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Review

Electronic Textiles Fabricated with Graphene Oxide-Coated Commercial Textiles

by
Hyun-Seok Jang
1,2,3,
Min Soo Moon
1,2,3 and
Byung Hoon Kim
1,2,3,*
1
Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
2
Intelligent Sensor Convergence Research Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
3
Institute of Basic Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2021, 11(5), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050489
Submission received: 26 March 2021 / Revised: 18 April 2021 / Accepted: 19 April 2021 / Published: 22 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Functionalization for Technological Applications)
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Abstract

:
Demand for wearable and portable electronic devices has increased, raising interest in electronic textiles (e-textiles). E-textiles have been produced using various materials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide. Among the materials in this minireview, we introduce e-textiles fabricated with graphene oxide (GO) coating, using commercial textiles. GO-coated cotton, nylon, polyester, and silk are reported. The GO-coated commercial textiles were reduced chemically and thermally. The maximum e-textile conductivity of about 10 S/cm was achieved in GO-coated silk. We also introduce an e-textile made of uncoated silk. The silk-based e-textiles were obtained using a simple heat treatment with axial tension. The conductivity of the e-textiles was over 100 S/cm.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

As interest in flexible and portable electronic devices has grown, efforts to develop electronic textiles (e-textiles) have steadily increased [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Generally, an e-textile is an electrically conducting textile. Studies on e-textiles have frequently employed carbon-based materials because they are highly conductive and lightweight. Among them, electronic yarn and fabric have been obtained from carbon nanotubes (CNT), such as multiwalled carbon nanotube forest synthesized by chemical vapor deposition [1], biscrolling of CNT [2], and core/sheath CNT yarn for wearable supercapacitors [9].
A graphene oxide (GO) has attracted attention as a building block for various applications, including electronic textiles. For e-textiles fabricated with GO itself, GO suspension was put into a pipe, and then the pipe was heated, resulting in various shaped e-textiles [10]. E-textiles with a graphene core-sheath were realized using an electrolyzing method [11]. Graphene fibers and yarns were also fabricated using liquid crystalline dispersions of GO [12,13]. Graphene composite fibers from the reduction of GO fiber have been reported [14], as well as elastic graphene fiber with GO precursors [15], and GO fibers from microfluidic spinning [16]. Hybrid forms of e-textiles using GO/CNT [17,18,19], GO/CVD graphene [20], and GO/MoS2 [21] were obtained for energy storage and multifunctional fibers.
These e-textiles, fabricated using only CNT, GO, or their hybrids without commercial (conventional) textiles, exhibit excellent properties and have potential applications in various fields. However, they also have the potential to commercially disrupt the current textile industry. To protect the existing commercial textiles industry, it would be preferable to use both current textiles and the e-textiles fabricated with carbon materials, mentioned above. Many studies have focused on solving this problem. It is well known that the oxygen functional groups (epoxide, hydroxyl, carbonyl, etc.) of GO and reduction with various methods allow GO to have versatile properties: supercapacitors, membranes, sensors, and solar cells [22]. Especially, GO can be coated on lots of materials due to the functional groups. Here we introduce e-textiles obtained from GO-coated commercial textiles.

2. Cotton

2.1. GO-Coated Cotton

A sheet resistance of less than 5 kΩ/sq was achieved by depositing GO onto cotton fabric [23]. The GO was deposited by vacuum filtration, and then the GO-cotton fabric was reduced by the hot press method at 180 °C. The conductivity of the resulting e-textile was 0.9 kΩ/sq. Shateri-Khalilabad et al. also reported that conducting textiles were obtained from GO-coated cotton textiles [24]. Cotton fabrics were soaked in a 0.05% aqueous dispersion of GO for 30 min. They were reduced using various reducing agents of NaBH4, N2H4, C6H8O6, Na2S2O4, and NaOH. The e-textile reduced by Na2S2O4 showed a surface resistance of 0.374 kΩ/cm.
Figure 1a shows polypyrrole (PPy)/GO-coated cotton fabric, fabricated by the thermal reduction of GO-coated cotton fabric at 250 °C. After the reduction process, PPy was deposited onto the reduced GO (rGO)-coated fabric by chemical polymerization [25]. The conductivity of the PPy/GO cotton fabric was 1.2 S/cm with 336 F/g of specific capacitance at a current density of 0.6 mA/cm2. GO coating on woven cotton was achieved by a screen-printing method, and then GO was reduced electrochemically. The obtained e-textile was adopted for an in-plane supercapacitor (Figure 1b) [26]. Using the screen-printing method, various patterns of rGO electrode can be coated on a textile, which provides the opportunity for fabrication of electronic circuits on the textile. Karim et al. reported that the reduction of GO with sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4), which is widely used for dye reduction in the textile industry, and a simple pad-dry method, were used for e-textile fabrication. Its sheet resistance decreased from 361.82 kΩ/sq to 36.94 kΩ/sq as the padding pass increased, and it showed potential for the application in a stable activity sensor (Figure 1c) [27]. Figure 1c shows a scalable production method for GO-based textiles. (i) and (iv) represent cleaned cotton fabrics. First, GO coating was performed by putting the cotton fabric into a GO solution in a padding bath with rollers (ii). Second, the GO-coated fabric was dried at 100 °C for 5 min (iii). Figure 1c(v,vi) show the rGO padded (coated) cotton fabric and its flexibility, respectively. Images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the pristine cotton, rGO-coated cotton fabric, and five times washed e-textile are respectively shown in Figure 1c(vii–ix). The SEM image of the five times washed e-fabric, indicates that the e-fabric is stable for washing.
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been used as an electrostatic glue between GO and commercial textiles. GO-coated cotton fabric using BSA provides a wearable and flexible humidity sensor [28]. Figure 2a illustrates the sensor fabrication process. A non-woven cotton fabric (NWCF) was used as a substrate (Figure 2a(i)). A patterned Cr/Au (40/160 nm) layer was deposited on the NWCF using a magnetron-sputter (Figure 2a(ii)). Next, the silver leading wires were attached and heated to 120 °C for 30 min (Figure 2a(iii)). After coating with BSA (Figure 2a(iv)), the BSA-coated NWCF was soaked in the GO suspension for 2 h (Figure 2a(v)). Finally, a GO-coated NWCF sensor was obtained (Figure 2a(vi)), which exhibited high flexibility (Figure 2a(vii)). Figure 2b(i,ii) shows the resistance response/recovery performances and resistance variations depending on relative humidity levels (44, 55, 62, 71, and 91%). The sensor was very stable during bending (Figure 2b(iii)) and twisting (Figure 2b(iv)). To use BSA as a glue, pH levels must be controlled. The zeta potential results for GO were negative values at all pH levels, but it changed from positive to negative at pH 5 for BSA. This means that the GO is negatively charged, but the positive charges dominate in BSA at pH levels less than 5. This indicates that the pH level of the BSA must be less than 5 to attach BSA to the GO surfaces [29].
BSA has also been used for coating GO on nylon, polyester, and cotton [29]. rGO-coated mercerized cotton yarns with high stability during bending were reported, showing their potential for a fire/flame monitoring sensor (Figure 3) [30]. The cotton yarns were mercerized by dipping into a 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution for 5 min at various temperatures, up to 100 °C. The mercerized cotton yarns (MCYs) were neutralized by dipping into an acetic acid solution, and then the MCYs were cleaned with DI water. GO coating and infiltration were performed by a simple immersion method. The GO was reduced using HI acid and sodium acetate at 50 °C for 30 min (Figure 3a). A maximum conductivity of 1.0 S/cm was exhibited by the rGO-coated MCY, treated by room temperature mercerization. Figure 3b shows the stability of the fire/flame monitoring sensor application using the GO-coated MCYs during bending. rGO-MCY was stitched into a flameproof glove. The real-time recorded sensing data for flat and bent rGO-MCY are presented in Figure 3b(i,ii). The rGO-MCY can continuously monitor the flame. The electrical conductivity of the sensor increased upon exposure to the flame due to the heat from the flame. Figure 3b(iii,iv) is the sensing data for the flat and bent rGO-MCY, which shows the stability of the fire/flame sensor during bending. The rGO-MCY flame/fire sensor can be useful for firefighters, by implementing the wearable sensor in firefighters’ clothing.
The guest materials can enhance the conductivity and endow various properties to e-textiles. Since GO has oxygen functional groups, the other materials are easily decorated to GO-coated textiles. We will briefly introduce the related researches in the next section.

2.2. Guest Materials/GO-Coated Cotton

The reduction of GO using tea carbon dots (TCD) from Assam tea resulted in TCD doped rGO (TCD-rGO). The conducting textile was achieved by pouring the TCD-rGO dispersion on a woven cotton fabric, which subsequently exhibited a conductivity of 6.23 S/cm [31]. Graphene and CNT were introduced on a cotton fabric using a dip-coating method with the TSiPD•+ dispersant. In this case, the sheet resistances of the graphene and CNT coated fabric were 29.8 Ω/sq and 33.2 Ω/sq, respectively [32].
Cotton yarn successively coated by rGO and ZnO with (3-Aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane, whose role was a glue between rGO and ZnO, displayed an excellent sensitivity to NO2 gas [33]. Gupta et al. reported that ZnO was coated on cotton using zinc acetate dihydrate first, and then the GO was coated on the ZnO-coated cotton, which absorbed microwaves [34]. Ghosh et al. showed the electromagnetic interference shielding and antibacterial activity of cotton fabrics with silver nanoparticle-decorated GO [35].

3. GO-Coated Polyester and Nylon

GO-coated cotton, polyester (PES) and nylon, have shown conducting behavior using an rGO coating. To coat GO on the surface of PES and nylon, BSA was used as a glue. The GO-coated textiles were then reduced using hydroiodic acid and acetic acid. The conductivity of the e-textiles was about 10 S/cm, and this level was maintained after bending, twisting, and washing with detergent (Figure 4) [29]. Figure 4a,b displays the SEM images of rGO-coated nylon fiber and knotted rGO-nylon fiber, respectively. The nylon fiber was synthesized by electrospinning. The wrinkles on the surface indicate that rGO has well coated the surface of the nylon fiber. rGO was also coated on commercial PES yarn using BSA (Figure 4c). Wrinkles also appeared on the surface of the rGO-PES yarn (Figure 4d). The rGO-coated nylon fabric was stable after bending (Figure 4e), twisting (Figure 4f), and washing with detergent (Figure 4g).
GO was coated on PES by an immersion and drying method and then chemically reduced using Na2S2O4. As a result, rGO-coated PES was obtained. In addition, Ag nanoparticles were deposited on rGO-coated PES, whose electrical resistivity is 0.35 MΩcm, by dipping in an aqueous solution of AgNO3 followed by reduction with N2H4•H2O [36]. PES/Ag nanowires/graphene with a core–shell structure was fabricated for wearable triboelectric generators. Ag nanowires were attached to the PES surface by blade-coating and then the GO suspension was coated with the same method. After coating, the GO was reduced by hydrazine-hydrate. The resistance of the resulting textile was 20 Ω/square [37]. rGO-coated PES/cotton electronic fabric was modified with a phosphate flame retardant. It showed 0.546 kΩ/square and good flame retardancy [38].
Zhao et al. reported rGO-coated nylon Lycra fabric (rGO-fabric)-based electrodes for supercapacitors [39]. The GO-coated fabric was reduced by a 0.1 M L-ascorbic acid solution at 95 °C. A resistance of 240 Ω/square was achieved with an rGO loading of 2.3 mg/cm2. Interestingly, the initial specific capacitance of the rGO fabric, 13.5 F/g, increased up to 114 F/g in the PPy-coated rGO fabric. This was interpreted to indicate π-π stacking interactions between the rGO sheet and the conjugated backbones of the PPy.
A highly sensitive NO2 gas sensor using rGO-coated nylon was realized [40]. First, nylon-6 nanofibers were deposited on a meshed metal collector (50 meshes) using the electrospinning method (Figure 5a(i–iii)). Second, BSA was functionalized to induce positive charges on the surface of the nylon-6 nanofibers (Figure 5a(iv)). Third, the resulting mesh was dipped in a low pH-valued GO solution (pH 4.0) (Figure 5a(v)). Finally, chemical reduction was performed using a HI and acetic acid solution (Figure 5a(vi)). Figure 5b,c shows optical and SEM images of the e-fabric, respectively. It exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for NO2 gas (Figure 5d).

4. E-Textiles Fabricated with Silk

GO-coated BSA-functionalized silk fabrics were thermally reduced at 200 °C for 30 min. The resistivity was 23.29 kΩcm using 2 mg/mL of GO solution, but it decreased to 3.28 kΩcm with 5 mg/mL of GO solution [41]. In fact, the glue-like BSA was not needed to coat GO onto the surface of the silk. Numerous hydrophilic amide groups, including serine, alanine, and glycine in the silk, bonded to the oxygen functional groups in the GO via hydrogen bonding. In addition, crystalline β-sheets in the silk, provided a hydrophobic interaction with GO [42,43]. Using this property, Jeon et al. reported e-textiles of GO-coated silk and spider web using a simple dipping method without using any glue such as BSA, as shown in Figure 6 [44]. Figure 6a,c is, respectively, SEM images of pristine silk fibroin and spider web, and Figure 6b,d is the SEM images of the rGO-coated silk fibroin and spider web, respectively. The conducting behavior of both e-textiles is shown in Figure 6e (rGO-silk yarn) and Figure 6f (rGO-spider web). The conductivities were approximately 4.76 × 10−1 S/cm for the rGO-coated silk yarn and 5.95 × 10−4 S/cm for the rGO-coated spider web. In the rGO-coated silk fabric, the conductivity reached up to 10 S/cm. They also fabricated a wearable NO2 gas sensor using GO-coated silk fabric [45]. A simple method of dipping the silk fabric in a GO solution (1.0 mg/mL), was used to prepare the gas sensor. The GO-coated silk was thermally treated at 400, 500, and 600 °C. A gas sensing response of 24% was attained with the GO-coated silk reduced at 400 °C, when the sensor was exposed to 10 ppm NO2 gas. This performance was attributed to the large surface area and optimum pore-size.
The electrical conducting property of silk has also been enhanced without GO coating. The basic building blocks of silk can be transformed into a hexagonal carbon structure by heat treatment. The conductivity of the heat-treated silk fibroins increased as the heat treatment temperature (HTT) increased (4.48 × 102 S/cm for 800 °C HTT and 4.37 × 105 S/cm for 2800 °C HTT) [46]. Using this property, flexible and wearable e-textiles having high conductivity and high thermal durability, can be fabricated with silk (Figure 7a) [47]. A long-range ordered carbon structure was obtained with commercial silk after thermal treatment up to 1400 °C with axial stretching. The conductivities of the silk fibroin and commercial silk yarn treated at 1000 °C were 1201 S/cm and 150 S/cm, respectively. The conductivity increased as HTT and the axial tensile stress were increased (Figure 7b). These e-textiles, fabricated at high temperatures, also showed high thermal durability (Figure 7c,d). This high thermal durability allows depositing various materials such as ZnO, MoSe2, and NbN using standard sputtering and evaporation techniques. This can endow semiconducting and superconducting behavior to the e-fabric.

5. Outlook

We have introduced rGO-coated e-textiles fabricated with commercial textiles, cotton, polyester, nylon, and silk. GO coating onto the textiles was achieved by vacuum filtration, simple dipping, screen-printing, spraying, and blade-coating. The electrical conductivity of the e-textiles is generated from the reduction of GO by heat treatment (HT), chemicals, or electrochemical processes. The maximum conductivity order of 101 S/cm was reported with the e-textiles reduced by HT, HI and acetic acids (Table 1).
An e-textile can be used for various applications such as gas sensors, supercapacitors, flame/fire sensors, shielding of electromagnetic waves as mentioned before, as well as human health, medicine [4,5,6], and biology [7]. In this light, GO-coated e-textiles can break the barriers in the way of e-textiles gaining more applications, because lots of materials for the various applications can be attached to GO. However, the most critical applications of e-textiles may be flexible and wearable electronics. To reach this goal, essentially, the e-textiles having high conductivity is inevitable. Although we obtained the conductivity of 100 S/cm in GO-coated silk (unpublished), the conductivity of the rGO-coated textiles is too low, as shown in Table 1. To use rGO-coated e-textiles in flexible and wearable electronics, methods for increasing conductivity need to be found. For example the new reduction method, and metal nanoparticle-dipping and nanowelding between the nanoparticles, like Au nanowelding in SiO2 [48].

6. Conclusions

We have reviewed a number of different rGO-coated e-textiles. rGO-coating has been applied to commercial textiles including cotton, nylon, polyester, and silk. This GO coating was achieved by simple dipping, or using BSA as a glue between the commercial textiles and GO. The reduction of the coated GO was performed using chemicals (HI, acetic acid and Na2S2O4), microwaves, or heat treatment at various temperatures. The resulting e-textiles exhibited conductivities from 10−5 to 10 S/cm depending on the reduction methods and temperatures. The commercial silk-based textiles without GO coating showed the highest conductivity, 100 S/cm.
These e-textiles have been employed for supercapacitors, NO2 gas sensors, fire/flame retardants, and electromagnetic wave absorption and shielding with guest materials. Such commercial textile-based e-textiles will provide a workable solution for the future textile industry.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.H.K.; methodology, B.H.K. and H.-S.J.: data collection, B.H.K., H.-S.J., M.S.M.; writing, B.H.K., H.-S.J., M.S.M.; review and editing, B.H.K. and H.-S.J.; supervision, B.H.K. and H.-S.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2020R1A2C4001513).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. (a) Schematic for fabrication of PPy-rGO-fabric. (b) Schematic of the printed superconductor fabrication process. (c) Scalable production of rGO-coated cotton fabric using padding bath with rollers. Reprinted with permission from References [25,26,27]. The inset of c(iii) is the scheme of the pad-dry process. Copyright (2015) Elsevier, Copyright (2017) IOP Publishing, and Copyright (2017) American Chemical Society.
Figure 1. (a) Schematic for fabrication of PPy-rGO-fabric. (b) Schematic of the printed superconductor fabrication process. (c) Scalable production of rGO-coated cotton fabric using padding bath with rollers. Reprinted with permission from References [25,26,27]. The inset of c(iii) is the scheme of the pad-dry process. Copyright (2015) Elsevier, Copyright (2017) IOP Publishing, and Copyright (2017) American Chemical Society.
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Figure 2. (a) Schematic of the humidity sensor fabrication process. (b) Humidity sensing performance depending on relative humidity (i,ii) and stability for (iii) bending and (iv) twisting. Reprinted with permission from Reference [28]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society.
Figure 2. (a) Schematic of the humidity sensor fabrication process. (b) Humidity sensing performance depending on relative humidity (i,ii) and stability for (iii) bending and (iv) twisting. Reprinted with permission from Reference [28]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society.
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Figure 3. (a) Schematic representation of fabrication process and mechanism of rGO-coated mercerized cotton yarn. (b) Photographs of the smart glove for fire/flame monitoring for the flat and bent yarn. Reprinted with permission from Reference [30]. Copyright (2019) Elsevier.
Figure 3. (a) Schematic representation of fabrication process and mechanism of rGO-coated mercerized cotton yarn. (b) Photographs of the smart glove for fire/flame monitoring for the flat and bent yarn. Reprinted with permission from Reference [30]. Copyright (2019) Elsevier.
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Figure 4. SEM images of (a) rGO-coated nylon fiber, (b) knotted rGO-coated nylon fiber, (c) rGO-coated commercial PES yarn, and (d) wrinkles on the surface of PED yarn. Stability in conducting behavior for (e) bending and (f) twisting. (g) Stability in conductivity for washing with detergent. Reprinted with permission from Reference [29]. Copyright (2013) John Wiley and Sons.
Figure 4. SEM images of (a) rGO-coated nylon fiber, (b) knotted rGO-coated nylon fiber, (c) rGO-coated commercial PES yarn, and (d) wrinkles on the surface of PED yarn. Stability in conducting behavior for (e) bending and (f) twisting. (g) Stability in conductivity for washing with detergent. Reprinted with permission from Reference [29]. Copyright (2013) John Wiley and Sons.
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Figure 5. (a) Schematic of the fabrication process of rGO-coated nylon for NO2 gas sensing. (b) Optical image of rGO-coated nylon. (c) SEM image of the e-fabric. (d) Sensitivity and selectivity of the e-fabric for NO2 gas. Reprinted with permission from Reference [40]. Copyright (2018) Elsevier.
Figure 5. (a) Schematic of the fabrication process of rGO-coated nylon for NO2 gas sensing. (b) Optical image of rGO-coated nylon. (c) SEM image of the e-fabric. (d) Sensitivity and selectivity of the e-fabric for NO2 gas. Reprinted with permission from Reference [40]. Copyright (2018) Elsevier.
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Figure 6. SEM images of (a) silk fibroin, (b) rGO-coated silk fibroin, (c) spider web, and (d) rGO-coated spider web. The electrical conductor of (e) rGO-silk yarn and (f) rGO-spider web. Reprinted with permission from Reference [44]. Copyright (2017) John Wiley and Sons.
Figure 6. SEM images of (a) silk fibroin, (b) rGO-coated silk fibroin, (c) spider web, and (d) rGO-coated spider web. The electrical conductor of (e) rGO-silk yarn and (f) rGO-spider web. Reprinted with permission from Reference [44]. Copyright (2017) John Wiley and Sons.
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Figure 7. (a) Conducting behavior of commercial silk yarn. (b) HTT-dependent conductivity. (c,d) Thermal durability of the e-textile. Reprinted with permission from Reference [47]. Copyright (2018) Elsevier.
Figure 7. (a) Conducting behavior of commercial silk yarn. (b) HTT-dependent conductivity. (c,d) Thermal durability of the e-textile. Reprinted with permission from Reference [47]. Copyright (2018) Elsevier.
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Table
Table 1. Characteristics of rGO-coated e-textiles. The different conductivity came from the reduction methods, reduction temperature, and heating rate (°C/min).
Table 1. Characteristics of rGO-coated e-textiles. The different conductivity came from the reduction methods, reduction temperature, and heating rate (°C/min).
Commercial TextilesCoating MethodReduction MethodConductivitySpecific
Capacitance		Reference
CottonVacuum filtrationHT at 453 K1.1 × 10−3 S/sq-[23]
Soak-coatingNa2S2O42.7 × 10−3 S/cm-[24]
Dip-coatingHT at 523 K1.2 S/cm336 F/g[25]
Screen printingElectrochemical9.1 × 10−6 S/sq257 F/g[26]
Padding/dryingNa2S2O42.7 × 10−5 S/sq-[27]
Dip-coatingHI acid and sodium acetate1.0 S/cm-[30]
Dip-coatingTea carbon dots6.2 S/cm-[31]
Spray-coatingHT at 873 K15.8 S/cm-[32]
Dip-coatingHydrazine hydrate1.7 S/cm-[33]
PolyesterDip-coatingHI acid and acetic acid10 S/cm-[29]
Dip-coatingNa2S2O42.9 × 10−6 S/cm-[36]
Blade-coatingHydrazine hydrate0.05 S/sq-[37]
NylonDip-coatingHI acid and acetic acid10 S/cm-[29]
Dip-coatingL-ascorbic acid4.2 × 10−3 S/sq114 F/g[39]
SilkDip-coatingHT at 473 K3.0 × 10−4 S/cm-[41]
Dip-coatingHT at 523 K10 S/cm-[44]
Dip-coatingHT at 1173 K100 S/cm-Unpublished
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Jang, H.-S.; Moon, M.S.; Kim, B.H. Electronic Textiles Fabricated with Graphene Oxide-Coated Commercial Textiles. Coatings 2021, 11, 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050489

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Jang H-S, Moon MS, Kim BH. Electronic Textiles Fabricated with Graphene Oxide-Coated Commercial Textiles. Coatings. 2021; 11(5):489. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050489

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Jang, Hyun-Seok, Min Soo Moon, and Byung Hoon Kim. 2021. "Electronic Textiles Fabricated with Graphene Oxide-Coated Commercial Textiles" Coatings 11, no. 5: 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050489

APA Style

Jang, H. -S., Moon, M. S., & Kim, B. H. (2021). Electronic Textiles Fabricated with Graphene Oxide-Coated Commercial Textiles. Coatings, 11(5), 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050489

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