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Article

Association between 30-s Chair Stand-Up Test and Anthropometric Values, Vibration Perception Threshold, FHSQ, and 15-D in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by
Francisco Javier Domínguez-Muñoz
1,
Jorge Carlos-Vivas
2,
Santos Villafaina
1,
Miguel A. García-Gordillo
3,*,
Miguel Ángel Hernández-Mocholi
1,
Daniel Collado-Mateo
4,
Narcis Gusi
1 and
José C. Adsuar
2
1
Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
2
Health Economy Motricity and Education (HEME), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
3
Facultad de Administración y Negocios, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Sede Talca 3467987, Chile
4
Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biology 2021, 10(3), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030246
Submission received: 2 March 2021 / Revised: 14 March 2021 / Accepted: 18 March 2021 / Published: 22 March 2021
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic global disease with a series of complications that lead to problems in the somatosensory system, the cardiovascular system, health-related quality of life, foot health, and even balance. These balance problems arise from deficits in lower limb strength, among other causes. The 30-s chair stand-up test is a test that evaluates leg strength and is an easy, quick, inexpensive, and predictive test of different parameters. How this test relates to health-related quality of life, vibration sensitivity threshold, and foot health has not been studied. This study tests the degree of the relationships of the 30-s chair stand-up test with the 15-dimensional (15-D) questionnaire, Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ), vibration sensitivity threshold, and body composition questionnaires.

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, worldwide disease affecting more than 400 million people. This pathology involves several associated problems, such as diabetic neuropathy complications, obesity, and foot problems, both in terms of health and sensitivity. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the relationships of the 30-s chair stand-up test with the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ), the vibration perception threshold (VPT), and the 15-dimensional (15-D) questionnaire in T2DM people. Methodology: Ninety participants with T2DM were assessed in terms of fat mass percentage, VPT, foot health, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and the 30-s chair stand-up test. Results: The 30-s chair stand-up test was found to exhibit a moderate relationship with “physical activity” (rho = 0.441; p ≤ 0.001) and “vigor” (rho = 0.443; p ≤ 0.001) from FHSQ. The 30-s chair stand-up test was also found to be weakly associated with foot pain (rho = 0.358; p = 0.001), 15-D total score (rho = 0.376; p ≤ 0.001), “sleeping” (rho = 0.371; p < 0.001), and “depression” (rho = 0.352; p = 0.001). Conclusions: The 30-s chair stand-up test is associated with “physical activity”, “vigor”, and “foot pain” from the FHSQ and the 15-D questionnaire total score and its dimensions “sleeping” and “depression” in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Therefore, following the results obtained, qualified clinicians can use the 30-s chair stand-up test as a good tool for monitoring and managing type 2 diabetes.

1. Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia and is due to a progressive deficit of insulin secretion that is initiated after a process of insulin resistance [1]; it affects 415 million people worldwide [2]. Moreover, the T2DM prevalence is rising in both men and women. The International Diabetes Federation states that 46.2% of persons who are eligible for a diagnosis of T2DM are still undiagnosed. Likewise, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 642 million people in the world will suffer from DM by 2040 [2]. Moreover, the aging population could have a significant impact on DM prevalence [3].
People with DM usually suffer from several problems, such as neuropathy [4]. These complications have an impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In this regard, there are several instruments to measure HRQOL, among which the 15-dimensional (15-D) questionnaire is one of the most important. This questionnaire has been previously administered in patients with T2DM [5,6]. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy leads to different types of foot problems, such as loss of sensation, which affect balance [7]. To address this, it is necessary to determine the problems related to the above aspects, such as foot health. For this purpose, there are different tools to measure foot health, including the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ). This instrument has been used to assess the quality of the foot in people with foot-related diseases [8] or in patients with DM who have diabetes-related ulcers [9,10].
Due to the progression of the disease, sensitivity may decrease in the most distal parts of the body, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy can be diagnosed. This type of complication can affect nociceptive small-diameter fibers in the skin [11], even affecting the neuromotor fibers and producing muscle weakness. Thus, patients with DM have been shown to have less strength than people without DM in knee flexion-extension, specifically 17% in the flexion action and 14% in the extension action [12]. This could negatively affect the balance of these people, causing modifications in gait and posture patterns [13] and affecting the foot and ankle proprioception [14] and even foot sensitivity [15]. For these reasons, it is relevant to know the balance and strength performances in the DM population. There are different ways to evaluate sensitivity, and one such way is through the Vibratron II test that allows the assessment of the vibration perception threshold (VPT). Moreover, the loss of sensitivity has been related to problems in walking speed [16], fall risk [17], and mobility disability [18]. The lower-limb strength also plays a key role. There are numerous tests to check the strength of lower limbs, one of which is the 30-s chair stand-up test.
The 30-s chair stand-up test belongs to the senior-fitness test battery developed by Rikli and Jones [19]. It is an instrument that has demonstrated its criterion validity with lower-body strength [19]. It is a tool that has demonstrated safety; responsiveness; and intrasession, intersession, intraobserver, and interobserver reliability [19,20,21]. It is also a type of test that has no floor effect and has been used in a multitude of studies with older people [19,21]. This type of test is used together with other tests to evaluate the functional capacity of people, and depending on the test results, a person can be diagnosed as robust, pre-fragile, or fragile [22]. As for the population with type 2 DM, there is research where the test has been used [23,24], and the reliability and validity for this group have also been proven [25,26].
The 30-s chair stand-up test is a test with many advantages. There is a very fast learning curve for the evaluator; the materials needed to perform it are commonly used, easy to use, and inexpensive; and the test does not require professional personnel to carry it out [27]. The test is very fast since it does not require more than 1 min per evaluation.
Although previous studies have reported the relationship between anthropometrics, FHSQ, 15-D questionnaire, and VPT with other tests such as the timed up and go test (TUG) in T2DM patients [28], no studies have analyzed the relationship between these assessments and the 30-s chair stand-up test. Thus, this study aimed to explore the possible relationships between the 30-s chair stand-up test and anthropometrics, 15-D questionnaire, FHSQ, and VPT in patients with T2DM.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design and Participants

To analyze the relationships between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the anthropometric characteristics, FHSQ, VPT, and HRQOL, a total of 90 people (34 females and 56 males) with T2DM participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were recruited in a primary care center. The following inclusion criteria were considered: (a) people with T2DM diagnosed between 40 and 85 years old and (b) people giving their written consent. Furthermore, the exclusion criteria were as follows: (a) people diagnosed with type 1 DM, (b) people for whom high-intensity exercises are contraindicated or people suffering from any condition (like retinopathy, musculoskeletal injuries, significant equilibrium issues, or an increased risk of thrombus) that contraindicates such exercises, (c) people under psychotropic or neurotoxic treatment or exposed to neurotoxins (e.g., from industrial accidents or contact with toxic residues), (d) people receiving radiation therapy, (e) people under high risk of nondiabetic neuropathy (such as HIV, alcoholism, or uremia), (f) people highly exposed to whole-body vibration at work, and (g) people having participated in previous whole-body vibration studies. The data for the sample characterization can be found in Table 1 of the article by Domínguez-Muñoz et al. [28].
Prior to the start of participant recruitment, a sample size estimation was conducted. In this regard, a sample size of 88 people with T2DM achieved 87% power to detect a difference (with a significance level of 0.05) of −0.31 between the null hypothesis (correlation of 0.09) and the alternative hypothesis (correlation of 0.40 [29]) using a two-sided hypothesis test.
According to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki, the procedure was approved by the University’s Bioethics Committee (approval number: 44/2012). The study was conducted from February 2013 to June 2013. Before starting the study, all patients were informed of the procedures and signed an informed consent form.

2.2. Procedures and Assessments

2.2.1. Demographic Information and Diabetes Status

Information regarding age and parameters related to the diagnosis of T2DM was collected from study participants. Furthermore, information about diabetes management was mainly extracted by the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) result, which was assessed through a blood extraction.

2.2.2. The 30-s Chair Stand-Up Test

In this physical fitness test, participants began the test with their arms crossed at chest height and from a seated position. They had to get up and sit down as many times as possible during 30 s [19]. This test has shown excellent reliability in patients with T2DM (ICC > 0.90) [26].

2.2.3. Anthropometric Measures

The Tanita Body Composition Analyzer BC-418 MA was utilized to study different parameters related to body composition through bioimpedance. Body mass index (BMI) was obtained through the formula weight divided by height squared.

2.2.4. Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ)

To assess self-perception about foot health, the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) was utilized [8,30]. This is an eight-dimension questionnaire with each dimension scoring between 0 to 100 (where 0 is the worst and 100 the best possible foot health status). The dimensions are as follows: (1) foot pain, (2) foot function, (3) footwear, (4) general foot health, (5) general health, (6) physical activity, (7) social capacity, and (8) vigor. This instrument has been previously validated in different podiatric diseases [31,32] and has been used in healthy patients as a control group [33].

2.2.5. Vibration Perception Threshold (VPT)

The Vibraton II instrument (Sensortek, Inc., Clifton, NJ, USA) was used to assess the VPT. This tool consists of a module that regulates the vibration and two units (one for each foot) where the vibration amplitude, vibration regulator, and four different switches are displayed. In this regard, two of the switches are used to turn the equipment on and adjust the amplitude. A third switch is used to send the vibration amplitude to the modules, whereas the last switch is used as a decoy so that the evaluated person always hears the same sound from the switch, independently of whether the vibration amplitude is changed from one to another module.
The dimensions of each module are 12.5 × 8.5 × 23.5 cm. A label for each module (module A and module B) was used to easily recognize them. To prevent vibrations from being transmitted through the floor, each module was placed on a carpet. Each cylinder (where participants had to place their big toe) vibrated at 120 Hz. Amplitude can be modified and is expressed as vibration units. Vibration units can be calculated by the following equation:
A = x2/2
where x is the vibration unit (vu) and A is the amplitude expressed in microns (μ). This instrument has shown excellent reliability in patients with T2DM [34].

2.2.6. HRQoL

The 15-D questionnaire [35] was utilized to evaluate the health-related quality of life. This questionnaire is composed of 15 dimensions: mobility, vision, hearing, breathing, sleeping, eating, speech, excretion, usual activities, mental function, discomfort and symptoms, depression, distress, vitality, and sexual activity. Each dimension corresponds to a question with 5 possible answers. Each question is answered on a scale ranging from 1 to 5, with 1 being the best and 5 the worst. The total score of the questionnaire, which represents the health status, is reached by the sum of all dimensions that leads to a total score for the questionnaire, (1—full HRQoL; 0—death). Previous studies have used the 15-D questionnaire in patients with diabetes [36,37,38].

2.3. Statistical Analytics

SPSS 25 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to conduct the statistical analyses. Data are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR). Nonparametric tests were used following the results of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and after checking the distribution of the 30-s chair stand-up test. Thus, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to establish correlations between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the other variables. To avoid type I error, the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied with the significance level set at p being less than 0.001. Schober’s classification thresholds were followed [29] to interpret the correlation coefficient: 0.10 to 0.39, weak; 0.4 to 0.69, moderate; 0.70 to 0.89, strong; and ≥0.9, very strong. On the other hand, a linear regression analysis was performed to explain the health-related quality of life and the dimensions physical activity, vigor, and foot pain of the FHSQ questionnaire in relation to the 30-s chair stand-up test.

3. Results

Table 1 illustrates the Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the anthropometric data. No significant correlations were found after applying the Bonferroni post hoc correction.
Table 2 reports the Spearman’s correlation coefficients in the comparison between the 30-s chair stand-up test, the VPT, and the FHSQ. Moderate significant correlations were reported between the 30-s chair stand-up test and physical activity (rho = 0.441; p ≤0.001) and between the 30-s chair stand-up test and vigor (rho = 0.443; p ≤ 0.001). A small association was also found between the 30-s chair stand-up test and foot pain (rho = 0.358; p = 0.001). Moreover, an association that was close to but did not reach statistical significance was found between the 30-s chair stand-up test and general foot health (rho = 0.322; p = 0.002).
Table 3 shows the Spearman’s correlation coefficient between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the health-related quality of life total score, as well as for each dimension. Weak direct correlations were found between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the 15-D total score (rho = 0.376; p ≤ 0.001), sleeping (rho = 0.371; p < 0.001), and depression (rho = 0.352; p = 0.001). Moreover, associations that were close to but did not reach statistical significance were found between the 30-s chair stand-up test and discomfort and symptoms (rho = 0.316; p = 0.002) and between the 30-s chair stand-up test and vitality (rho = 0.327; p = 0.002).
Table 4 shows the linear regression with the health-related quality of life and the dimensions physical activity, vigor, and foot pain of the FHSQ questionnaire in relation to the 30-s chair stand-up test.

4. Discussion

The present study explored the relationships between the 30-s chair stand-up test and anthropometrics, the 15-D questionnaire, the FHSQ, and the VPT in patients with T2DM. The 30-s chair stand-up test is commonly used as a lower-limb strength measurement [39]. Although lower-limb strength is associated with greater physical fitness and health status in several populations, to our knowledge, this is the first study that relates the 30-s chair stand-up test with anthropometrics, foot health status through the eight dimensions of the FHSQ questionnaire, the VPT, and the 15-D questionnaire in T2DM patients.
The results showed that the 30-s chair stand-up test is moderately correlated with “physical activity” and “vigor” from the FHSQ. These outcomes are supported by previous studies, which highlighted the existing direct association between lower-limb strength and the regular practice of physical activity [40,41]. A weak relationship was also found between the 30-s chair stand-up test and “foot pain”. However, the relationship between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the FHSQ dimensions had not been previously studied. In this regard, general foot health or the presence of foot pain plays an important role in the continuous practice of physical activity since people who suffer from poor foot health or higher foot pain could be limited in their usual physical activity practice. This could explain the relationship found in the present study, which revealed that higher foot pain is related to lower performance on the 30-s chair stand-up test. Thus, there is no doubt that foot health may affect the functionality, physical activity, practice, and the performance of daily activities and consequently affect people’s health-related quality of life and general health status [42].
A weak relationship was also found between the 30-s chair stand-up test and health-related quality of life, as the 15-D questionnaire total score showed. Although the association between the 30-s chair stand-up test and health-related quality of life has not been previously explored in T2DM patients, previous studies revealed an association between lower-limb strength and health-related quality of life in the elderly [43,44,45,46] and people with different pathologies [47,48]. Specifically, and independently of the population, studies showed that greater strength levels have been associated with better physical fitness and health-related quality of life, as well as greater performance in daily life activities. Moreover, previous studies investigating the relationship between strength and function have generally compared muscle strength with a global measure of function such as maximum walking speed, as opposed to the functional moments produced at the lower extremity joints during specific everyday activities [49,50,51]. Thus, it seems that muscle strength is key for everyday functioning since inadequate strength levels may limit people in carrying out daily activities safely and efficiently [44].
Additionally, our study revealed an indirect relationship between the 30-s chair stand-up test and sleep and depression. Similar results were reported by previous studies for the association with sleep [52] and the association with depression [43,53,54,55]. Regarding sleep, previous studies reported similar associations in older people [39,56,57]. Fex et al. [52] also reported that poor sleep quality is related to worse strength levels, general physical fitness, and physical function. This could be explained by the association of long sleep duration with weight gain, increased risk of metabolic complications, T2DM, and mortality [58,59,60]. Thus, it seems that sleep quality is more important than sleep quantity.
Regarding depression, previous research has revealed that greater physical fitness is related to lower depression levels [53,54,55], and regular practice of physical activity has been also related to lower depression levels [43,55] and a greater health-related quality of life [54]. This is in line with the results of our study.
Lastly, our results showed a possible weak association of the 30-s chair stand-up test with general foot health, discomfort and symptoms, and vitality. However, these findings could not be confirmed with significant outcomes. Thus, they represent an interesting direction for future research.

4.1. Clinical Implications

In the case where the relationships between the 30-s chair stand-up test and other evaluation parameters are confirmed, the doctor evaluating the T2DM patient could use the 30-s chair stand-up test as an initial screening test for possible foot health conditions or poor HRQoL. It is important to note that this would be a complementary tool, but it is necessary to refer patients to a specialist to confirm if they have these problems. Therefore, the 30-s chair stand-up test could be used as a preliminary examination method for other medical problems because it is low-cost, easy to apply, fast, and does not require special equipment.

4.2. Limitations

Some limitations of this study should be considered. Future studies should consider increasing the sample size of both men and women to obtain enough statistical power and be able to divide and analyze the data by gender. Moreover, it could be interesting to apply other alternatives to Bonferroni’s adjustment for more efficient control of the type I error since some authors consider it conservative [61].

5. Conclusions

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the 30-s chair stand-up test was moderately associated with the FHSQ foot health questionnaire dimensions “physical activity” and “vigor”, weakly associated with the dimension “foot pain”, and weakly associated with the total score of the 15-D health-related quality of life questionnaire and its dimensions “sleep” and “depression”. All these associations were statistically significant. The conclusions should be taken with caution given that there were more men than women in the sample and there was a wide age range.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.J.D.-M., J.C.-V., S.V., M.Á.H.-M., D.C.-M., and J.C.A.; data curation, F.J.D.-M., M.A.G.-G., and J.C.A.; formal analysis, S.V. and D.C.-M.; funding acquisition, M.A.G.-G., J.C.A., and N.G.; investigation, F.J.D.-M., J.C.-V., D.C.-M., and J.C.A.; methodology, Santos Villafaina, M.Á.H.-M., D.C.-M., and N.G.; project administration, M.A.G.-G., J.C.A., and N.G.; resources, M.A.G.-G., J.C.A., and N.G.; software, M.Á.H.-M.; supervision, M.Á.H.-M., D.C.-M., and N.G.; validation, M.Á.H.-M.; visualization, N.G.; writing—original draft, F.J.D.-M., J.C.-V., S.V., and J.C.A.; writing—review and editing, M.A.G.-G., M.Á.H.-M., D.C.-M., and N.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was partially funded by FundeSalud in the 1st call for grants for research projects on diabetes in primary care (DIABE02-2012). Author S.V. was supported by a grant from the Regional Department of Economy and Infrastructure of the Government of Extremadura and European Social Fund (PD16008). The funding parties had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Bioethical Committee of the University of Extremadura (44/2012).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Not Applicable.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the effort and support of Fernando Pérez Escanilla, María del Carmen Jiménez Fernández, Dimas Igual Fraile, Germán José Rodríguez Mazón, Giovanna Martin Gómez, Héctor Alonso Corzo Fajardo, Surama do Carmo Souza Silva, Rocío Montero Bardají, Galo Antonio Sánchez Robles, and Emilio Margallo Fernández. Additionally, we acknowledge the participation of Degree of Sport Science students. Finally, we want to thank all the participants in this study, some of them already deceased.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization.

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Table
Table 1. Correlations between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the anthropometric data in type 2 diabetes mellitus people (n = 90).
Table 1. Correlations between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the anthropometric data in type 2 diabetes mellitus people (n = 90).
30-s Chair Stand-Up Test
Spearman’s Rhop *
Age (years)−0.3140.003
Weight (kg)0.1360.202
Height (cm)0.2710.010
BMI (kg/m2)−0.0570.595
Fat Mass Percentage (%)−0.2960.005
Total Body Water (%)0.2970.004
Fat-Free Mass (%)0.2970.004
Basal Metabolic Rate (Kcal)0.2680.011
* p refers to the p-value of the Spearman’s correlation coefficient.
Table
Table 2. Correlations between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the vibration perception threshold (VPT) and the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) dimensions in the type 2 diabetes mellitus population (n = 90).
Table 2. Correlations between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the vibration perception threshold (VPT) and the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) dimensions in the type 2 diabetes mellitus population (n = 90).
30-s Chair Stand-Up Test
Spearman’s Rhop *
VPT (vu)−0.1990.060
Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ)
Foot Pain0.3580.001
Foot Function0.2330.027
Footwear0.0810.446
General Foot Health0.3220.002
General Health0.2090.048
Physical Activity0.441<0.001
Social Capacity0.2670.011
Vigor0.443<0.001
VPT: vibration perception threshold; vu: vibration units.* p refers to the p-value of Spearman’s correlation coefficient.
Table
Table 3. Correlations between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the 15-dimensional (15-D) quality of life questionnaire dimensions and the total score in the type 2 diabetes mellitus population (n = 90).
Table 3. Correlations between the 30-s chair stand-up test and the 15-dimensional (15-D) quality of life questionnaire dimensions and the total score in the type 2 diabetes mellitus population (n = 90).
30-s Chair Stand-Up Test
Spearman’s Rhop *
15-D Total Score0.376<0.001
15-D Quality of Life Questionnaire (15-D)
Mobility0.2720.009
Vision0.2720.009
Hearing0.0710.509
Breathing0.0970.365
Sleeping0.371<0.001
EatingN/AN/A
Speech0.1370.198
Elimination0.2860.006
Usual Activities0.1710.106
Mental Function0.0770.472
Discomfort and Symptoms0.3160.002
Depression0.3520.001
Distress0.1320.214
Vitality0.3270.002
Sexual Activity−0.0010.995
N/A: not applicable. * p refers to the p-value of Spearman’s correlation coefficient.
Table
Table 4. Linear regression model explaining health-related quality of life and the dimensions physical activity, vigor, and foot pain of the FHSQ questionnaire (n = 90).
Table 4. Linear regression model explaining health-related quality of life and the dimensions physical activity, vigor, and foot pain of the FHSQ questionnaire (n = 90).
Health-Related Quality of Life (R2 = 0.166)
VariablesβStandard Errorp
Constant0.6950.049<0.001
30-s Chair Stand-Up Test0.0170.004<0.001
Physical Activity (R2 = 0.120)
βStandard Errorp
Constant41.85211.388<0.001
30-s Chair Stand-Up Test3.3670.9710.001
Vigor (R2 = 0.174)
ΒStandard Errorp
Constant15.96012.1270.192
30-s Chair Stand-Up Test4.4461.034<0.001
Foot Pain (R2 = 0.147)
ΒStandard Errorp
Constant48.27210.577<0.001
30-s Chair Stand-Up Test3.5180.902<0.001
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Domínguez-Muñoz, F.J.; Carlos-Vivas, J.; Villafaina, S.; García-Gordillo, M.A.; Hernández-Mocholi, M.Á.; Collado-Mateo, D.; Gusi, N.; Adsuar, J.C. Association between 30-s Chair Stand-Up Test and Anthropometric Values, Vibration Perception Threshold, FHSQ, and 15-D in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biology 2021, 10, 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030246

AMA Style

Domínguez-Muñoz FJ, Carlos-Vivas J, Villafaina S, García-Gordillo MA, Hernández-Mocholi MÁ, Collado-Mateo D, Gusi N, Adsuar JC. Association between 30-s Chair Stand-Up Test and Anthropometric Values, Vibration Perception Threshold, FHSQ, and 15-D in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biology. 2021; 10(3):246. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030246

Chicago/Turabian Style

Domínguez-Muñoz, Francisco Javier, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Santos Villafaina, Miguel A. García-Gordillo, Miguel Ángel Hernández-Mocholi, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Narcis Gusi, and José C. Adsuar. 2021. "Association between 30-s Chair Stand-Up Test and Anthropometric Values, Vibration Perception Threshold, FHSQ, and 15-D in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus" Biology 10, no. 3: 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030246

APA Style

Domínguez-Muñoz, F. J., Carlos-Vivas, J., Villafaina, S., García-Gordillo, M. A., Hernández-Mocholi, M. Á., Collado-Mateo, D., Gusi, N., & Adsuar, J. C. (2021). Association between 30-s Chair Stand-Up Test and Anthropometric Values, Vibration Perception Threshold, FHSQ, and 15-D in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biology, 10(3), 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10030246

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