaker. After different washes with PBS, C. albicans yeast cells were then centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 min and resuspended in PBS. For the clinical C. albicans strains, six strains of C. albicans isolated from patients that were resistant to either fluconazole or caspofungin were cultured in SDA for 24–48 h. Their MICs were determined using the standard culture microdilution method from the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute, as described previously by Pfaller et al. [23] (Table 2). For the identification of these clinical isolates, 1.5 μL of matrix solution (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA, USA) was added to each C. albicans clinical isolate colony and mixed with 50% acetonitrile, 47.5% water, and 2.5% trifluoroacetic acid. The identification of these strains was performed using MALDI-TOF MS (Microflex, Bruker Daltonics) [24].

4.3. Fungal Viability Assays

The hydrazine-based compounds were developed, synthesized, and supplied by JUNIA. Multiple small batch aliquots were generated for each compound and kept in frozen storage at −20 °C. For each experiment, fresh aliquots were diluted in PBS and adjusted to the appropriate concentration for the experiment. To determine the MIC of these hydrazine-based compounds, and thus be able to characterize them, Alamar Blue reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France) was employed in the assay [25]. As positive controls, caspofungin and fluconazole were also employed at their MICs. Alamar Blue is metabolized by the yeast, making it possible to determine the fungal cell activity and MIC. Alamar Blue (10 μL) was added to each well containing 5 × 103 yeasts in 90 μL of RPMI medium. As for the antifungals, the hydrazine-based compounds were used at different concentrations (ranging from 5 × 10−3 M to 5 × 10−6 M in the well). The MIC was determined for each molecule as the concentration that resulted in 99% growth inhibition of the yeast. Measurements were performed at T0 and T24 by measuring the absorbance at 600 nm in a FLUOstar OMEGA spectrophotometer. In addition, 5 × 103 C. albicans cells were incubated for 1 h with the antifungal compounds at 2× their MICs, and a 100 µL aliquot of each dilution was plated on SDA and incubated for 48 h to determine the viability.

4.4. C. albicans Biofilm Formation

C. albicans cell suspensions were adjusted to 5 × 103 yeast cells in 200 µL of RPMI medium with 10% fetal calf serum. This suspension was added to individual wells in a polystyrene plate (Greiner Bio-one, Kremsmünster, Austria). The plates were then incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. Different washes with PBS were performed to remove non-adherent yeast cells. Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl compounds at 1× their MICs (9.6 µg/mL, 11.1 µg/mL, and 5.6 µg/mL, respectively) were then added to the plate for 24 h. After 24 h incubation, the wells were washed with PBS and air-dried at 37 °C. Biofilms were stained with 0.4% crystal violet solution (Fluka) for 20 min. After multiple washes with PBS, 200 µL of ethanol was added to each well. The absorbance of the destaining solution that reflects the number of viable C. albicans cells was measured at 550 nm using a spectrophotometer (FLUOstar; BMG Labtech, Champigny sur Marne, France). All data are represented as the average of six replicates of two independent experiments.

4.5. Cytotoxicity Analysis

THP-1 cells (human leukemia monocytic cell line) were maintained in an RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (10% v/v) and penicillin–streptomycin (1% v/v). THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages by adding phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France) at a concentration of 200 ng/mL for 72 h. Caco-2 cells (cell line derived from a human colorectal adenocarcinoma), and macrophages were treated with different concentrations of hydrazine-based compounds (25, 50, and 100 µg/mL) for 24 h at 37 °C at a concentration of 2 × 105 cells/well in a 96-well transparent plate (Greiner Bio-one; 655101). After incubation, 10 µL of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagent was added to each well [26]. The plate was kept at 37 °C in 5% CO2 for 4 h to assess the metabolic activity of the cells and to determine the viability of the Caco-2 cells and THP-1 cells. MTT detergent (100 μL) was added, and the absorbance was read at 570 nm using a spectrophotometer. The percent toxicity with respect to the negative control (cells + PBS) was calculated and plotted against the concentration of the compounds.

4.6. C. elegans Survival Assay

C. albicans strain SC5314 was grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth at 37 °C for 24 h. C. albicans lawns were established by spreading 10 µL of C. albicans culture on brain heart infusion plates containing amikacin (45 µg/mL). These plates were then incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Wild-type N2 C. elegans was grown on a nematode growth medium seeded with E. coli strain OP50 at 20 °C. Worm populations were synchronized and incubated at 20 °C [27]. About 100 nematodes were picked for each experiment. These worms were washed at different times with an M9 buffer containing 90 µg/mL amikacin to remove E. coli and then added to the C. albicans lawns. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 6 h. The worms were then carefully washed multiple times with the M9 buffer to eliminate C. albicans cells from their cuticles. About 70–80 nematodes infected with C. albicans were then added to the wells in a 6-well microtiter dish that contained 2 mL of 80% liquid M9 buffer, 20% BHI, 10 µg/mL cholesterol in ethanol, and 90 µg/mL amikacin. Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl at their MICs (9.6 µg/mL, 11.1 µg/mL, and 5.6 µg/mL, respectively) were then added to each well. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 12 h. Worms were examined daily for survival for 4 days and considered to be dead if they did not move in response to mechanical stimulation with a pick.

4.7. Statistical Analysis

The Mann–Whitney U test was used to determine the differences between the groups, and the data were statistically significant when the p value was p < 0.05; p < 0.01; and p < 0.001. All statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism version 6 (GraphPad, La Jolla, CA, USA).

Author Contributions

L.C., D.L., M.B. and S.J. performed the experiments. L.C., M.B., B.S. and S.J. analyzed the data. L.C., D.L., M.B., B.S. and S.J. interpreted the results of the experiments. S.J. and M.B. drafted the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was partially funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) in the setting of the project “InnateFun”, promotional reference ANR-16-IFEC-0003-05, in the “Infect-ERA” program.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Antibiotics 12 01043 g001 550
Figure 1. Structure of the compounds used in the current study.
Figure 1. Structure of the compounds used in the current study.
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Antibiotics 12 01043 g002 550
Figure 2. Impact of hydrazine compounds on the viability of C. albicans clinical isolates resistant to caspofungin and fluconazole. (A) Caspofungin resistant C. albicans strains. (B) Fluconazole resistant C. albicans strains. C. albicans clinical isolates were treated with hydrazine compounds at 2× their MICs. C. albicans viability was determined using the Alamar Blue reagent after 24 h challenge. CTL: C. albicans clinical strain without antifungal treatment; Caspo: C. albicans cells challenged with caspofungin; Fluco: C. albicans cells challenged with fluconazole.
Figure 2. Impact of hydrazine compounds on the viability of C. albicans clinical isolates resistant to caspofungin and fluconazole. (A) Caspofungin resistant C. albicans strains. (B) Fluconazole resistant C. albicans strains. C. albicans clinical isolates were treated with hydrazine compounds at 2× their MICs. C. albicans viability was determined using the Alamar Blue reagent after 24 h challenge. CTL: C. albicans clinical strain without antifungal treatment; Caspo: C. albicans cells challenged with caspofungin; Fluco: C. albicans cells challenged with fluconazole.
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Antibiotics 12 01043 g003 550
Figure 3. Effect of hydrazine compounds on C. albicans biofilm formation: (A) C. albicans cells formed a dense biofilm after 48 h. Hydrazine compounds at 1× their MICs were added to the C. albicans biofilms for 24 h. CTL: C. albicans alone without any antifungal treatment; (B) C. albicans biofilm challenged with (a) CTL: C. albicans alone without any antifungal treatment, (b) Hyd.H, (c) Hyd.OCH3, and (d) Hyd.Cl. Scale bars represent 10 µm.
Figure 3. Effect of hydrazine compounds on C. albicans biofilm formation: (A) C. albicans cells formed a dense biofilm after 48 h. Hydrazine compounds at 1× their MICs were added to the C. albicans biofilms for 24 h. CTL: C. albicans alone without any antifungal treatment; (B) C. albicans biofilm challenged with (a) CTL: C. albicans alone without any antifungal treatment, (b) Hyd.H, (c) Hyd.OCH3, and (d) Hyd.Cl. Scale bars represent 10 µm.
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Antibiotics 12 01043 g004 550
Figure 4. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the three compounds against human cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. Analysis of the cytotoxicity of these three compounds against macrophages (A) and Caco-2 (B) cells.
Figure 4. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the three compounds against human cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. Analysis of the cytotoxicity of these three compounds against macrophages (A) and Caco-2 (B) cells.
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Antibiotics 12 01043 g005 550
Figure 5. Effects of hydrazine compounds on C. albicans pathogenesis in a C. elegans infection model. Nematodes infected with C. albicans were assessed for survival daily for 4 days, and the percentage of worm survival was evaluated on day 4. Nematodes infected with C. albicans were treated with Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, or Hyd.Cl at their MICs (9.6 µg/mL, 11.1 µg/mL, and 5.6 µg/mL, respectively). A platinum wire pick was used to determine the death of the nematodes if they failed to respond to contact. CTL: nematodes infected with C. albicans without antifungal treatment; Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl: nematodes infected with C. albicans and treated with hydrazine compounds.
Figure 5. Effects of hydrazine compounds on C. albicans pathogenesis in a C. elegans infection model. Nematodes infected with C. albicans were assessed for survival daily for 4 days, and the percentage of worm survival was evaluated on day 4. Nematodes infected with C. albicans were treated with Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, or Hyd.Cl at their MICs (9.6 µg/mL, 11.1 µg/mL, and 5.6 µg/mL, respectively). A platinum wire pick was used to determine the death of the nematodes if they failed to respond to contact. CTL: nematodes infected with C. albicans without antifungal treatment; Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl: nematodes infected with C. albicans and treated with hydrazine compounds.
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Figure 6. Compounds with reported antifungal activity against C. albicans bearing a γ-lactam ring.
Figure 6. Compounds with reported antifungal activity against C. albicans bearing a γ-lactam ring.
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Table
Table 1. Structure and activity of hydrazine-based pyrrolidine-2-one (2a–g) and related compounds (3–6).
Table 1. Structure and activity of hydrazine-based pyrrolidine-2-one (2a–g) and related compounds (3–6).
EntryCompoundLinkerRM (g/mol)MIC (µg/mL)
12a (Hyd.H)-NH-NH-Antibiotics 12 01043 i001191.239.6
22b (Hyd.OCH3)-NH-NH-Antibiotics 12 01043 i002221.2611.1
32c (Hyd.Cl)-NH-NH-Antibiotics 12 01043 i003225.685.6
42d-NH-NH-Antibiotics 12 01043 i004259.23130
52e-NH-NH-Antibiotics 12 01043 i005227.21114
62f-NH-NH-Antibiotics 12 01043 i006192.2296.1
72g-NH-NH-Antibiotics 12 01043 i007241.29121
83-NH-Antibiotics 12 01043 i008210.66105
94-NH-CH2-224.69112
105-NH-NH-CO-253.68127
116-CO-NH-N=CH-265.70133
Table
Table 2. Description of the C. albicans strains used in the current study and their MICs.
Table 2. Description of the C. albicans strains used in the current study and their MICs.
StrainDescriptionCaspofungin
MIC (µg/mL)		Fluconazole
MIC (µg/mL)		Ref.
C. albicans SC5314Wild-type0.030.5[12]
C. albicans 15351c6859Venous catheter, caspofungin-resistant41[13]
C. albicans 15343c3523Blood, caspofungin-resistant20.5[13]
C. albicans 17287c305Blood, caspofungin-resistant80.5[13]
C. albicans 92535989Tracheal secretion, fluconazole-resistant0.0664[13]
C. albicans 14316c1746Bronchoalveolar lavage, fluconazole-resistant0.03128[13]
C. albicans 14294c5335Stools, fluconazole-resistant0.065[13]
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MDPI and ACS Style

Camaioni, L.; Lambert, D.; Sendid, B.; Billamboz, M.; Jawhara, S. Antifungal Properties of Hydrazine-Based Compounds against Candida albicans. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061043

AMA Style

Camaioni L, Lambert D, Sendid B, Billamboz M, Jawhara S. Antifungal Properties of Hydrazine-Based Compounds against Candida albicans. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(6):1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061043

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camaioni, Louis, Dylan Lambert, Boualem Sendid, Muriel Billamboz, and Samir Jawhara. 2023. "Antifungal Properties of Hydrazine-Based Compounds against Candida albicans" Antibiotics 12, no. 6: 1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061043

APA Style

Camaioni, L., Lambert, D., Sendid, B., Billamboz, M., & Jawhara, S. (2023). Antifungal Properties of Hydrazine-Based Compounds against Candida albicans. Antibiotics, 12(6), 1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061043

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