Multi-Instance Zero-Watermarking Algorithm for Vector Geographic Data

Zhou, Qifei; Yan, Lin; Wang, Zihao; Ren, Na; Zhu, Changqing

doi:10.3390/ijgi14020054

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Open AccessArticle

Multi-Instance Zero-Watermarking Algorithm for Vector Geographic Data

by

Qifei Zhou

¹

,

Lin Yan

^2,3,

Zihao Wang

^2,3,

Na Ren

^2,4,5,6,* and

Changqing Zhu

^4,5,6

¹

School of Geoscience and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

²

Hunan Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information Security and Application, Changsha 410017, China

³

The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China

⁴

Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China

⁵

State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, China

⁶

Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14020054

Submission received: 4 December 2024 / Revised: 20 January 2025 / Accepted: 27 January 2025 / Published: 30 January 2025

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Security, Privacy, and Trust)

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Abstract

To address the variability and complexity of attack types, this paper proposes a multi-instance zero-watermarking algorithm that goes beyond the conventional one-to-one watermarking approach. Inspired by the class-instance paradigm in object-oriented programming, this algorithm constructs multiple zero watermarks from a single vector geographic dataset to enhance resilience against diverse attacks. Normalization is applied to eliminate dimensional and deformation inconsistencies, ensuring robustness against non-uniform scaling attacks. Feature triangle construction and angle selection are further utilized to provide resistance to interpolation and compression attacks. Moreover, angular features confer robustness against translation, uniform scaling, and rotation attacks. Experimental results demonstrate the superior robustness of the proposed algorithm, with normalized correlation values consistently maintaining 1.00 across various attack scenarios. Compared with existing methods, the algorithm exhibits superior comprehensive robustness, effectively safeguarding the copyright of vector geographic data.

Keywords: zero watermarking; robustness; vector geographic data; multi-instance zero watermarking; copyright protection

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhou, Q.; Yan, L.; Wang, Z.; Ren, N.; Zhu, C. Multi-Instance Zero-Watermarking Algorithm for Vector Geographic Data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14020054

AMA Style

Zhou Q, Yan L, Wang Z, Ren N, Zhu C. Multi-Instance Zero-Watermarking Algorithm for Vector Geographic Data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2025; 14(2):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14020054

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhou, Qifei, Lin Yan, Zihao Wang, Na Ren, and Changqing Zhu. 2025. "Multi-Instance Zero-Watermarking Algorithm for Vector Geographic Data" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 14, no. 2: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14020054

APA Style

Zhou, Q., Yan, L., Wang, Z., Ren, N., & Zhu, C. (2025). Multi-Instance Zero-Watermarking Algorithm for Vector Geographic Data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 14(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14020054

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