Impact of Carbon Fiber Content and Length on the Rheological Properties and Coating Performance for Lost Foam Casting

Abstract

This study explores the impact of carbon fiber length and content on the rheological properties and performance of coatings used in lost foam casting. The investigation encompassed fiber lengths of 1 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm and fiber contents of 0.2%, 0.5%, and 0.8%. The effects on coating viscosity, shear stress, coating weight, and surface morphology were meticulously evaluated. The results demonstrate that incorporating carbon fibers significantly enhances coating viscosity and shear stress compared to fiber-free coatings, with more pronounced effects observed at higher fiber contents and longer fiber lengths. Nevertheless, excessive fiber contents and lengths can lead to agglomeration, negatively impacting coating uniformity. The optimal fiber length and content were identified, striking a balance between improved rheological properties and coating performance. These findings provide critical insights for the development and industrial application of high-performance coatings in lost foam casting.

1. Introduction

With the rapid advancement of modern industry, the demands on casting technology have escalated significantly [1,2,3,4,5]. High production efficiency, superior casting quality, precise dimensional accuracy, and environmental compliance have become essential trends for casting products [6,7,8,9,10]. Among the various casting methods, lost foam casting (LFC) has emerged as an innovative technique within the industry [11,12,13,14]. This method involves assembling clusters of foam plastic models that resemble the desired cast part in size and shape. These models are coated with a refractory material, dried, and then embedded in dry quartz sand for vibration molding. Under vacuum conditions, molten metal is poured into the mold, causing the foam models to vaporize and be replaced by the metal, which solidifies to form the final casting.

Compared to traditional casting methods, LFC offers a near-net shape and precise forming process. It is suitable for castings with simple geometries as well as complex shapes, free from the constraints of conventional casting techniques [15,16]. LFC is widely applicable, accommodating a variety of metals, including cast steel, cast iron, cast copper, and cast aluminum. The process can produce castings of virtually any size, dictated by the melting capacity. Moreover, while LFC boasts numerous advantages such as reduced waste, precise shaping, and environmental friendliness, it is not without its challenges. The primary disadvantages include the potential for higher initial setup costs, the need for precise control over process parameters, and the possible requirement for specialized equipment and training. These factors can limit its adoption, particularly in smaller foundries or industries with limited resources.

A critical component in LFC is the coating, which plays roles in heat transfer, mass transfer, and controlling metal flow characteristics. The use of LFC coatings is integral to the overall process, as they reduce surface roughness and ensure the dimensional accuracy of castings. The quality of these coatings directly impacts the quality of LFC castings and represents a key constraint in the widespread adoption and further development of LFC technology. Therefore, in-depth research and the development of coatings for LFC are essential to enhance performance, reduce the environmental impact of solid waste emissions, and improve the quality of cast products.

Research into fiber-reinforced concrete technology offers valuable insights for designing high-performance LFC coatings [17,18,19,20]. Traditional concrete performance improves significantly when reinforced with fibers, a technique widely applied and proven effective in developing functional coatings and composite materials. Drawing from this research, we propose incorporating carbon fibers directly into the coatings. This approach is straightforward and influences the rheological properties of the coatings, such as viscosity. Controlling these properties, including viscosity and suspension in their wet state, is crucial for optimizing the application of coatings. For instance, in producing coatings for cast iron LFC, viscosity decreases with increased mixing time, while permeability remains relatively constant. The decline in viscosity with prolonged mixing results from the adequate wetting and dispersion of the refractory aggregates. Continued mixing in a baffle-equipped container leads to a uniform reduction in viscosity due to improved homogeneity and the absence of noticeable solid segregation. Hence, the rheological properties of the coatings significantly affect their application, viscosity, and coverage, ultimately impacting the quality of the cast products. Understanding the rheological characteristics of LFC coatings is thus particularly important.

Carbon fibers are known for their excellent thermal conductivity, high-temperature resistance, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, adsorption capacity, and mechanical properties [21,22,23,24,25]. In addition to those properties, the surface physicochemical properties of the carbon fibers are critical for understanding their interaction with the LFC coatings. Extensive research has been conducted on the application and modification of carbon fibers to enhance the performance of composite materials. Notably, studies have demonstrated the impact of fiber surface treatment on the adhesion properties in polymer composites, which directly correlates with our findings on rheological behavior in LFC coatings [26]. Researchers have explored the thermal and mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced composites, providing insights into the high-temperature stability that our study leverages [27]. Additionally, Hou et al. investigated the role of carbon fiber length and dispersion in improving the structural integrity of advanced composites, a factor that significantly influenced our approach to optimizing LFC coatings [28]. These attributes make carbon fibers indispensable materials in both economic and defense sectors. Given the superior performance and effectiveness of carbon fibers, this study introduces short fibers as an additive phase, incorporating carbon fibers of varying lengths at mass fractions ranging from 0% to 0.8% into the LFC coatings. In addition to mixing time and fiber content, other parameters significantly affect the coatings’ performance. These include the particle size of the refractory materials, the type and concentration of binders, the drying conditions, and the application methods. Understanding the interplay among these factors is crucial for optimizing the coating formulation and ensuring consistent quality in LFC products.

In this paper, we investigate the effects of fiber content, fiber length, and mixing time on the viscosity, coverage, and suspension properties of the coatings. This comprehensive study aims to bridge the gap between theoretical research and practical application in LFC technology, providing a foundation for further advancements in casting processes that meet the high demands of modern industry. By exploring the intricate dynamics of fiber-reinforced coatings, this research contributes to the development of more efficient, high-quality, and environmentally friendly casting methods.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Materials

This study investigates the effects of varying sizes of chopped carbon fibers (1 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm) on the properties of high-manganese steel lost foam coatings. The carbon fibers used in the experiments were obtained from Shanghai Liso Composite Material Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), a reputable supplier known for producing high-purity carbon fibers. The specific grades and types of carbon fibers were selected to ensure consistency and reliability in the results. The lost foam coatings were sourced from Henan Tianyuan Precision Mould Co., Ltd. (Xinxiang, China), ensuring that the materials met the necessary specifications for industrial applications in lost foam casting. The experimental fibers and coatings are depicted in Figure 1, while the main components of the coatings and the properties of the carbon fibers are detailed in

Table 1. Composition of lost foam coatings.

Refractory Aggregate	Binder	Suspending Agent	Carrier
Quartz Powder, Calcined Bauxite	Latex, Water Glass	Na-based Bentonite	Water

and

Table 2. Properties of chopped carbon fibers (1 mm).

Carbon Content	Tensile Strength	Tensile Modulus	Density	Fiber Diameter	Standard Length	Bulk Density	Characteristics
97%	4900 MPa	230 GPa	1.75 g/cm³	7 µm	1 mm	0.4 g/cm³	Easily Dispersible

, respectively. Based on the findings of other researchers, the surface energy of carbon fibers ranges between 35 and 50 mJ/m². The contact angle between the carbon fibers and the coating is less than 90 degrees, indicating effective wetting [29,30].

The primary equipment and instruments used in this study include beakers, electronic balances, rotational viscometers, and JFS series variable frequency high-speed dispersers. The surface morphology of the dried coatings was observed using a stereomicroscope made by SUNNY GROUP Co., Ltd. (Yuyao, China). This microscope allowed us to capture high-resolution images of the coating surfaces, providing insights into the effects of carbon fiber content and length on surface features.

2.2. Experimental Methods and Procedures

A coating mixture weighing 600 g was prepared with a powder-to-liquid ratio of 1.2:1 and stirred at a speed of 1000 rpm. Subsequently, fibers of varying lengths (1 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm) and contents (0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8% of the total mass) were added to the mixture and stirred for different durations (20 min, 50 min, 80 min). The freshly mixed coating was allowed to rest for 1 min after stirring before the viscosity measurements were performed. The viscosity and shear stress of the coatings were measured using an LVDV-2T viscometer, manufactured by Shanghai Fangrui Instrument Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), as illustrated in Figure 2. We employed the Rotor No. 3 for these measurements. The choice of rotor allowed for precise control over shear rate, which is essential for evaluating the rheological properties of the coatings. Rotor No. 3 was selected, and the rotor speeds were set at 6 rpm, 12 rpm, 30 rpm, and 60 rpm to accurately capture changes in the viscosity properties of the coatings. The shear rates corresponding to the different rotor speeds were 1.25 S⁻¹, 2.5 S⁻¹, 6.27 S⁻¹, and 12.54 S⁻¹.

To evaluate the performance of the coatings, the following procedures were employed for varying fiber lengths and fiber contents. For evaluating the coating weight with varying fiber contents, a clean stainless-steel plate was used. Initially, the plate’s mass (W1) was measured using an electronic balance. The plate, held with a wire, was then slowly immersed into the lost foam coating until fully submerged. After 10 s, the plate was slowly removed and suspended to allow excess coating to drip off, as shown in Figure 3. After 2 min, the plate was weighed again to determine its final mass (W2). The difference (W2 − W1) represents the coating weight and was used for a relative evaluation of the coating performance.

To test coating uniformity, a clean, dry glass plate was used. The glass plate was slowly immersed to a specific depth in the lost foam coating. After 10 s, the plate was slowly removed and suspended to allow excess coating to drip off. The plate was then left to air dry at room temperature, as shown in Figure 4. The surface morphology of the coatings with varying fiber contents was captured using the stereomicroscope to assess their coating uniformity properties.

These carefully controlled procedures ensured a thorough investigation of the effects of fiber length, fiber content, and mixing time on the rheological properties of the lost foam coatings. The findings provide essential data for optimizing the formulation and industrial application of these coatings.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Influence of Mixing Time on Coating Viscosity

The effect of mixing time on the viscosity of coatings with different fiber lengths and contents is presented in Figure 5. Viscosity measurements were recorded at a rotor speed of 6 rpm, which corresponds to a shear rate of 1.25 S⁻¹.

From Figure 5, it can been seen that the coatings exhibited a noticeable thixotropic effect, where the viscosity decreased over time at a constant shear rate. This observation is consistent with the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids, where the viscosity of the suspension reduces with continuous shear. This trend is attributed to the thorough mixing of the refractory aggregate, binder, and suspending agent over time, which results in the breakdown of large binder molecules, thereby reducing viscosity until it stabilizes. The addition of fibers significantly alters the viscosity compared to fiber-free coatings. The thixotropic behavior of the coatings can be attributed to the interactions between the carbon fibers and the coating matrix. The addition of carbon fibers with lengths of 1 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm substantially increases the viscosity of the lost foam coatings. As the fiber content increases from 0% to 0.8%, the viscosity of the coatings more than doubles. This effect is particularly pronounced with 6 mm fibers: at fiber contents of 0.5% and 0.8%, the viscosity exceeded the measurement range of the instrument within a mixing time of less than 20 min.

The changes in viscosity due to fiber addition can be attributed to the interactions between the fibers and the coating materials [31,32]. When carbon fibers are introduced, they intertwine and form chain-like or network structures during the mixing process. These structures entrap the materials within the coatings, increasing flow resistance and thus viscosity. With a fixed fiber length, increasing the fiber content enhances these network structures, further elevating the viscosity, sometimes beyond the instrument’s measurement capabilities.

These observations suggest that the rheological properties of the coatings are significantly influenced by both fiber length and content. As mixing time progresses, the initial increase in viscosity due to fiber addition eventually stabilizes as the coating components are thoroughly dispersed. Achieving a balance between mixing time and fiber characteristics is crucial for optimizing the application and performance of lost foam coatings in industrial settings.

3.2. Influence of Fiber Content on Rheological Properties

The effect of fiber content on the rheological properties of the coatings is illustrated in Figure 6.

As shown in Figure 6, the addition of carbon fibers increases the flow resistance and apparent viscosity of the lost foam coatings compared to those without fibers. However, the effect of different fiber lengths on the viscosity of the coatings varies significantly.

From Figure 6a,b, it is evident that for 1 mm fibers, the viscosity effects of 0.2% and 0.5% fiber additions are similar, while a 0.8% fiber content significantly increases both viscosity and shear stress. The shorter fiber length means that at 0.2% and 0.5% concentrations, the number of cross-linked network structures is limited, and their binding strength is relatively low. Only when the fiber content reaches 0.8% do these structures sufficiently increase the viscosity. When the fiber length is 3 mm, the increase in fiber content has a more pronounced effect on raising the coating viscosity compared to 1 mm fibers. As the fiber content increases, the apparent viscosity of the coatings shows a mainly linear increase. For coatings with different fiber contents, the apparent viscosity values decrease with increasing rotor speed due to the shear-thinning properties of the coatings. The shear stress results, shown in Figure 6d, indicate that when 3 mm fibers are added, the shear stress increases linearly with the fiber content. When the fiber length increases to 6 mm, even a small addition of 0.2% significantly affects the apparent viscosity of the coatings. However, increasing the fiber content from 0.5% to 0.8% does not significantly affect the viscosity, as shown in Figure 6e,f, where the viscosity–shear rate curves for these two concentrations are quite similar. This is because when the fiber length is 6 mm, even a small percentage of fibers (e.g., 0.2%) can form a substantial number of cross-linked network structures, rapidly increasing the viscosity [33,34,35]. As the fiber content increases further, these structures reach saturation, and the fibers tend to aggregate and entangle, diminishing their effectiveness. The surface properties of carbon fibers, including surface energy, roughness, and chemical functionality, play a pivotal role in determining the rheological behavior and performance of LFC coatings [36]. This adhesion can enhance the coating’s mechanical integrity and reduce the likelihood of fiber agglomeration, leading to a more uniform distribution of fibers within the coating matrix.

From Figure 6, it is clear that when the carbon fiber length reaches 6 mm, the fibers are more prone to aggregation and entanglement within the coating, which can negatively impact its performance. It is an intricate balance between fiber content and length in determining the rheological properties of lost foam coatings. Optimal performance is achieved by fine-tuning these parameters to avoid excessive viscosity while maintaining adequate structural integrity. This understanding is critical for developing advanced coatings with tailored properties for industrial applications, confirming that by carefully selecting and modifying the surface properties of carbon fibers, the rheological properties of the coatings can be optimized to achieve better suspension stability, reduced viscosity, and enhanced coating uniformity. These improvements lead to superior casting quality, as evidenced by the reduced surface roughness and improved dimensional accuracy of the LFC products.

3.3. Influence of Fiber Content on Coating Weight

Coating Weight refers to the ease with which a coating can uniformly cover the surface of a mold or core to a specific thickness without accumulation, dripping, or damaging the surface. While there are no direct methods to measure coating weight, it can be evaluated through a combination of factors such as viscosity, specific gravity, thixotropy, coating thickness, or applied weight. In this study, we used applied weight to assess the coating performance after adding fibers. The effect of mixing time and fiber content on the coating weight was analyzed, and the results are presented in Figure 7.

The addition of carbon fibers significantly increased the coating weight compared to coatings without fibers, approximately doubling the weight. The influence of different fiber lengths on coating weight varies noticeably with increased mixing time. From Figure 7a, it can be seen that for fibers of 1 mm in length, the coating weight generally increases with the fiber content, indicating better coating performance than fibers of other lengths. This is likely because the shorter length of 1 mm allows the fibers to mix quickly and evenly within the coating, with minimal entanglement and aggregation. This promotes the formation of a fiber network structure, which enhances the coating weight as the fiber content increases. For fibers of 3 mm and 6 mm in length, the impact of fiber content on the coating weight becomes more complex, as shown in Figure 7b,c. When the fiber content increases from 0.2% to 0.8%, the coating weight does not consistently increase. In fact, when the fiber content exceeds 0.5%, there can be a sudden decrease in the coating weight. This is because longer fibers (3 mm and 6 mm) distribute unevenly within the coating, leading to more entanglement and aggregation. This results in increased variability and fluctuation in the measured coating weight, reflecting the non-uniformity of the coating. This phenomenon becomes more pronounced as the fiber content increases.

These results highlight the significant influence of fiber length and content on coating weight. Shorter fibers (1 mm) tend to result in a more uniform and stable coating with consistent weight over time. In contrast, longer fibers (3 mm and 6 mm) exhibit more complex behaviors, with their impact on coating weight being highly dependent on both the fiber content and mixing time. This complexity likely arises from the network structures formed by the fibers, which can vary in density and distribution based on the specific conditions of the mixture. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing the coating formulation process. By carefully balancing fiber length and content, it is possible to tailor the coating properties to achieve the desired performance characteristics, ensuring consistency and reliability in industrial applications.

3.4. Influence of Fiber Content on Coating Surface Morphology

To evaluate the impact of fiber content on coating surface morphology, clean and dry glass slides were used. Each slide was carefully immersed into the lost foam coating to a specific depth. After a 10 s immersion, the slide was slowly withdrawn and suspended to allow excess coating to drip off. The slides were then left to air dry at room temperature. The macroscopic morphology of the coatings, influenced by fiber length and content, is shown in Figure 8.

From Figure 8, it can been seen that fiber length and content have a noticeable impact on the surface morphology of the coatings. The interaction between the carbon fiber surfaces and the binder matrix in the coatings affects the dispersion and suspension of the fibers, which in turn influences the viscosity and stability of the coating mixture. For example, the high surface energy of carbon fibers promotes strong interfacial adhesion between the fibers and the binder. According to the literature, the surface energy of the carbon fibers used in this study ranges from 35 to 50 mJ/m², with a contact angle of less than 90 degrees, indicating excellent wettability [29,30]. When 1 mm fibers were added, the coating surface generally remained uniform. At fiber content levels between 0.2% and 0.5%, no agglomeration was observed, and the surface morphology was satisfactory. However, when the fiber content increased to 0.8%, slight agglomeration was noted in small areas, as depicted in Figure 8a. This suggests that the optimal fiber length is 1 mm, with the content controlled within 0.5%. For fibers with lengths of 3 mm and 6 mm, the surface morphology of the coatings significantly deteriorated. Noticeable agglomeration occurred, and this effect intensified with increasing fiber content. This is because longer fibers tend to distribute unevenly within the coating, leading to severe entanglement and aggregation, ultimately affecting the coating’s surface morphology. The changes in the surface morphology of the coatings are directly related to the effects of varying fiber contents on the viscosity performance of the coatings. As the fiber content and fiber length increase, the viscosity of the coatings shows a rising trend. To ensure optimal application properties, the coatings need to maintain a certain level of viscosity. However, excessively high viscosity can negatively affect the leveling properties of the coatings, leading to a deterioration in surface quality and affecting the surface morphology, particularly the distribution of the fibers. These findings highlight the critical balance required in optimizing fiber content and length to achieve the desired coating properties. Properly managing these variables can significantly enhance coating performance and quality, making it essential for industrial applications.

4. Conclusions

This study comprehensively investigates the influence of fiber content, fiber length, and mixing time on the rheological properties, coating weight, and surface morphology of lost foam casting (LFC) coatings. Our findings provide critical insights into optimizing LFC coatings for enhanced performance and industrial applicability.

(1)

The experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of carbon fibers significantly impacts the viscosity and overall rheological behavior of the coatings. Shorter fibers (1 mm) contribute to a more uniform and stable coating with enhanced coverage and minimal aggregation. Conversely, longer fibers (3 mm and 6 mm) tend to aggregate and entangle, particularly at higher concentrations, leading to increased viscosity and less uniform coatings.

(2)

Mixing time also plays a crucial role in determining the viscosity and suspension characteristics of the coatings. Extended mixing times result in a gradual decrease in viscosity, attributed to the improved dispersion and wetting of refractory aggregates. However, this effect varies with fiber length and concentration, indicating the need for tailored mixing protocols to optimize coating performance.

(3)

The study highlights the importance of balancing fiber content and length to achieve the optimal coating weight and surface morphology. Short fibers (1 mm) at lower concentrations (0.2%–0.5%) yield the best results in terms of coating weight and uniformity, while higher fiber contents and longer fibers lead to increased complexity and variability in the coatings.