Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Alkylamine-Linked Pleuromutilin Derivatives

Abstract

In an effort to expand the spectrum of the antibacterial activity of pleuromutilin, a series of amine- and polyamine-linked analogues were prepared and evaluated for activities against a panel of microorganisms. Simple C-22-substituted amino esters or diamines 16, 17, 18, and 22, as well as two unusual amine-linked bis-pleuromutilin examples 20 and 23, displayed variable levels of activity towards Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, but with no detectable activities towards Gram-negative bacteria. Fortunately, the incorporation of a longer-chain triamine or polyamine (spermine) at C-22 did afford analogues (30, 31) that exhibited activity towards both S. aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with MIC 6.1–13.4 µM. Spermine–pleuromutilin analogue 31 was also able to enhance the action of doxycycline towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 by eight-fold, highlighting it as a useful scaffold for the development of new antibacterial pleuromutilin analogues that exhibit a broader spectrum of activity.

1. Introduction

There has been a rapid rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), threatening the efficacy of antibiotics and leading to a global health crisis [1,2]. Resistant pathogens are responsible for killing over 1 million people each year, with that number expected to increase to 10 million by 2050 [3,4]. This crisis can be attributed to the extensive overuse and misuse of antibiotics, as well as a decline in new drug development [2]. Thus, new antibacterial therapies, particularly those with unique mechanisms of action and therefore reduced cross-resistance, are urgently needed.

Pleuromutilin (1) (Figure 1) is a diterpenoid natural product antibiotic that was first isolated from Pleurotus mutilis (now Clitopilus scyphoides) in the 1950s [5]. Pleuromutilin consists of a 5-6-8 tricyclic mutilin core and a C-14 glycolate side chain [6]. Derivatives of pleuromutilin are readily accessible by modification of the side chain, a process that has been used to discover new more bioactive variants [7], including lefamulin (2) (Figure 1), valnemulin, retapamulin, and tiamulin [8,9,10].

Pleuromutilin and its derivatives exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and mycoplasma bacteria through the inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC) in the 50S bacterial ribosomal subunit [11,12]. The tricyclic core binds within a hydrophobic pocket near the A-Site, while the C-14 side chain extends towards the P-site, sterically hindering peptide bond formation [6]. Due to this unusual mechanism of action and unique binding site, pleuromutilins lack shared resistance mechanisms with other classes of antibiotics, which, when combined with a very low spontaneous mutation frequency, makes them an attractive class of antibiotic for further improvements to combat AMR. [6,13] While the same PTC target is present in Gram-negative bacteria, pleuromutilins suffer from a lack of cell entry or accumulation, making them ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. A further limiting factor is that they are substrates for a variety of bacterial efflux pumps, and so pleuromutilins can be classified as Gram-positive only antibiotics [6]. Two recent publications suggest that increasing the presence of primary amines and positive charges within small-molecule antibiotics can lead to an increased uptake and accumulation of Gram-negative bacteria, potentially turning lipophilic antibiotics that are Gram-positive only into more broad-spectrum variants [14,15].

There is extensive research concerning the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of pleuromutilins, with the overall conclusion being that C-14 extensions containing thioethers and tertiary amine moieties can often display improved antibacterial activity [7,16]. Semisynthetic analogues that contain C-22 thioether linkages but also incorporate a diaminoalkane substitution at C-19 do show enhanced activity towards the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, suggesting that a judicious placement of an amino functionality on the pleuromutilin scaffold can lead to a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity [7]. At odds with the requirement of C-22 thioether functionality for optimal activity are a number of reports describing C-22 piperazine-linked analogues that exhibit strong in vitro growth inhibition of the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), as well as in vivo efficacy towards MRSA infection [17,18]. As noted by several groups, the inclusion of a piperazine linker in pleuromutilin also provides the opportunity to append other bioactive functionalities, including cinnamates, [19], amino acids [20], and even oxazolidinone antibiotics [21].

We have recently reported that α,ω-disubstituted polyamines bearing two pleuromutilin end groups exhibit anti-Staphylococcus activities, with one example containing a 3-10-3 polyamine core and also exhibiting activity towards E. coli [22]. Encouraged by this result and the promising results of piperazine-linked pleuromutilins, we have synthesized a series of semisynthetic derivatives of pleuromutilin that explore several fundamental aspects of variation at C-22, including (1) the direct comparison of biological activities between analogues with thioether and amine moieties, including those with functionality to allow for the preparation of chain-extended variants, (2) the effect of incorporating both primary and secondary amines into the C-22 extension, and (3) the effect of adding lipophilic head groups to the C-22 extension of polyamine–pleuromutilin conjugates. All derivatives were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against a set of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and for cytotoxicity and human red blood cell hemolytic properties.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemistry Synthesis General Methods

Mass spectra were recorded using a MicrOTOF-QII mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) coupled with a KD Scientific syringe pump. Infrared spectra were obtained as dry solids or dry films and recorded on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer equipped with a universal ATR accessory. Melting points were obtained on an electrothermal melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker Avance 400 MHz spectrometer operating at 400.13 MHz for ¹H nuclei and 100.62 MHz for ¹³C nuclei. Proto-deutero solvent signals were used as internal references (DMSO-d₆: δ_H 2.50, δ_C 39.52; CDCl₃: δ_H 7.26, δ_C 77.16; CD₃OD: δ_H 3.31, δ_C 49.00). Assignments are based on 1- and 2-dimensional NMR experiments and analogue comparisons. Standard Bruker pulse sequences were utilized. Flash column chromatography was carried out with Davisil silica gel (40–63 µm) (Merck), diol-bonded silica gel (40–63 µm) (Merck), or LiChroPrep RP-8 (40–63 µm) (Merck). Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on 0.2 mm thick plates of DC-plastikfolien Kieselgel 60 F₂₅₄ (Merck) or DC-Kieselgel 60 RP-18 F₂₅₄S (Merck) plates. Optical rotations were recorded on an Autopol IV polarimeter (Rudolph Research Analytical) using a 1 dm cell. Pleuromutilin was purchased from AK Scientific (Union City, CA, USA) and used as supplied. The protected polyamines tert-butyl (3-aminopropyl)(7-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)heptyl)carbamate (25), tert-butyl (3-aminopropyl)(10-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)decyl)carbamate (26) [23], and tert-butyl (4-((3-aminopropyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)butyl)(3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)carbamate (27) [24] and the pleuromutilin analogue tiamulin (10) [22] were synthesized using previously published protocols.

2.2. Synthesis of Compounds

General procedure A—nucleophilic substitution

KI (1.1–2 eq.) was added to a solution of 22-OTs pleuromutilin (3) in anhydrous MeCN, and the mixture was stirred under reflux and N₂ atmosphere for 30 min. Then, the appropriate thiol or amine nucleophile (0.5–1.5 eq.) and DIPEA (6–9 eq.) were added and the reaction was stirred for a further 2–4 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was extracted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and H₂O, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure.

General procedure B—Boc deprotection

A solution of tert-butyl-carbamate intermediate in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and TFA (0.2 mL) was stirred at rt under N₂ atmosphere for 2 h then concentrated under reduced pressure.

General procedure C—peptide coupling

Variant 1: A solution of EDC.HCl (1.3 eq.), DMAP (1.5 eq.), and carboxylic acid (1.0 eq.) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at 0 °C under N₂ atmosphere for 30 min, after which amine (1.2 eq.) was added and the mixture was stirred for a further 18 h at rt. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ before being washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and H₂O. The organic layer was dried over MgSO_4, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure.

Variant 2: HBTU (1.2 eq.) was added to a stirred solution of amine (1.1 eq.), carboxylic acid (1.0 eq.), HOBt (3.6 eq.), and DIPEA (6–9 eq.) in anhydrous DMF and the reaction mixture was stirred under N₂ atmosphere at rt for 2 h before the solvent was removed under vacuum.

2.2.1. Pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3)

A solution of pleuromutilin (0.50 g, 1.3 mmol), p-toluenesulfonylchloride (0.30 g, 1.6 mmol), and DMAP (0.48 g, 3.9 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at 0 °C for 4 h under N₂ atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl and extracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were then washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃, dried with MgSO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by diol-bonded silica gel flash column chromatography (20–80% EtOAc/petroleum ether) to afford 3 as a white foam (0.39 g, 57%). ¹H and ¹³C NMR data agreed with those reported in the literature [25].

2.2.2. Methyl 3-((2-(((3aR,4R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)thio) propanoate (8)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (73 mg, 0.14 mmol) was preincubated with KI (46 mg, 0.28 mmol) followed by reaction with methyl thioglycolate (4) (0.013 mL, 0.15 mmol) and DIPEA (0.15 mL, 0.84 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN to give the crude product as a colourless oil. Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (10%–50% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 8 as a colourless oil (22 mg, 34%). R_f = 0.62 (1:1, EtOAc:hexane); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{24.2}=+$38.1 (c = 0.106, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 3552, 2928, 1727, 1456, 1276, 1114 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 6.47 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.75 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-14), 5.34 (1H, dd, J = 11.0, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.20 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20b), 3.73 (3H, s, OMe), 3.38–3.35 (1H, m, H-11), 3.35 (2H, s, H₂-23), 3.30 (2H, s, H₂-22), 2.37–2.30 (1H, m, H-10), 2.27–2.14 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.11–2.05 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 2.09 (1H, br s, H-4), 1.79–1.74 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.68–1.60 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.56–1.52 (1H, m, H₂-7a), 1.48–1.46 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.45 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.39–1.31 (2H, m, H₂-7b, H₂-13b), 1.17 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.13–1.08 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 0.88 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.73 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, H₃-16), OH signal not observed; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.1 (C-3), 170.3 (C-24), 168.4 (C-21), 139.2 (C-19), 117.3 (C-20), 74.7 (C-11), 69.7 (C-14), 58.3 (C-4), 52.6 (OMe), 45.6 (C-9), 44.9 (C-13), 44.1 (C-12), 41.9 (C-5), 36.8 (C-6), 36.1 (C-10), 34.6 (C-2), 34.3 (C-22), 33.3 (C-23), 30.5 (C-8), 27.0 (C-7), 26.5 (C-18), 24.9 (C-1), 16.9 (C-16), 15.0 (C-15), 11.6 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 489.2296 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₂₅H₃₈O₆SNa, 489.2281).

2.2.3. Methyl 3-((2-(((3aR,4R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)thio) propanoate (9)

Following general procedure A, 22-OTs pleuromutilin (3) (54 mg, 0.10 mmol) was preincubated with KI (34 mg, 0.20 mmol) followed by reaction with methyl-3-mercaptopropionate (5) (0.012 mL, 0.11 mmol) and DIPEA (0.11 mL, 0.61 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN to give the crude product as a colourless oil. Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (10–50% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 9 as a colourless oil (29 mg, 60%). R_f = 0.67 (1:1, EtOAc:hexane); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{24.0}=+$39.0 (c = 0.146, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 3457, 2928, 1725, 1456, 1278, 1150, 1115 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 6.46 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.75 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.34 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.20 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20b), 3.68 (3H, s, OMe), 3.16 (2H, s, H₂-22), 3.37–3.34 (1H, m, H-11), 2.87 (2H, t, J = 7.3 Hz, H₂-23), 2.62 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz, H₂-24), 2.38–2.31 (1H, m, H-10), 2.25–2.16 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.11–2.05 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 2.10 (1H, br s, H-4), 1.80–1.74 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.69–1.63 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.60–1.53 (1H, m, H₂-7a), 1.48–1.45 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.45 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.38–1.31 (2H, m, H₂-7b, H₂-13b), 1.17 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.15–1.09 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 0.88 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.73 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, H₃-16), OH signal not observed; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.1 (C-3), 172.1 (C-25), 168.8 (C-21), 139.1 (C-19), 117.3 (C-20), 74.8 (C-11), 69.5 (C-14), 58.3 (C-4), 51.9 (OMe), 45.6 (C-9), 44.9 (C-13), 44.0 (C-12), 41.9 (C-5), 36.9 (C-6), 36.1 (C-10), 34.6 (C-2), 34.5 (C-24), 34.2 (C-22), 30.6 (C-8), 27.6 (C-23), 27.0 (C-7), 26.5 (C-18), 25.0 (C-1), 16.9 (C-16), 15.0 (C-15), 11.6 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 503.2428 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₂₆H₄₀O₆SNa, 503.2438).

2.2.4. (3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl 2-((2-aminoethyl)thio)acetate (11)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (130 mg, 0.24 mmol) was preincubated with KI (46 mg, 0.27 mmol) followed by reaction with 2-aminoethane thiol (7) hydrochloride (31 mg, 0.27 mmol) and DIPEA (0.25 mL, 1.5 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN to give the crude product as a yellow oil. Purification was achieved by diol-bonded silica gel flash column chromatography (75–100% EtOAc/hexane followed by 100% MeOH) to afford 11 as a colourless oil (52 mg, 50%). R_f = 0.31 (1:9, MeOH:CH₂Cl₂); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{23.2}=+$93.1 (c = 0.153, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 3363, 2932, 2865, 1717, 1604, 1455, 1279, 1116 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 6.48 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.75 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-14), 5.35 (1H, dd, J = 11.0, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.21 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20b), 3.36 (1H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, H-11), 3.14 (2H, s, H₂-22), 2.89 (2H, t, J = 6.2 Hz, H₂-24), 2.70 (2H, t, J = 6.2 Hz, H₂-23), 2.38–2.31 (1H, m, H-10), 2.28–2.16 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.10 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.12–2.06 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 1.79–1.74 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.69–1.61 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.58–1.53 (1H, m, H₂-7a), 1.51–1.46 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.45 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.42–1.35 (2H, m, H₂-7b, H₂-13b), 1.17 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.16–1.09 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 0.88 (3H, d, J = 7.1 Hz, H₃-17), 0.74 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16), NH₂ and OH signals not observed; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.1 (C-3), 169.0 (C-21), 139.2 (C-19), 117.1 (C-20), 74.6 (C-11), 69.4 (C-14), 58.3 (C-4), 45.5 (C-9), 44.9 (C-13), 44.0 (C-12), 41.8 (C-5), 40.4 (C-24), 36.8 (C-6), 36.4 (C-23), 36.0 (C-10), 34.5 (C-2), 34.0 (C-22) 30.4 (C-8), 26.8 (C-7), 26.5 (C-18), 24.8 (C-1), 16.8 (C-16), 14.9 (C-15), 11.5 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 460.2493 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₂₄H₃₉NO₄SNa, 460.2492).

2.2.5. (3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyl decahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)glycinate (16)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (70 mg, 0.13 mmol) was preincubated with KI (24 mg, 0.14 mmol) followed by reaction with methyl glycinate (12) hydrochloride (25 mg, 0.20 mmol) and DIPEA (0.21 mL, 1.2 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN to give the crude product as a pale yellow oil. Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography 20%–60% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 16 as a colourless oil (12 mg, 20%). R_f = 0.36 (1:1, EtOAc:hexane); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{24.6}=+$4.8 (c = 0.172, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 3457, 2926, 1729, 1455, 1374, 1195 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 6.49 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.78 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-14), 5.33 (1H, dd, J = 11.0, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20b), 3.71 (3H, s, OMe), 3.43 (2H, q, J = 17.2 Hz, H₂-24), 3.35 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.08, J_AB = 17.5 Hz, H₂-22), 3.34 (1H, br s, H-11), 2.37–2.30 (1H, m, H-10), 2.24–2.17 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.09 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.09–2.03 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 1.79–1.73 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.68–1.60 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.59–1.44 (2H, m, H₂-1b, H₂-7a), 1.42 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.41–1.33 (1H, m, H₂-7b), 1.31–1.27 (1H, m, H₂-13b), 1.15 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.12–1.08 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 0.87 (3H, d, J = 7.2 Hz, H₃-17), 0.70 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, H₃-16), NH and OH signals not observed; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.1 (C-3), 172.2 (C-25), 170.7 (C-21), 139.1 (C-19), 117.3 (C-20), 74.7 (C-11), 68.8 (C-14), 58.3 (C-4), 52.0 (OMe), 51.0 (C-22), 50.1 (C-24), 45.6 (C-9), 45.0 (C-13), 44.1 (C-12), 41.9 (C-5), 36.8 (C-6), 36.1 (C-10), 34.5 (C-2), 30.5 (C-8), 26.9 (C-7), 26.4 (C-18), 24.9 (C-1), 16.8 (C-16), 14.9 (C-15), 11.6 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 472.2671 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₂₅H₃₉NO₆Na, 472.2670).

2.2.6. Methyl 3-((2-(((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)amino) propanoate (17)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (20 mg, 0.040 mmol) was preincubated with KI (8 mg, 0.044 mmol) followed by reaction with methyl-3-aminopropanoate (13) hydrochloride (8 mg, 0.060 mmol) and DIPEA (0.063 mL, 0.36 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN to give the crude products as pale orange oils. Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (20%–60% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 17 as a colourless oil (6.5 mg, 16%). R_f = 0.33 (1:1, EtOAc:hexane); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{24.4}=+$32.0 (c = 0.194, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 3546, 2930, 2865, 1727, 1455 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 6.50 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.78 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-14), 5.34 (1H, dd, J = 11.0, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.6 Hz, H₂-20b), 3.67 (3H, s, OMe), 3.35 (1H, d, J = 6.5 Hz, H-11), 3.30 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.08, J_AB = 17.5 Hz, H₂-22), 2.94–2.78 (2H, m, H₂-23), 2.49 (2H, t, J = 6.6 Hz, H₂-25), 2.38–2.31 (1H, m, H-10), 2.26–2.13 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.10 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.09–2.03 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 1.79–1.73 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.68–1.59 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.56–1.52 (1H, m, H₂-7a), 1.50–1.45 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.43 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.38–1.27 (1H, m, H₂-7b, H₂-13b), 1.15 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.13–1.08 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 0.87 (3H, d, J = 7.2 Hz, H₃-17), 0.71 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, H₃-16), NH and OH signals not observed; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.2 (C-3), 173.0 (C-26), 171.2 (C-21), 139.2 (C-19), 117.3 (C-20), 74.7 (C-11), 68.8 (C-14), 58.3 (C-4), 51.8 (OMe), 51.7 (C-22), 45.6 (C-9), 45.1 (C-13), 44.9 (C-23), 44.1 (C-12), 41.9 (C-5), 36.8 (C-6), 36.2 (C-10), 34.7 (C-25), 34.6 (C-2), 30.6 (C-8), 27.0 (C-7), 26.4 (C-18), 25.0 (C-1), 16.8 (C-16), 15.0 (C-15), 11.6 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 464.2995 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₆H₄₂NO₆, 464.3007).

2.2.7. (3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyl decahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl (2-(diethylamino)ethyl)glycinate (18)

Following general procedure A pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (140 mg, 0.26 mmol) was preincubated with KI (48 mg, 0.29 mmol) followed by reaction with N,N-diethylethylenediamine (14) (0.055 mL, 0.39 mmol) and DIPEA (0.37 mL, 2.1 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN to give the crude product as an orange oil. Purification was achieved by diol-bonded silica gel column chromatography (75–100% EtOAc/hexane followed by 100% MeOH) followed by silica gel flash column chromatography (5–10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to afford 18 as a colourless oil (68 mg, 54%). R_f = 0.49 (1:9, MeOH:CH₂Cl₂); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{23.8}=+$60.3 (c = 0.152, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 3543, 2932, 1728, 1456, 1384, 1279 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 6.52 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.79 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-14), 5.33 (1H, dd, J = 11.0, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20b), 3.35 (1H, d, J = 6.4 Hz, H-11), 3.31 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.07, J_AB = 17.5 Hz, H₂-22), 2.71–2.57 (2H, m, H₂-24), 2.57–2.51 (4H, m, H₄-26), 2.54 (4H, q, J = 7.2 Hz, H₂-25) 2.39–2.32 (1H, m, H-10), 2.25–2.16 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.10 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.10–2.04 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 1.79–1.75 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.69–1.60 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.57–1.54 (1H, m, H₂-7a), 1.48–1.43 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.45 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.38–1.27 (2H, m, H₂-7b, H₂-13b), 1.16 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.13–1.09 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.01 (3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz, H₆-27), 0.87 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.72 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, H₃-16), NH and OH signal not observed; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.2 (C-3), 171.4 (C-21), 139.2 (C-19), 117.3 (C-20), 74.7 (C-11), 68.5 (C-14), 58.3 (C-4), 52.6 (C-26), 51.9 (C-22), 47.1 (C-24, C-25), 45.6 (C-9), 45.1 (C-13), 44.1 (C-12), 41.9 (C-5), 36.9 (C-6), 36.1 (C-10), 34.6 (C-2), 30.6 (C-8), 27.0 (C-7), 26.4 (C-18), 25.0 (C-1), 16.8 (C-16), 15.0 (C-15), 11.7 (C-17), 11.6 (C-27); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 477.3672 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₈H₄₉N₂O₄, 477.3687).

2.2.8. (3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyl decahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl (2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino) ethyl)glycinate (19)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (70 mg, 0.13 mmol) was preincubated with KI (24 mg, 0.14 mmol) followed by reaction with tert-butyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)carbamate (15) (0.031 mL, 0.20 mmol) and DIPEA (0.18 mL, 1.1 mmol) to give the crude products as an orange oil. Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (10%–50% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 19 as a colourless oil (19 mg, 28%). R_f = 0.20 (1:1, EtOAc:hexane); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20.3}$ = +132.6 (c = 0.121, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 3364, 2933, 1728, 1696, 1513, 1455, 1196, 1154, 1116, 1017, 912, 729, 646 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 6.51 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.78 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-14), 5.35 (1H, dd, J = 11.0, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.20 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20b), 3.36 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz, H-11), 3.30 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.08, J_AB = 17.6 Hz, H₂-22), 3.19 (2H, q, J = 5.5 Hz, H₂-25), 2.79–2.64 (2H, m, H₂-24), 2.39–2.32 (1H, m, H-10), 2.26–2.19 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.11–2.05 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 2.09 (1H, br s, H-4), 1.80–1.75 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.70–1.64 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.56–1.47 (1H, m, H₂-7a), 1.44 (4H, s, H₂-1b, H₃-15), 1.39–1.36 (9H, m, H₃-29), 1.31–1.25 (2H, m, H₂-7b, H₂-13b), 1.17 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.14–1.10 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 0.88 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.71 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16), NH and OH signals not observed; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.2 (C-3), 171.4 (C-21), 156.2 (C-27), 139.2 (C-19), 117.4 (C-20a), 77.4 (C-28), 74.8 (C-11), 68.9 (C-14), 58.3 (C-4), 51.3 (C-22), 49.0 (C-24), 45.6 (C-9), 45.1 (C-13a), 44.1 (C-12), 41.9 (C-5), 40.2 (C-25), 36.8 (C-6), 36.2 (C-10), 34.6 (C-2), 30.6 (C-8a), 28.6 (C-29), 27.0 (C-7a), 26.4 (C-18), 25.0 (C-1), 16.9 (C-16), 15.0 (C-15), 11.7 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 543.3408 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₂₉H₄₈N₂NaO₆, 543.3405).

2.2.9. Bis((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyl decahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl) 2,2′-((3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl) azanediyl)diacetate (20)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (70 mg, 0.13 mmol) was preincubated with KI (24 mg, 0.14 mmol) followed by reaction with methyl-3-aminopropanoate (13) hydrochloride (8.0 mg, 0.059 mmol) and DIPEA (0.16 mL, 0.92 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN to give the crude product as a dark orange oil. Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography eluting with 10%–50% EtOAc/hexane, affording 20 as a colourless oil (10 mg, 19%). R_f = 0.49 (100% EtOAc); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{23.6}=+$24.6 (c = 0.122, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 2926, 1734, 1195 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 6.48 (2H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.76 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.34 (2H, dd, J = 11.0, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.19 (2H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20b), 3.65 (3H, s, OMe), 3.35 (2H, dd, J = 10.0, 6.6 Hz, H-11), 3.45 (4H, s, H₂-22), 3.02 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz, H₂-24), 2.47 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz, H₂-25), 2.38–2.31 (2H, m, H-10), 2.27–2.19 (4H, m, H₂-2), 2.08 (2H, br s, H-4), 2.08–2.03 (2H, m, H₂-13a), 1.79–1.75 (2H, m, H₂-8a), 1.69–1.61 (4H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.54–1.51 (2H, m, H₂-7a), 1.48 (2H, br s, H₂-1b), 1.42 (6H, s, H₃-15), 1.38–1.30 (4H, m, H₂-7b, H₂-13b), 1.16 (6H, s, H₃-18), 1.13–1.08 (2H, m, H₂-8b), 0.88 (6H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.69 (6H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, H₃-16), OH signal not observed; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.2 (C-3), 172.6 (C-26), 170.2 (C-21), 139.3 (C-19), 117.3 (C-20), 74.8 (C-11), 68.5 (C-14), 58.4 (C-4), 51.8 (OMe), 55.9 (C-22), 50.5 (C-24), 45.6 (C-9), 45.3 (C-13), 44.1 (C-12), 41.9 (C-5), 36.9 (C-6), 36.2 (C-10), 34.6 (C-2), 33.8 (C-25), 30.6 (C-8), 27.0 (C-7), 26.6 (C-18), 25.0 (C-1), 16.8 (C-16), 15.1 (C-15), 11.6 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 824.5205 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₄₈H₇₃NO₁₀, 824.5234).

2.2.10. (3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl (2-(l4-azaneyl)ethyl)glycinate, 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (22)

Following general procedure B, Boc-protected analogue 19 was stirred in a solution of CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and TFA (0.2 mL) to give the crude product as a colourless oil. Purification was achieved by C₈ reversed-phase flash column chromatography eluting with 0–100% MeOH/H₂O (0.05% TFA) to give the mono-TFA salt of 22 as a colourless oil (9 mg, 84%). R_f = 0.54 (RP-18, 7:3, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{23.9}=+$5.1 (c = 0.178, MeOH); IR (ATR) ν_max 3404, 2927, 1731, 1677, 1426, 1202, 1134, 1025 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 6.34–6.27 (1H, m, H-19), 5.85 (1H, d, J = 8.3 Hz, H-14), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 6.3, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.15 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 4.02 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.11, J_AB = 17.0 Hz, H₂-22), 3.51 (1H, d, J = 6.1 Hz, H-11), 3.42–3.33 (4H, m, H₂-24, H₂-25), 2.40 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.32–2.11 (4H, m, H₂-2, H-10, H₂-13a), 1.84–1.80 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.72–1.64 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.60–1.49 (1H, m, H₂-7a), 1.49–1.44 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.44–1.36 (2H, m, H₂-7b, H₂-13b), 1.20–1.12 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.16 (3H, s, H₃-18), 0.94 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.32 (1H, br s, NH-23), 7.91 (3H, br s, NH₃-26), 4.60 (1H, br s, OH-27); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.3 (C-3), 167.6 (C-21), 141.1 (C-19), 116.8 (C-20), 75.3 (C-11), 73.0 (C-14), 59.1 (C-4), 49.6 (C-22), 45.6 (C-24), 46.8 (C-9), 45.7 (C-13), 45.4 (C-5), 43.2 (C-12), 38.0 (C-6), 37.8 (C-10), 37.2 (C-25), 35.3 (C-2), 31.5 (C-8), 28.2 (C-18), 28.0 (C-7), 25.8 (C-1), 17.1 (C-16), 15.2 (C-15), 11.8 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 421.3051 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₄H₄₁N₂O₄, 421.3061).

2.2.11. Bis(2-(((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyl decahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)amino)ethan-1-aminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate salt (23)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (130 mg, 0.24 mmol) was preincubated with KI (45 mg, 0.26 mmol) followed by reaction with tert-butyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)carbamate (15) (0.019 mL, 0.12 mmol) and DIPEA (0.38 mL, 2.2 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN to give the crude product as a dark red oil. Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (10%–100% EtOAc/hexane) to give 21 as a pale-yellow oil (22 mg, 20%). Following general procedure B, 21 (10 mg, 0.02 mmol) was stirred in a solution of CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and TFA (0.2 mL) to give the TFA salt of 23 as an orange foam (20 mg, 91%). R_f = 0.63 (RP-18, 7:3, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{24.3}=+$6.5 (c = 0.101, MeOH); IR (ATR) ν_max 3348, 2932, 1729, 1673, 1546, 1453, 1423, 1203 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 6.35 (2H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.3 Hz, H-19), 5.79 (2H, d, J = 8.3 Hz, H-14), 5.21–5.20 (2H, m, H₂-20a), 5.17 (2H, dd, J = 9.5, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20b), 3.50 (2H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, H-11), 3.46 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.06, J_AB = 18.2 Hz, H₂-22), 3.02–2.92 (4H, m, H₂-24, H₂-25), 2.37 (2H, br s, H-4), 2.35–2.24 (2H, m, H-10), 2.19–2.10 (6H, m, H₂-2, H₂-13a), 1.84–1.80 (2H, m, H₂-8a), 1.74–1.62 (4H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.60–1.52 (2H, m, H₂-7a), 1.49–1.46 (2H, m, H₂-1b), 1.42 (6H, s, H₃-15), 1.40–1.28 (4H, m, H₂-7b, H₂-13b), 1.20–1.13 (2H, m, H₂-8b), 1.16 (6H, s, H₃-18), 0.93 (6H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.71 (6H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signal observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 7.60 (3H, br s, NH₃-26); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.5 (C-3), 172.5 (C-21), 141.4 (C-19), 116.6 (C-20), 75.4 (C-11), 71.2 (C-14), 59.2 (C-4), 57.8 (C-22), 53.5 (C-24), 46.8 (C-9), 46.1 (C-13), 45.4 (C-5), 43.1 (C-12), 38.9 (C-25), 38.0 (C-6), 37.8 (C-10), 35.3 (C-2), 31.5 (C-8), 28.3 (C-18), 28.1 (C-7), 25.8 (C-1), 17.1 (C-16), 15.3 (C-15), 11.8 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 781.5362 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₄₆H₇₃N₂O₈, 781.5361).

2.2.12. N¹-(2-(((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)hexane-1,6-diaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (28)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (200 mg, 0.38 mmol) was preincubated with KI (68 mg, 0.41 mmol) followed by reaction with tert-butyl (6-aminohexyl)carbamate (24) (0.12 mL, 0.56 mmol) and DIPEA (0.52 mL, 3.0 mmol). Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (20–70% EtOAc/hexane) to afford a Boc-protected intermediate as a pale-yellow foam (106 mg, 59%). Following general procedure B, a sub-sample of this intermediate (100 mg, 0.17 mmol) was reacted with TFA (0.2 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) to afford the di-TFA salt of 28 as an orange foam (120 mg, 95%). R_f = 0.82 (RP-18, 9:1, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{24.1}$ = +5.1 (c = 0.175, MeOH); IR (ATR) ν_max 2936, 1733, 1669, 1424, 1236, 1198, 1176, 1128 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 6.33 (1H, dd, J = 18.0, 10.6 Hz, H-19), 5.85 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.19 (2H, dd, J = 5.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.15 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 3.91 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.12, J_AB = 17.2 Hz, H₂-22), 3.51 (1H, br s, H₁-11), 3.05–3.01 (2H, m, H₂-24), 2.92 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H₂-29), 2.40 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.32–2.11 (4H, m, H₂-2, H-10, H₂-13a), 1.84–1.80 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.74–1.60 (7H, m, H₂-1a, H-6, H₂-7a, H₂-27, H₂-28), 1.54–1.49 (4H, m, H₂-25, H₂-26), 1.44–1.40 (3H, m, H₂-1b, H₂-7b, H₂-13b), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.20–1.12 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.16 (3H, s, H₃-18), 0.94 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.74 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 8.99 (2H, br s, NH₂-23), 7.64 (3H, br s, NH₃-30); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.3 (C-3), 166.8 (C-21), 141.1 (C-19), 116.7 (C-20), 75.3 (C-11), 73.0 (C-14), 59.0 (C-4), 48.9 (C-22^a), 48.5 (C-23^a), 46.7 (C-9), 45.7 (C-13), 45.3 (C-5), 43.1 (C-12), 40.5 (C-28), 37.9 (C-10), 37.7 (C-6), 35.2 (C-2), 31.4 (C-8), 28.2 (C-25^b), 28.1 (C-26^b), 28.0 (C-18), 27.0 (C-24^c), 26.9 (C-27^c), 26.7 (C-7), 25.8 (C-1), 17.0 (C-16), 15.2 (C-15), 11.8 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 477.3684 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₈H₄₉N₂O₄, 477.3687).^a,b,c Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.2.13. N¹-(3-((2-(((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl) ammonio)propyl)heptane-1,7-diaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (29)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (100 mg, 0.19 mmol) was preincubated with KI (34 mg, 0.21 mmol) and then reacted with tert-butyl (3-aminopropyl)(7-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)heptyl)carbamate (25) (110 mg, 0.29 mmol) and DIPEA (0.26 mL, 1.5 mmol). Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (20–50% EtOAc/hexane) to afford a Boc-protected intermediate as an orange oil (67 mg, 47%). Following general procedure B, all of this intermediate (67 mg, 0.12 mmol) was reacted with TFA (0.2 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL). Purification was achieved by C₈ reversed-phase flash column chromatography 0%–100% MeOH/H₂O (0.05% TFA) to afford the tri-TFA salt of 29 as an orange foam (90 mg, 92%). R_f = 0.74 (RP-18, 7:3, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{24.3}$ = +52.3 (c = 0.122, MeOH); IR (ATR) ν_max 3442, 2994, 2942, 2865, 1733, 1672, 1463, 1428, 1234, 1200, 1132, 837, 799, 722 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 6.31 (1H, dd, J = 18.1, 10.7 Hz, H-19), 5.84 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 6.1, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.15 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 3.94 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.14, J_AB = 17.1 Hz, H₂-22), 3.51 (1H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, H-11), 3.19–3.09 (4H, m, H₂-24, H₂-26), 3.01 (2H, t, J = 7.9 Hz, H₂-28), 2.91 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H₂-34), 2.39 (1H, s, H-4), 2.32–2.27 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.24–2.20 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 2.20–2.11 (3H, m, H-10, H₂-25), 1.84–1.80 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.74–1.64 (7H, m, H-1a, H-6, H₂-7b, H₂-29, H₂-33), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.43–1.37 (9H, m, H-1b, H-7a, H-13b, H₂-30, H₂-31, H₂-32), 1.20–1.12 (1H, m, H-8b), 1.16 (3H, s, H₃-18), 0.94 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.33 (2H, br s, NH₂-23), 8.67 (2H, br s, NH₂-27), 7.74 (3H, br s, NH₃-35); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.3 (C-3), 166.6 (C-21), 141.0 (C-19), 116.8 (C-20), 75.3 (C-11), 73.1 (C-14), 59.0 (C-4), 49.2 (C-22, C-28), 46.7 (C-9), 45.7 (C-24^a), 45.6 (C-26^a), 45.4 (C-13), 43.1 (C-5), 40.7 (C-12), 40.6 (C-34), 37.9 (C-10), 37.7 (C-6), 35.2 (C-2), 31.4 (C-8), 29.5 (C-30^b), 28.3 (C-32^b), 28.1 (C-18), 28.0 (C-7), 27.2 (C-29^c), 27.1 (C-33^c), 27.0 (C-32^b), 25.8 (C-1), 23.9 (C-25), 17.0 (C-16), 15.1 (C-15), 11.8 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 548.4423 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₃₂H₅₈N₃O₄, 548.4422). ^a,b,c Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.2.14. (3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl (3-((7-aminoheptyl)amino)propyl)glycinate (30)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (380 mg, 0.71 mmol) was preincubated with KI (130 mg, 0.78 mmol) and then reacted with tert-butyl (3-aminopropyl)(10-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)decyl)carbamate (26) (460 mg, 1.07 mmol) and DIPEA (1.1 mL, 6.4 mmol). Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (50–80% EtOAc/hexane) to afford a Boc-protected intermediate as a yellow oil (300 mg, 54%). Following general procedure B, a sub-sample of this intermediate (130 mg, 0.16 mmol) was reacted with TFA (0.2 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) to afford the tri-TFA salt of 30 as an orange crystalline solid (155 mg, 90%). R_f = 0.77 (RP-18, 9:1, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{18.2}$ = +173.3 (c = 0.100, MeOH); m.p 157–160 °C; IR (ATR) ν_max 3389, 2931, 2861, 1751, 1724, 1673, 1470, 1196, 1171, 1127 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 6.32 (1H, dd, J = 17.1, 11.6 Hz, H-19), 5.85 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.19 (1H, d, J = 5.1 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.15 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 3.95 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.14, J_AB = 17.0 Hz, H₂-22), 3.51 (1H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, H-11), 3.16–3.15 (2H, m, H₂-26), 3.11 (2H, t, J = 7.7 Hz, H₂-24), 3.00 (2H, t, J = 7.7 Hz, H₂-28), 2.91 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H₂-37), 2.40 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.32–2.30 (1H, m, H-10), 2.27–2.20 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.20–2.11 (3H, m, H₂-13a, H₂-25), 1.84–1.80 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.71–1.63 (7H, m, H₂-1a, H-6, H₂-7b, H₂-30, H₂-36), 1.56–1.53 (2H, m, H₂-1b, H₂-13b), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.41–1.36 (13H, m, H₂-7a, H₂-29, H₂-31, H₂-32, H₂-33, H₂-34, H₂-35), 1.20–1.12 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.16 (3H, s, H₃-18), 0.94 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.38 (2H, br s, NH₂-23), 8.72 (2H, br s, NH₂-27), 7.78 (3H, br s, NH₃-38); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.3 (C-3), 166.6 (C-21), 141.0 (C-19), 116.8 (C-20), 75.3 (C-11), 73.1 (C-14), 59.1 (C-4), 49.0 (C-22, C-28), 46.7 (C-9), 45.7 (C-13), 45.6 (C-24, C-26), 45.4 (C-12), 43.2 (C-5), 40.7 (C-37), 37.9 (C-10), 37.8 (C-6), 35.2 (C-2), 31.4 (C-8), 30.30 (C-29^a), 30.28 (C-31^a), 30.12 (C-32^a), 30.10 (C-33^a), 28.5 (C-30^a), 28.1 (C-18), 28.0 (C-36^a), 27.5 (C-34^a), 27.4 (C-35^a), 27.2 (C-7), 25.8 (C-1), 23.9 (C-25), 17.0 (C-16), 15.1 (C-15), 11.8 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 590.4889 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₃₅H₆₄N₃O₄, 590.4891). ^a Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.2.15. (3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl (3-((4-((3-aminopropyl)amino)butyl)amino)propyl)glycinate (31)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (219 mg, 0.41 mmol) was preincubated with KI (75 mg, 0.45 mmol) and then reacted with tert-butyl (4-((3-aminopropyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)butyl)(3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propyl)carbamate (27) (310 mg, 0.62 mmol) and DIPEA (0.72 mL, 4.1 mmol). Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (20–10% EtOAc/petroleum ether) to afford a Boc-protected intermediate as a white foam (236 mg, 67%). Following general procedure B, a sub-sample of this intermediate (127 mg, 0.15 mmol) was reacted with TFA (0.2 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) to afford the tetra-TFA salt of 31 as an orange gum (147 mg, 98%). R_f = 0.84 (RP-18, 9:1, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20.2}$ = +0.89 (c = 0.100, MeOH); IR (ATR) ν_max 3448, 2962, 2864, 1779, 1736, 1670, 1477, 1196, 1165, 1127 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 6.32 (1H, dd, J = 18.1, 10.7 Hz, H-19), 5.85 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 6.3, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.15 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 3.94 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.14, J_AB = 17.1 Hz, H₂-22), 3.51 (1H, d, J = 6.1 Hz, H-11), 3.17–3.11 (6H, m, H₂-31, H₂-33, H₂-35), 3.09–3.04 (6H, m, H₂-24, H₂-26, H₂-28), 2.40 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.32–2.27 (1H, m, H-10), 2.25–2.18 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.16–2.07 (5H, m, H₂-13a, H₂-25, H₂-34), 1.84–1.79 (5H, m, H₂-8a, H₂-29, H₂-30), 1.74–1.64 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.57–1.53 (1H, m, H₂-7b), 1.50–1.43 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.41–1.36 (2H, m, H₂-7a, H₂-13b), 1.20–1.12 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.16 (3H, s, H₃-18), 0.94 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.33 (2H, br s, NH₂-23), 8.79 (4H, br s, NH₂-27, NH₂-32), 7.90 (3H, br s, NH₃-36);¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.3 (C-3), 166.6 (C-21), 141.0 (C-19), 116.7 (C-20a), 75.3 (C-11), 73.1 (C-14), 59.0 (C-4), 49.0 (C-22), 48.1 (C-24^a, C-26^a), 46.7 (C-28^a), 45.7 (C-9), 45.60 (C-31^a), 45.55 (C-33^a), 45.3 (C-12), 43.1 (C-5), 37.9 (C-10), 37.8 (C-6), 37.7 (C-35^a), 35.2 (C-2), 31.4 (C-8a), 28.1 (C-7a), 28.0 (C-18), 25.7 (C-1a), 25.3 (C-25^b), 24.1 (C-34^b), 23.9 (C-29, C-30), 17.0 (C-16), 15.1 (C-15), 11.7 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 563.4528 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₃₂H₅₉N₄O₄, 563.45308). ^a,b Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.2.16. 6-(3-Phenylpropanamido)hexane-1-aminium-2,2,2-trifluroacetate (36)

Following variant 1 of general procedure C, the reaction of 3-phenylpropanoic acid (32) (60 mg, 0.39 mmol), EDC·HCl (98 mg, 0.51 mmol), DMAP (68 mg, 0.56 mmol), and tert-butyl (6-aminohexyl)carbamate (24) (100 mg, 0.47 mmol). Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂), affording a Boc-protected intermediate as an off-white solid (93 mg, 68%). Following general procedure B, a sub-sample of this intermediate (89 mg, 0.26 mmol) was reacted with TFA (0.2 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) to afford the mono-TFA salt of 36 as a white solid (89 mg, 94%). R_f = 0.67 (RP-18, 7:3, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); m.p 108–110 °C; IR (ATR) ν_max 3292, 3062, 2934, 2863, 1686, 1659, 1629, 1202, 1170, 1134 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.27–7.23 (2H, m, H-2), 7.20–7.14 (3H, m, H-1, H-3), 3.12 (2H, dt, J = 7.0, 7.0 Hz, H₂-9), 2.90 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H₂-6), 2.90 (2H, dt, J = 7.6, 7.6 Hz, H₂-14), 2.47 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H₂-5), 1.66–1.59 (2H, m, H₂-10), 1.47–1.32 (4H, m, H₂-11, H₂-13), 1.29–1.22 (2H, m, H₂-12); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 7.69 (1H, t, J = 5.4 Hz, NH-8), 7.64 (3H, br s, NH₃-15); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 175.1 (C-7), 142.1 (C-4), 129.42 (C-2^a), 129.41 (C-3^a), 127.2 (C-1), 40.6 (C-9), 40.0 (C-14), 38.9 (C-6), 32.9 (C-5), 30.1 (C-13), 28.4 (C-10), 27.2 (C-11), 27.0 (C-12); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 249.1961 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₁₅H₂₅N₂O, 249.1961). ^a Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.2.17. 6-(3,3-Diphenylpropanamido)hexan-1-aminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (37)

Following variant 1 of general procedure C, 3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid (33) (130 mg, 0.50 mmol) was reacted with EDC·HCl (120 mg, 0.65 mmol), DMAP (92 mg, 0.75 mmol) and tert-butyl (6-aminohexyl)carbamate (24) (130 mg, 0.60 mmol). Purification was achieved by silica gel flash column chromatography (10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂), affording a Boc-protected intermediate as an off-white solid (140 mg, 65%). Following general procedure B, a sub-sample of this intermediate (110 mg, 0.26 mmol) was reacted with TFA (0.2 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) to afford the mono-TFA salt of 37 as a colourless oil (101 mg, 89%). R_f = 0.47 (RP-18, 7:3, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); IR (ATR) ν_max 3293, 3029, 2934, 2864, 1673, 1636, 1553, 1174, 1110, 1128 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.27–7.26 (8H, m, H-2, H-3), 7.19–7.14 (2H, m, H-1), 4.51 (1H, t, J = 8.2 Hz, H-5), 3.04 (2H, dt, J = 6.8, 6.8 Hz, H₂-9), 2.90 (2H, d, J = 8.2 Hz, H₂-6), 2.85 (2H, dt, J = 7.6, 7.6 Hz, H₂-14), 1.56 (2H, qnt, J = 7.7 Hz, H₂-13), 1.33–1.23 (4H, m, H₂-10, H₂-11), 1.12–1.05 (2H, m, H₂-12); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 7.82 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz, NH-8), 7.65 (3H, br s, NH₃-15); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 174.0 (C-7), 145.1 (C-4), 129.5 (C-2), 128.9 (C-3), 127.5 (C-1), 48.7 (C-5), 43.4 (C-6), 40.6 (C-14), 39.8 (C-9), 30.1 (C-10), 28.4 (C-13^a), 26.92 (C-12^a), 26.86 (C-11); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 325.2269 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₁H₂₉N₂O, 325.2274). ^a Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.2.18. 6-(3,3,3-Triphenylpropanamido)hexane-1-aminium-2,2,2-trifluroacetate (38)

Following variant 1 of general procedure C, 3,3,3-triphenylpropanoic acid (34) (150 mg, 0.5 mmol) was reacted with EDC·HCl (120 mg, 0.65 mmol), DMAP (92 mg, 0.75 mmol) and tert-butyl (6-aminohexyl)carbamate (24) (130 mg, 0.60 mmol). Purification was achieved by silica gel column chromatography (10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂), affording a Boc-protected intermediate as a white solid (200 mg, 80%). Following general procedure B, a sub-sample of this intermediate (170 mg, 0.34 mmol) was reacted with TFA (0.2 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) to afford the mono-TFA salt of 38 as a white solid (174 mg, 99%). R_f = 0.21 (RP-18, 7:3, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); m.p 153–154 °C; IR (ATR) ν_max 3272, 3059, 2939, 2865, 1669, 1631, 1546, 1200, 1136, 1177 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.30–7.21 (12H, m, H-2, H-3), 7.19–7.15 (3H, m, H-1), 3.61 (2H, s, H₂-6), 2.86 (2H, dt, J = 7.5, 7.5 Hz, H₂-9), 2.85 (2H, dt, J = 5.6, 5.6 Hz, H₂-14), 1.57 (2H, quin, J = 7.7 Hz, H₂-13), 1.32–1.24 (2H, m, H₂-11), 1.22–1.06 (4H, m, H₂-10, H₂-12); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 7.63 (3H, br s, NH₃-15); 7.49 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz, NH-8); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 172.9 (C-7), 148.3 (C-4), 130.6 (C-2), 128.6 (C-3), 127.1 (C-1), 57.6 (C-5), 48.2 (C-6), 40.6 (C-14), 39.8 (C-9), 29.9 (C-10), 28.4 (C-13), 27.1 (C-12), 26.8 (C-11); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 401.2589 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₇H₃₃N₂O, 401.2587).

2.2.19. (3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl (6-(3-phenylpropanamido)hexyl)glycinate (39)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (60 mg, 0.11 mmol) was preincubated with KI (20 mg, 0.12 mmol) and then reacted with 6-(3-phenylpropanamido)hexane-1-aminium-2,2,2-trifluroacetate (36) (85 mg, 0.16 mmol) and DIPEA (0.17 mL, 0.96 mmol). Purification was achieved by silica gel column chromatography (0–10% MeOH/EtOAc) to afford 39 as a pale yellow oil (31 mg, 46%). R_f = 0.38 (1:9, MeOH:EtOAc); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20.8}$ = +127.8 (c = 0.120, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 3111, 2927, 2859, 1730, 1646, 1542, 1455, 1260, 1095, 1023, 911, 799, 729, 699 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 7.29–7.25 (2H, m, H-36), 7.20–7.18 (3H, m, H-35, H-37), 6.49 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.79 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-14), 5.43 (1H, t, J = 6.5 Hz, H-30), 5.34 (1H, dd, J = 11.0, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.20 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20b), 3.36 (1H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, H-11), 3.35 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.09, J_AB = 17.5 Hz, H₂-22), 3.18 (2H, dt, J = 6.9, 6.9 Hz, H₂-29), 2.95 (2H, t, J = 7.7 Hz, H₂-33), 2.68–2.54 (2H, m, H₂-24), 2.45 (2H, t, J = 7.7 Hz, H₂-32), 2.37–2.30 (2H, m, H₂-10), 2.27–2.19 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.10 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.10–2.01 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 1.79–1.75 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.69–1.61 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.56–1.45 (4H, m, H₂-1b, H₂-7b, H₂-25), 1.44 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.43–1.37 (2H, m, H₂-28), 1.32–1.23 (6H, m, H₂-7a, H₂-13b, H₂-26, H₂-27), 1.16 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.13–1.09 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 0.88 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.71 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.1 (C-3), 172.2 (C-31), 170.7 (C-21), 141.0 (C-34), 139.2 (C-19), 128.6 (C-35), 128.5 (C-36), 126.4 (C-37), 117.4 (C-20), 74.7 (C-11), 69.1 (C-14), 58.3 (C-4), 51.3 (C-22), 49.4 (C-24), 45.6 (C-9), 45.1 (C-13), 44.1 (C-12), 41.9 (C-5), 39.4 (C-29), 38.7 (C-32), 36.8 (C-6), 36.2 (C-10), 34.6 (C-2), 31.9 (C-33), 30.6 (C-8), 29.5 (C-28), 29.4 (C-25), 27.0 (C-7), 26.7 (C-26), 26.6 (C-18), 26.5 (C-27), 25.0 (C-1), 16.8 (C-16), 15.0 (C-15), 11.6 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 609.4260 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₃₇H₅₇N₂O₅, 609.4262).

2.2.20. (3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl (6-(3,3-diphenylpropanamido)hexyl)glycinate (40)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (80 mg, 0.15 mmol) was preincubated with KI (28 mg, 0.17 mmol) and then reacted with 6-(3,3-diphenylpropanamido)hexane-1-aminium-2,2,2-trifluroacetate (37) (100 mg, 0.23 mmol) and DIPEA (0.24 mL, 1.4 mmol). Purification was achieved by silica gel column chromatography (70–100% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 40 as a colourless oil (58 mg, 56%). R_f = 0.53 (100% EtOAc); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20.6}$ = +108.3 (c = 0.100, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 3318, 2932, 2861, 1729, 1646, 1549, 1453, 1215, 1152, 910, 728, 699 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 7.31–7.24 (8H, m, H-35, H-36), 7.22–7.18 (2H, m, H-37), 6.54 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.81 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.37 (1H, dd, J = 10.9, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.37 (1H, br s, H-30), 5.22 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20b), 4.58 (1H, t, J = 7.8 Hz, H-33), 3.39 (1H, d, J = 6.4 Hz, H-11), 3.31 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.08, J_AB = 17.5 Hz, H₂-22), 3.09 (2H, dt, J = 6.6, 6.6 Hz, H₂-29), 2.89 (2H, d, J = 7.8 Hz, H₂-32), 2.62–2.48 (2H, m, H₂-24), 2.42–2.35 (1H, m, H-10), 2.33–2.16 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.13 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.11–2.06 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 1.82–1.78 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.72–1.64 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.61–1.51 (1H, m, H₂-7b), 1.50–1.45 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.48 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.45–1.24 (8H, m, H₂-7a, H₂-13b, H₂-25, H₂-27, H₂-28), 1.22–1.15 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.19 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.13–1.07 (2H, m, H₂-26), 0.91 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, H₃-16); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.2 (C-3), 171.4 (C-21), 171.1 (C-31), 143.8 (C-34), 139.2 (C-19), 128.6 (C-36), 127.8 (C-35), 126.6 (C-37), 117.2 (C-20), 74.7 (C-11), 68.7 (C-14), 58.3 (C-4), 51.7 (C-22), 49.5 (C-24), 47.6 (C-33), 45.5 (C-9), 45.1 (C-13), 44.1 (C-12), 43.6 (C-32), 41.9 (C-5), 39.4 (C-29), 36.8 (C-6), 36.1 (C-10), 34.6 (C-2), 30.5 (C-8), 29.9 (C-25), 29.4 (C-28), 27.0 (C-7), 26.8 (C-26), 26.6 (C-18), 26.5 (C-27), 24.9 (C-1), 16.8 (C-16), 15.0 (C-15), 11.6 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 685.4576 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₄₃H₆₁N₂O₅, 685.4575).

2.2.21. (3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl(6-(3,3,3-triphenylpropanamido)hexyl)glycinate (41)

Following general procedure A, pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) (100 mg, 0.19 mmol) was preincubated with KI (35 mg, 0.21 mmol) and then reacted with 6-(3,3,3-triphenylpropanamido)hexane-1-aminium-2,2,2-triflurocetate (38) (150 mg, 0.29 mmol) and DIPEA (0.30 mL, 1.7 mmol). Purification was achieved by silica gel column chromatography (50–100% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 41 as a colourless oil (45 mg, 40%). R_f = 0.50 (100% EtOAc); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{20.4}$ = +123.3 (c = 0.100, CH₂Cl₂); IR (ATR) ν_max 3331, 2931, 2861, 1729, 1647, 1447, 1215, 1152, 909, 728, 700 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 7.30–7.25 (12H, m, H-35, H-36), 7.22–7.18 (3H, m, H-37), 6.50 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 11.0 Hz, H-19), 5.77 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-14), 5.33 (1H, dd, J = 11.0, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 17.4, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20b), 4.74 (1H, br t, J = 5.1 Hz, H-30), 3.54 (2H, s, H₂-32), 3.35 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, H-11), 3.27 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.08, J_AB = 17.6 Hz, H₂-22), 2.89 (2H, br dt, J = 6.4, 6.4 Hz, H₂-29), 2.57–2.43 (2H, m, H₂-24), 2.38–2.31 (1H, m, H-10), 2.29–2.13 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.09 (1H, s, H-4), 2.09–2.03 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 1.79–1.74 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.69–1.60 (2H, m, H₂-1a, H-6), 1.60–1.53 (1H, m, H₂-7b), 1.48–1.40 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.44 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.38–1.24 (4H, m, H₂-7a, H₂-13b, H₂-25), 1.18–1.12 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.15 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.06–0.94 (6H, m, H₂-26, H₂-27, H₂-28), 0.87 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.71 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, H₃-16); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) δ 217.2 (C-3), 171.5 (C-21), 170.6 (C-31), 146.4 (C-34), 139.2 (C-19), 129.3 (C-35), 128.2 (C-36), 126.6 (C-37), 117.3 (C-20), 74.7 (C-11), 68.7 (C-14), 58.3 (C-4), 56.3 (C-33), 51.8 (C-22), 49.6 (C-24), 49.0 (C-32), 45.6 (C-9), 45.1 (C-13), 44.1 (C-12), 41.9 (C-5), 39.4 (C-29), 36.8 (C-6), 36.2 (C-10), 34.6 (C-2), 30.6 (C-8), 29.9 (C-28), 29.0 (C-27), 27.0 (C-7), 26.9 (C-26), 26.7 (C-25), 26.5 (C-18), 25.0 (C-1), 16.8 (C-16), 15.0 (C-15), 11.6 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 761.4891 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₄₉H₆₅N₂O₅, 761.4888).

2.2.22. N¹-(2-(((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)-N3-(7-(3-phenylpropanamido)heptyl)propane-1,3-diaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (42)

Following variant 2 of general procedure C, 29 (73 mg, 0.082 mmol) was reacted with 3-phenylpropanoic acid (32) (11 mg, 0.075 mmol), HOBt (36 mg, 0.27 mmol), HBTU (37 mg, 0.089 mmol), and DIPEA (0.13 mL, 0.75 mmol). Purification was achieved by C₈ reversed-phase column chromatography 0%–100% MeOH/H₂O (0.05% TFA) to afford the di-TFA salt of 42 as a beige crystalline solid (42 mg, 51%). R_f = 0.76 (RP-18, 9:1, MeOH: 10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{18.4}$ = +162.9 (c = 0.104, MeOH); m.p 140–142 °C; IR (ATR) ν_max 3390, 3279, 2931, 2861, 1751, 1724, 1673, 1596, 1197, 1171 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.27–7.23 (2H, m, H-41), 7.20–7.14 (3H, m, H-40, H-42), 6.31 (1H, dd, J = 18.0, 10.7 Hz, H-19), 5.84 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 5.9, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.16 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 3.95 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 014, J_AB = 17.1 Hz, H₂-22), 3.51 (1H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, H-11), 3.20–3.15 (2H, m, H₂-26), 3.11 (4H, dt, J = 7.0, 7.0 Hz, H₂-24, H₂-34), 3.00 (2H, t, J = 7.9 Hz, H₂-28), 2.90 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H₂-38), 2.46 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H₂-37), 2.39 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.32–2.27 (2H, m, H-10, H₂-13a), 2.24–2.11 (4H, m, H₂-2, H₂-25), 1.84–1.79 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.71–1.64 (3H, m, H₂-1a, H-6, H₂-7b), 1.56–1.52 (2H, m, H₂-29^a), 1.49–1.44 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.42–1.34 (8H, m, H₂-7a, H₂-13b, H₂-30^a, H₂-31^a, H₂-33^a), 1.28–1.25 (2H, m, H₂-32^a), 1.19–1.12 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.16 (3H, s, H₃-18), 0.94 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.20 (2H, br s, NH₂-23), 8.48 (2H, br s, NH₂-27), 5.16 (1H, t, J = 5.4 Hz, NH-35); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.3 (C-3), 175.1 (C-36), 166.6 (C-21), 142.1 (C-39), 141.0 (C-19), 129.40 (C-40), 129.37 (C-41), 127.2 (C-42), 116.8 (C-20), 75.3 (C-11), 73.1 (C-14), 59.0 (C-4), 49.0 (C-22, C-28), 46.7 (C-9), 45.6 (C-13, C-24, C-26), 45.4 (C-12), 43.1 (C-5), 40.1 (C-34^b), 38.9 (C-3), 37.9 (C-10), 37.7 (C-6), 35.2 (C-2), 32.9 (C-38), 31.4 (C-8), 30.1 (C-29^b), 29.6 (C-30^b), 28.1 (C-18), 28.0 (C-31^b), 27.5 (C-32^b), 27.3 (C-33^b), 27.1 (C-7), 25.7 (C-1), 23.9 (C-25), 17.0 (C-16), 15.1 (C-15), 11.7 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 680.4997 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₄₁H₆₆N₃O₅, 680.4997). ^a,b Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.2.23. N¹-(7-(3,3-diphenylpropanamido)heptyl)-N3-(2-(((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)propane-1,3-diaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (43)

Following variant 2 of general procedure C, 29 (58 mg, 0.065 mmol) was reacted with 3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid (33) (14 mg, 0.059 mmol), HOBt (28 mg, 0.21 mmol), HBTU (27 mg, 0.071 mmol), and DIPEA (0.10 mL, 0.59 mmol). Purification was achieved by C₈ reversed-phase column chromatography 0%–100% MeOH/H₂O (0.05% TFA) to afford the di-TFA salt of 43 as a pale yellow crystalline solid (48 mg, 75%). R_f = 0.71 (RP-18, 9:1, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{18.6}$ = +106.9 (c = 0.103, MeOH); m.p 98–101 °C; IR (ATR) ν_max 3389, 3259, 2931, 2861, 1751, 1724, 1673, 1417, 1197, 1171 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.26–7.25 (8H, m, H-40, H-41), 7.19–7.14 (2H, m, H-42), 6.32 (1H, dd, J = 17.2, 11.7 Hz, H-19), 5.85 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 6.8, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.16 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 4.51 (1H, t, J = 8.2 Hz, H-38), 3.94 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.13, J_AB = 17.1 Hz, H₂-22), 3.51 (1H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, H-11), 3.20–3.09 (4H, m, H₂-24, H₂-26), 3.02 (2H, t, J = 6.9 Hz, H₂-34), 2.98 (2H, t, J = 7.9 Hz, H₂-28), 2.90 (2H, d, J = 8.1 Hz, H₂-37), 2.40 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.33–2.27 (1H, m, H-10), 2.24–2.20 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.18–2.09 (3H, m, H₂-13a, H₂-25), 1.83–1.79 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.74–1.61 (5H, m, H₂-1a, H-6, H₂-7b, H₂-33^a), 1.56–1.53 (1H, m, H₂-1b), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.43–1.39 (1H, m, H₂-13b), 1.36–1.34 (1H, m, H₂-7a), 1.33–1.22 (6H, m, H₂-29^a, H₂-30^a, H₂-31^a), 1.20–1.15 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.16 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.13–1.07 (2H, m, H₂-32^a), 0.94 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.38 (2H, br s, NH-23), 8.68 (2H, br s, NH-27), 7.82 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz, NH-35); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.3 (C-3), 173.9 (C-36), 166.7 (C-21), 145.1 (C-39), 141.0 (C-19), 129.5 (C-40^b), 128.9 (C-41^b), 127.4 (C-42), 116.8 (C-20), 75.3 (C-11), 73.1 (C-14), 59.0 (C-4), 49.1 (C-22, C-28, C-38), 46.7 (C-9), 45.6 (C-13, C-24, C-26), 45.4 (C-12), 43.4 (C-37), 43.2 (C-5), 40.0 (C-34), 37.9 (C-10), 37.8 (C-6), 35.2 (C-2), 31.4 (C-8), 30.1 (C-29^c), 29.6 (C-30^c), 28.2 (C-18), 28 (C-31^c), 27.3 (C-32^c, C-33^c), 27.1 (C-7), 25.8 (C-1), 23.9 (C-25), 17.0 (C-16), 15.1 (C-15), 11.8 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 778.5134 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₄₇H₆₉N₃O₅Na, 778.5129). ^a,b,c Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.2.24. N¹-(2-(((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)-N3-(7-(2,2,2-triphenylacetamido)heptyl)propane-1,3-diaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (44)

Following variant 2 of general procedure C, 29 (85 mg, 0.096 mmol) was reacted with 2,2,2-triphenylacetic acid (35) (26 mg, 0.090 mmol), HOBt (45 mg, 0.33 mmol), HBTU (38 mg, 0.10 mmol), and DIPEA (0.15 mL, 0.87 mmol). Purification was achieved by C₈ reversed-phase column chromatography 0%–100% MeOH/H₂O (0.05% TFA) to afford the di-TFA salt of 44 as a beige crystalline solid (47 mg, 46%). R_f = 0.62 (RP-18, 9:1, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{18.8}$ = +81.0 (c = 0.103, MeOH); m.p 197–199 °C; IR (ATR) ν_max 3440, 3237, 2926, 2862, 1735, 1707, 1668, 1645, 1200, 1127 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.32–7.23 (15H, m, H-39, H-40, H-41), 6.32 (1H, dd, J = 17.2, 11.5 Hz, H-19), 5.85 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 7.0, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.16 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 3.93 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.13, J_AB = 17.2 Hz, H₂-22), 3.51 (1H, d, J = 6.1 Hz, H-11), 3.25 (2H, t, J = 7.0 Hz, H₂-34), 3.18–3.07 (4H, m, H₂-26, H₂-28), 2.99 (2H, dt, J = 7.8, 7.8 Hz, H₂-24), 2.40 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.34–2.27 (1H, m, H-10), 2.24–2.20 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 2.19–2.15 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.13–2.07 (2H, m, H₂-25), 1.84–1.80 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.69–1.62 (3H, m, H-1a, H₂-6, H₂-7b), 1.62–1.48 (3H, m, H₂-1b, H₂-33), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.44–1.38 (2H, m, H₂-7a, H₂-13b), 1.37–1.24 (6H, m, H₂-29, H₂-30, H₂-32), 1.24–1.19 (2H, m, H₂-31), 1.17 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.13–1.12 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 0.94 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.21 (2H, br s, NH₂-23), 8.47 (2H, br s, NH₂-27), 7.08 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz, NH-35); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.2 (C-3), 175.6 (C-36), 166.8 (C-21), 144.9 (C-38), 141.1 (C-19), 131.6 (C-39), 128.9 (C-40), 128.0 (C-41), 116.8 (C-20), 75.3 (C-11), 73.2 (C-14), 69.3 (C-37), 59.0 (C-4), 49.1 (C-22, C-24, C-28), 46.7 (C-9), 45.7 (C-13), 45.7 (C-26), 45.4 (C-12), 43.2 (C-5), 40.9 (C-34), 37.9 (C-10), 37.8 (C-6), 35.2 (C-2), 31.4 (C-8), 30.0 (C-30), 29.6 (C-31), 28.2 (C-18), 28.0 (C-33), 27.6 (C-29), 27.3 (C-32), 27.1 (C-7), 25.8 (C-1), 24.0 (C-25), 17.0 (C-16), 15.2 (C-15), 11.8 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 832.5622 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₅₃H₇₄N₃O₅, 832.5623).

2.2.25. N¹-(2-(((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)-N3-(10-(3-phenylpropanamido)decyl)propane-1,3-diaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (45)

Following variant 2 of general procedure C, 30 (85 mg, 0.091 mmol) was reacted with 3-phenylpropanoic acid (32) (13 mg, 0.083 mmol), HOBt (41 mg, 0.30 mmol), HBTU (40 mg, 0.10 mmol), and DIPEA (0.14 mL, 0.83 mmol). Purification was achieved by C₈ reversed-phase column chromatography 0%–100% MeOH/H₂O (0.05% TFA) to afford the di-TFA salt of 45 as a pale-yellow crystalline solid (58 mg, 72%). R_f = 0.74 (RP-18, 9:1, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{19.0}$ = +56.1 (c = 0.101, MeOH); m.p 118–120 °C; IR (ATR) ν_max 3389, 3256, 3088, 2929, 2859, 1737, 1672, 1635, 1198, 1128 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.27–7.23 (2H, m, H-43), 7.20–2.17 (1H, m, H-44), 7.20–7.14 (2H, m, H-45), 6.31 (1H, dd, J = 17.2, 11.7 Hz, H-19), 5.84 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 6.9, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.15 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 3.94 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.14, J_AB = 17.1 Hz, H₂-22), 3.51 (1H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, H-11), 3.20–3.14 (2H, m, H₂-26), 3.10 (4H, dt, J = 6.9, 6.9 Hz, H₂-24, H₂-37), 3.00 (2H, t, J = 8 Hz, H₂-28), 2.90 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H₂-41), 2.46 (2H, t, J = 7.7 Hz, H₂-40), 2.39 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.33–2.27 (1H, m, H-10), 2.24–2.20 (1H, m, H₂-13a), 2.17–2.09 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.09–1.74 (2H, m, H₂-25), 1.83–1.79 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.74–1.63 (1H, m, H₂-6), 1.63–1.74 (1H, m, H-1a), 1.63–1.42 (1H, m, H₂-7b), 1.56–1.52 (1H, m, H₂-13b), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.42–1.22 (1H, m, H₂-30), 1.22–0.00 (2H, m, H₂-1b), 1.22–1.42 (15H, m, H₂-7a, H₂-29, H₂-31, H₂-32, H₂-33, H₂-34, H₂-35, H₂-36), 1.19–1.11 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.16 (H, s, H₃-18), 0.94 (H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.19 (2H, br s, NH₂-23), 8.45 (2H, br s, NH₂-27), 7.75 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz, NH-38); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.2 (C-3), 175.0 (C-39), 166.6 (C-21), 142.1 (C-42), 141.0 (C-19), 129.40 (C-43^a), 129.38 (C-45^a), 127.2 (C-44), 116.8 (C-20a), 75.3 (C-11), 73.1 (C-14), 59.0 (C-4), 48.6 (C-22, C-28), 46.7 (C-9), 45.6 (C-13a, C-24, C-26), 45.4 (C-12), 43.1 (C-5), 40.3 (C-37), 38.9 (C-40), 37.9 (C-10), 37.7 (C-6), 35.2 (C-2), 33.0 (C-41), 31.4 (C-8a), 30.4 (C-30^b), 30.31 (C-31^b), 30.29 (C-32^b), 30.27 (C-33^b), 30.1 (C-34^b), 28.2 (C-29), 28.0 (C-35^b), 27.8 (C-18), 27.4 (C-36), 27.1 (C-7a), 25.8 (C-1a), 23.9 (C-25), 17.0 (C-16), 15.2 (C-15), 11.8 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 744.5303 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₄₄H₇₁N₃O₅Na, 744.5286)). ^a,b Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.2.26. N¹-(10-(3,3-diphenylpropanamido)decyl)-N3-(2-(((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)propane-1,3-diaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (46)

Following variant 2 of general procedure C, 30 (85 mg, 0.091 mmol) was reacted with 3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid (33) (19 mg, 0.083 mmol), HOBt (41 mg, 0.30 mmol), HBTU (40 mg, 0.10 mmol), and DIPEA (0.14 mL, 0.83 mmol). Purification was achieved by C₈ reversed-phase column chromatography 0%–100% MeOH/H₂O (0.05% TFA) to afford the di-TFA salt of 46 as a beige crystalline solid (54 mg, 62%). R_f = 0.68 (RP-18, 9:1, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{19.2}$ = +40.1 (c = 0.100, MeOH); m.p 133–136 °C; IR (ATR) ν_max 3412, 3246, 3087, 2928, 2858, 1736, 1671, 1635, 1198, 1128 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.26–7.23 (8H, m, H-43, H-44), 7.18–7.13 (2H, m, H-45), 6.32 (1H, dd, J = 17.1, 11.8 Hz, H-19), 5.84 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.19 (1H, dd, J = 6.6, 1.5 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.16 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 4.50 (2H, t, J = 8.2 Hz, H₂-41), 3.94 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.14, J_AB = 17.1 Hz, H₂-22), 3.51 (1H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, H-11), 3.20–3.13 (2H, m, H₂-26), 3.11 (2H, dt, J = 7.8, 7.8 Hz, H₂-24), 3.02 (2H, t, J = 6.8 Hz, H₂-28), 2.99 (2H, t, J = 6.7 Hz, H₂-37), 2.89 (2H, d, J = 8.2 Hz, H₂-40), 2.39 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.33–2.28 (1H, m, H-10), 2.26–2.20 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.17–2.11 (3H, m, H₂-13a, H₂-25), 1.83–1.79 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.74–1.62 (4H, m, H₂-1a, H₂-7b, H₂-36), 1.60–1.52 (1H, m, H-6), 1.50–1.48 (1H, m, H₂-13b), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.42–1.20 (14H, m, H₂-1b, H₂-7a, H₂-30, H₂-31, H₂-32, H₂-33, H₂-34, H₂-35), 1.19–1.14 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.16 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.12–1.05 (2H, m, H₂-29), 0.93 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.21 (2H, br s, NH₂-23), 8.48 (2H, br s, NH₂-27), 7.79 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz, NH-38); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.2 (C-3), 173.8 (C-39), 166.6 (C-21), 145.1 (C-42), 141.0 (C-19), 129.4 (C-44), 128.9 (C-43), 127.4 (C-45), 116.8 (C-20a), 75.2 (C-11), 73.1 (C-14), 59.0 (C-4), 49.0 (C-22, C-28, C-41), 46.7 (C-9), 45.6 (C-13a, C-24, C-26), 45.4 (C-12), 43.4 (C-40), 43.1 (C-5), 40.2 (C-37), 37.9 (C-10), 37.7 (C-6), 35.2 (C-2), 31.4 (C-8a), 30.4 (C-30^a), 30.3 (C-31^a), 30.2 (C-32^a), 30.1 (C-33^a), 28.1 (C-29), 28.0 (C-18), 27.7 (C-34^a), 27.4 (C-35^a, C-36^a), 27.1 (C-7a), 25.8 (C-1a), 23.9 (C-25), 17.0 (C-16), 15.1 (C-15), 11.8 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 798.5776 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₅₀H₇₆N₃O₅, 798.5779). ^a,b Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.2.27. N¹-(2-(((3aR,4R,5R,7S,8S,9R,9aS,12R)-8-Hydroxy-4,7,9,12-tetramethyl-3-oxo-7-vinyldecahydro-4,9a-propanocyclopenta[8]annulen-5-yl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)-N3-(10-(3,3,3-triphenylpropanamido)decyl)propane-1,3-diaminium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (47)

Following variant 2 of general procedure C, 30 (85 mg, 0.091 mmol) was reacted with 3,3,3-triphenylpropanoic acid (34) (25 mg, 0.083 mmol), HOBt (41 mg, 0.30 mmol), HBTU (40 mg, 0.10 mmol), and DIPEA (0.14 mL, 0.83 mmol). Purification was achieved by C₈ reversed-phase column chromatography 0%–100% MeOH/H₂O (0.05% TFA) to afford the di-TFA salt of 47 as a beige crystalline solid (53 mg, 71%). R_f = 0.56 (RP-18, 9:1, MeOH:10% aq. HCl); ${\left[\alpha \right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{19.4}$ = +46.1 (c = 0.101, MeOH); m.p 152–155 °C; IR (ATR) ν_max 3419, 3245, 3088, 2928, 2859, 1736, 1669, 1645, 1197, 1128 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.29–7.21 (12H, m, H-43, H-44), 7.18–7.14 (3H, m, H-45), 6.32 (1H, dd, J = 17.1, 11.6 Hz, H-19), 5.85 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-14), 5.20 (1H, dd, J = 6.5, 1.4 Hz, H₂-20a), 5.16 (1H, s, H₂-20b), 3.94 (2H, ABq, Δδ_AB = 0.14, J_AB = 17.2 Hz, H₂-22), 3.60 (2H, s, H₂-40), 3.51 (1H, d, J = 6.0 Hz, H-11), 3.21–3.13 (2H, m, H₂-26), 3.10 (2H, dt, J = 7.8, 7.8 Hz, H₂-24), 2.99 (2H, dt, J = 7.9, 7.9 Hz, H₂-28), 2.83 (2H, t, J = 6.8 Hz, H₂-37), 2.39 (1H, br s, H-4), 2.32–2.27 (2H, m, H₂-2), 2.24–2.20 (1H, m, H-10), 2.18–2.09 (3H, m, H₂-13a, H₂-25), 1.83–1.79 (1H, m, H₂-8a), 1.72–1.65 (4H, m, H₂-1a, H₂-7b, H₂-36), 1.60–1.53 (1H, m, H-6), 1.49–1.45 (2H, m, H₂-1b, H₂-13b), 1.46 (3H, s, H₃-15), 1.39–1.19 (11H, m, H₂-7a, H₂-29, H₂-30^a, H₂-31^a, H₂-32^a, H₂-33^a), 1.18–1.14 (1H, m, H₂-8b), 1.17 (3H, s, H₃-18), 1.14–1.06 (4H, m, H₂-34^a, H₂-35^a), 0.94 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-17), 0.75 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz, H₃-16); Exchangeable ¹H signals observed: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.22 (2H, br s, NH₂-23), 8.50 (2H, br s, NH₂-27), 7.48 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz, NH-38); ¹³C NMR (CD₃OD, 100 MHz) δ 219.3 (C-3), 172.8 (C-39), 166.6 (C-21), 148.2 (C-42), 141.0 (C-19), 130.5 (C-44), 128.6 (C-43), 127.1 (C-45), 116.8 (C-20), 75.2 (C-11), 73.1 (C-14), 59.0 (C-4), 57.6 (C-41), 49.0 (C-22, C-28, C-40), 46.7 (C-9), 45.6 (C-13, C-24, C-26), 45.4 (C-12), 43.1 (C-5), 40.2 (C-37), 37.9 (C-10), 37.7 (C-6), 35.2 (C-2), 31.4 (C-8), 30.4 (C-30^b), 30.3 (C-31^b), 30.2 (C-32^b), 30.1 (C-33^b), 30.0 (C-34^b), 28.2 (C-36), 28.0 (C-29), 27.8 (C-18), 27.5 (C-35^b), 27.1 (C-7), 25.8 (C-1), 23.9 (C-25), 17.0 (C-16), 15.2 (C-15), 11.8 (C-17); (+)-HRESIMS m/z 874.6090 [M+H]⁺ (calcd for C₅₆H₈₀N₃O₅, 874.6092).^a,b Interchangeable assignments that could not be distinguished.

2.3. Antimicrobial Assays

The susceptibility of bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853 or PAO1) to antibiotics and compounds was determined using previously reported protocols [26]. Additional antimicrobial evaluations were determined against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (ATCC 43300) and Cryptococcus neoformans (ATCC 208821) at the Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery at The University of Queensland (Australia) using previously reported protocols (see Supplementary File) [26,27].

2.4. Cytotoxicity Assays

Cytotoxicity assays were conducted using previously reported protocols (see Supplementary File) [26,27].

2.5. Hemolytic Assay

Hemolysis assays were conducted using previously reported protocols (see Supplementary File) [26,27].

2.6. Real-Time Growth Cruves

Real-time growth curves were acquired using reported protocols (see Supplementary File) [18].

2.7. Measurement of ATP Efflux

Measurement of ATP efflux was undertaken using previously reported protocols (see Supplementary File) [26].

2.8. Nitrocefin Hydrolysis Assay

Nitrocefin hydrolysis assay was undertaken using previously reported protocols (see Supplementary File) [28].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Preliminary Set of Analogues

Prior to preparing a library of C-22 amine-substituted pleuromutilins, we first prepared a small set of thioether analogues that were used as positive controls in subsequent biological assays. Preparation of the derivatives began with the synthesis of pleuromutilin 22-O-tosylate (3) according to methods described in the literature [25] (Scheme 1). The tosylate was then converted in situ to the more reactive alkyliodide by initial preincubation with KI in anhydrous MeCN for 30 min. Subsequent addition of thiol 4–7 (Figure 2) in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) afforded the target analogues 8–11 in moderate yields of 34–60% (Scheme 1). In this set of analogues, tiamulin (10) was used as a positive control in subsequent biological studies, and two other analogues, 8 and 11, had been previously reported [14,16].

Next, corresponding aza-analogues were prepared by reaction of tosylate 3 with amines 12–15 (Figure 3).

Preparation of these derivatives proved more challenging, with longer reaction times required (4–6 h) to afford the target derivatives 16–19 in yields of 20–54% (Scheme 2). Of this set of four analogues, 18, an aza-analogue of tiamulin, has been previously reported as a modestly active anti-S. aureus compound [16].

The reactions of pleuromutilin tosylate 3 with amines 13 and 15 also afforded bis-pleuromutilins 20 and 21 (Figure 4) as low-yielding (13–16%) minor products. In addition to mass spectrometric evidence, the observation of a 2:1 relative ratio of ¹H NMR signals for the pleuromutilin component and the pendant amine fragment were diagnostic in determining the structure of these two reaction products. Modification of the reaction conditions in an effort to increase the yield of these bis-pleuromutilin derivatives, by reducing the relative equivalents of amine 13 and 15 to tosylate 3 from 1.5 to 0.5 and by increasing the reaction time to 6 h, led to only minor increments in the yield of 20 and 21 to 19% and 20%, respectively (see Materials and Methods). Interestingly, bis-pleuromutilin analogues were not observed for the reactions of amines 12 or 14 with tosylate 3.

The Boc-protection groups present in analogues 19 and 21 were subsequently removed by reaction with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in CH₂Cl₂ to afford the primary amine-containing pleuromutilin analogues 22 and 23 as their mono-TFA salts (Figure 5) in yields of 84% and 91%, respectively. The protonation state of the products was determined by acquiring ¹H NMR data in DMSO-d₆ solvent, the spectra of which clearly identified N-26 in both compounds to be a positive-charged ammonium ion and N-23 to be a freebase secondary or tertiary amine.

The intrinsic antimicrobial activity of this preliminary set of analogues was evaluated against a range of Gram-positive (S. aureus and MRSA) and Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) bacteria using the thioether analogues 8–11 as reference compounds (

Table 1. Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and hemolytic activities of analogues 1, 3, 8–11, 16–18, 20, 22, and 23.

Compounds	MIC (µM)				Cyto (µM) e	HC10 (µM) f
	S. a a	MRSA b	P. a c	E. c d
1	3.125	n.t. g	800	400	n.t. g	n.t. g
3	3.125	≤0.47	800	400	>60	>60
8	3.125	≤0.54	800	400	>69	>69
9	3.125	≤0.52	800	400	>67	>67
10	3.125	≤0.51	800	200	>65	>65
11	6.25	≤0.57	800	400	>73	>73
16	6.25	≤0.56	800	400	>71	>71
17	100	>69	800	400	>69	>69
18	50	8.39	800	400	>67	>67
20	12.5	≤0.30	800	400	>39	>39
22	16	9.5	374	>374	>76	>76
23	3.125	≤0.25	800	400	>32	>32
Streptomycin	21.5		21.5	21.5
Chloramphenicol	1.5–3
Vancomycin		0.7
Colistin			1	2
Tamoxifen					24
Melittin						0.95

MIC data presented as an average of two or three independent experiments; ^a Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923; ^b MRSA ATCC 43300; ^c Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853; ^d Escherichia coli ATCC 25922; ^e Concentration of compound at 50% cytotoxicity on HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells; ^f Concentration of compound at 10% hemolytic activity on human red blood cells; ^g Not tested.

). Cytotoxicity towards HEK293 (human kidney epithelial cell line, IC₅₀) and hemolytic activity against human red blood cells (HC₁₀) were also assessed (Table 1). As was anticipated, the thioether-linked analogues 8–11 exhibited potent activity against the Gram-positive bacteria MRSA (MIC ≤ 0.57 µM) and S. aureus (MIC 3.125 to 6.25 µM). In contrast the corresponding amine-linked analogues, 17–19 were significantly less active, exhibiting poor growth inhibition of MRSA (MIC 8.39 to >69 µM) and S. aureus (MIC 16 to 100 µM), in agreement with other studies [16]. The notable exception to this trend was methyl glycinate 16, which demonstrated equivalent inhibition to the thioether analogues against MRSA (MIC ≤ 0.52 µM) and S. aureus (MIC 6.25 µM). Interestingly, the bis-pleuromutilins 20 and 23 exhibited stronger activity than their mono-substituted counterparts 17 and 19 against MRSA (MIC ≤ 0.30 µM) and S. aureus (MIC 3.125 to 12.5 µM). Unfortunately, none of the analogues, including those that contained primary amino groups (11, 22, 23), exhibited activity towards Gram-negative bacteria. Pleasing, however, was the observation that none of the analogues exhibited cytotoxicity or red blood cell hemolytic activity at the highest test concentration of 32 µg/mL. Based upon these preliminary results, we then targeted the synthesis of an expanded set of amine-substituted pleuromutilin analogues that contained longer C-22 extensions containing primary and secondary amines to explore the effect of chain length and number of positive charges on antibacterial activity.

3.2. Di-, Tri- and Tetraamine Analogues

Longer-chain di-, tri-, and tetraamine-substituted pleuromutilin analogues were prepared using the now standard protocol. Thus, the reaction of Boc-protected amines 24–27 [23] (Figure 6) with tosylate 3 afforded Boc-protected intermediates in modest yields of 47–59%, which were subsequently deprotected using TFA in CH₂Cl₂ to afford amino pleuromutilin derivatives 28–31 (Scheme 3).

The biological evaluation of these four analogues (

Table 2. Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and hemolytic activities of analogues 28–31, 39–47.

Compounds	MIC (µM)					Cyto (µM) f	HC10 (µM) g
	S. a a	MRSA b	P. a c	E. c d	C. n e
28	4.0	22.7	800	100	≤0.35	>45	>45
29	32	4.5	225	>225	≤0.28	>36	>36
30	13.4	6.7	107	6.7	≤0.27	>34	>34
31	6.1	n.t. h	196	12.3	n.t. h	n.t. h	n.t. h
39	4	n.t. h	>187	>187	>53	>53	>53
40	<4	11.7	>187	>187	≤0.36	>47	>47
41	>64	>42	>263	>263	10.5	>42	>42
42	27.5	13.8	>220	220	>35	>35	>35
43	25	6.3	>203	102	2.03	11.2	21.7
44	3.0	3.0	>191	95.6	1.91	11.3	2.22
45	6.6	3.3	>211	53	≤0.26	>34	>34
46	6.1	6.1	>195	>195	1.95	8.6	0.89
47	2.8	2.8	>181	181	≤0.26	>29	1.5
Streptomycin	21.5		21.5	21.5
Chloramphenicol	1.5–3
Vancomycin		0.7
Colistin			1	2
Fluconazole					26
Tamoxifen						24
Melittin							0.95

MIC data presented as an average of two or three independent experiments; ^a Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923; ^b MRSA ATCC 43300; ^c Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853; ^d Escherichia coli ATCC 25922; ^e Cryptococcus neoformans (ATCC 208821); ^f Concentration of compound at 50% cytotoxicity on HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells; ^g Concentration of compound at 10% hemolytic activity on human red blood cells; ^h Not tested.

) identified the retention of anti-S. aureus activities, and in the case of the longer-chain variants 30 and 31, the growth inhibition of E. coli ATCC 25922 was observed (MIC 6.7–12.3 µM). The results for these two analogues were particularly pleasing, validating the premise that incorporating primary and/or secondary amines into a C-22-functionalized pleuromutilin can indeed lead to increased potency towards E. coli. Analogues 28–30 also exhibited strong activity towards Cryptococcus neoformans and were non-cytotoxic towards HEK293 cells and non-hemolytic against human red blood cells.

We have previously reported that phenyl/diphenyl/triphenylamido-substituted polyamines show a pronounced ability to penetrate bacterial membranes [26]. To explore whether these membrane penetration properties, and the resultant biological activities, could be enhanced by the addition of a lipophilic group to the end of the C-22 extension, a further set of amide-linked pleuromutilin derivatives were prepared using the aromatic head groups 3-phenylpropanoic acid (32), 3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid (33), 3,3,3-triphenylpropanoic acid (34), and 3,3,3-triphenylacetic acid (35) (Figure 7).

This set of analogues was prepared by two routes: (1) reaction of pleuromutilin tosylate 3 with an amine that is already functionalized with lipophilic head groups or (2) attachment of lipophilic head groups to an amine-functionalized pleuromutilin intermediate. As an example of the first route, carboxylic acids 32–34 were coupled to tert-butyl (6-aminohexyl)carbamate (24) with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in anhydrous DMF/CH₂Cl₂ followed by deprotection with TFA in CH₂Cl₂ to afford amino-amides 36–38 as their mono-TFA salts (Scheme 4). These amino-amides were then reacted with tosylate 3 according to the established protocol to afford the target compounds 39–41 in moderate yields of 40–56%.

A further set of pleuromutilin–arylcarboxamide derivatives were prepared using an alternative, late-stage functionalization method. Thus, coupling of carboxylic acids 32–35 to amino-functionalized pleuromutilins 29 and 30 utilizing coupling reagents hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) and DIPEA in anhydrous DMF afforded, after purification via reversed-phase column chromatography, the target compounds 42–47 as their di-TFA salts in 46–75% yields (Scheme 5).

Biological evaluation of lipophilic analogues 39–47 identified a number of trends, including the following: (i) compounds typically retained Gram-positive antibacterial activity, with notable exceptions being 41 and 42; (ii) complete loss of activity towards E. coli; and (iii) members of this set were either cytotoxic and/or hemolytic (Table 2).

Real-time growth inhibition curves of tiamulin 10 and analogue 40 against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 were used to assess the kinetics of their antibacterial activity. Tiamulin 10 completely inhibited S. aureus growth at 4.1 µM with bacterial growth detected after 4 h at the lowest test concentration (1.0 µM) (Figure 8). The growth inhibition kinetics of 40 were similar, with complete inhibition observed at 5.8 µM and growth observed after 2 h at 0.7 µM (Figure 9). Both compounds failed to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa at the highest tested concentration (Figure 8 and Figure 9).

We have previously reported that 3,3-diphenylpropamido-functionalized amines can exhibit antimicrobial activities due to their ability to perturb bacterial outer membranes [26]. The abilities of analogues 28, 29, 40 and 41, the latter as a pleuromutilin-containing negative control, to disrupt the outer membrane of S. aureus 25,923 were evaluated using an ATP release biochemical assay. Compounds were tested at a single fixed dose of 100 µg/mL, which is well above the MIC of each of 28, 29 and 40 against the organism. In all cases, no Gram-positive bacterial membrane disruption was detected (Figure S27). A similar evaluation of the abilities of tiamulin (10) and 40 to perturb the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa PAO1, evaluated using a nitrocefin colorimetric assay [26,28], also failed to indicate any membrane disruption (Figure S28). We concluded that the diphenylpropanamide-linked pleuromutilin analogue 40, despite exhibiting a strong growth inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria, had little to no effect on bacterial membrane stability.

Substituted polyamines are also known to enhance the action of antibiotics towards drug resistant bacteria [29]. We evaluated analogues 30 and 31 for their ability to enhance the antibiotic activity of doxycycline against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Using a low 2 µg/mL, ineffectual, dose of doxycycline, 30 was found to be a very weak enhancer, leading to a 2-fold increase in effectiveness against the Gram-negative organism. In contrast, the spermine analogue 31 was a moderate enhancer, with an 8-fold increase in effectiveness, when used in combination with the low dose of doxycycline.

4. Conclusions

It has been suggested that the presence of ionizable nitrogens in small-molecule Gram-positive only antibiotics can lead to broad-spectrum activity. The present study applied these principles to pleuromutilins by preparing and evaluating a series of C-22 substituted amine- and polyamine-linked analogues. While simple amino esters or diamines 16–18, and 22 were as potent against S. aureus and MRSA as their thiol variants, they lacked activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Derivatives with longer triamine and polyamine side chains (30, 31) did exhibit activity against both S. aureus and E. coli, suggesting that the primary amine either needs to be further from the pleuromutilin core or that several amines are required for optimal Gram-negative activity. Intriguingly, spermine derivative 31 also demonstrated potentiation properties and enhanced the action of doxycycline towards P. aeruginosa by 8-fold, presenting an interesting scaffold for future pleuromutilin analogues with broader spectrums of activity.