Next Article in Journal
Vineyard Management and Physicochemical Parameters of Soil Affect Native Trichoderma Populations, Sources of Biocontrol Agents against Phaeoacremonium minimum
Next Article in Special Issue
Genome-Wide Analysis of MYB Transcription Factor Gene Superfamily Reveals BjPHL2a Involved in Modulating the Expression of BjCHI1 in Brassica juncea
Previous Article in Journal
Anticancer Effects of Propolis Extracts Obtained Using the Cold Separation Method on Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Previous Article in Special Issue
Genome-Wide Identification of the Cytochrome P450 Superfamily Genes and Targeted Editing of BnCYP704B1 Confers Male Sterility in Rapeseed
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Plants
Volume 12
Issue 4
10.3390/plants12040886
plants-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of the R2R3-MYB Subfamily in Brassica napus

by
Dingfan Luo
1,2,
Desheng Mei
2,3,
Wenliang Wei
1,* and
Jia Liu
2,3,*
1
College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
2
Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Rd., Wuhan 430062, China
3
Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(4), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040886
Submission received: 10 January 2023 / Revised: 9 February 2023 / Accepted: 10 February 2023 / Published: 16 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The R2R3-MYB sub-family proteins are composed of most members of MYB (v-Myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) protein, a plant-specific transcription factor (TF) that is classified into four classes depending on the number of MYB repeats. R2R3-MYB TFs are involved in physiological and biochemical processes. However, the functions of the Brassica napus R2R3-MYB genes are still mainly unknown. In this study, 35 Brassica napus MYB (BnaMYB) genes were screened in the genome of Brassica napus, and details about their physical and chemical characteristics, evolutionary relationships, chromosome locations, gene structures, three-dimensional protein structures, cis-acting promoter elements, and gene duplications were uncovered. The BnaMYB genes have undergone segmental duplications and positive selection pressure, according to evolutionary studies. The same subfamilies have similar intron–exon patterns and motifs, according to the genes’ structure and conserved motifs. Additionally, through cis-element analysis, many drought-responsive and other stress-responsive cis-elements have been found in the promoter regions of the BnaMYB genes. The expression of the BnaMYB gene displays a variety of tissue-specific patterns. Ten lignin-related genes were chosen for drought treatment. Our research screened four genes that showed significant upregulation under drought stress, and thus may be important drought-responsive genes. The findings lay a new foundation for understanding the complex mechanisms of BnaMYB in multiple developmental stages and pathways related to drought stress in rapeseed.

1. Introduction

In land plants, drought is often a major stress that can reduce crop productivity severely [1]. Rapeseed plants suffer terrible consequences when there is a water shortage, resulting in changed physiological processes (photosynthesis rates, osmotic protection, and oil contents) and reduced plant growth [2]. Rapeseed is quite vulnerable to drought stress during the flowering stage, and it has been projected that global climatic oscillations, which are the cause of severe and prolonged drought in some areas of the biosphere, will reduce rapeseed output [3]. Therefore, finding the methods that can mitigate drought stress is critical for B. napus (Brassica napus L.). A method of accumulating secondary metabolites are formed through accumulating lignin [4,5,6,7,8,9]. In poplar (Populus), overexpression of the transcription factor PdNF-YB21 promotes root growth, along with drought tolerance [9]. Furthermore, overexpression of VlbZIP30 in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) [8], poCCoAOMT in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) [10], IbLEA14 in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) [11], osTF1L in rice [12], and PeLAC10, CmCAD2 and CmCAD2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has been found [7,12,13]. All these genes enhance the synthesis of lignin and drought resistance. Inbred lines of maize (Zea mays) that are more lignified than drought-sensitive lines imply that lignification is a key mechanism for drought stress adaptation [14].
There are several genes within the MYB gene family that act as TFs for plants. There is a conserved DBD (DNA-binding domain) in the MYB transcription factor, which can be composed of up to four imperfect repeats, known as R repeats [15,16]. Each R repeat’s second and third helices join with specific gene-specific promoter sequences to create a helix-turn-helix (HTH) structure, which is 50–55 amino acids long [15,17]. In addition, the third α-helix is usually responsible for recognizing short DNA sequences [18]. Sequence similarity determines whether the MYB domain repeats belong to the R1, R2, or R3 category [16,19]. Members of the plant MYB superfamily generally consist of one to four imperfect MYB repeats, and there are four types of repetitions: 1R-MYB (one or two separated repeats), 2R-MYB (R2R3-MYB, two adjacent repeats), 3R-MYB (three adjacent repeats), and 4R-MYB (consisting of four adjacent repeats) [16]. The R2R3-MYB family has considerably grown in size and now dominates in the plant lineage [20].
In a recent study [21], 2120 R2R3-MYB genes were identified in six brassica plants, including 130 in Arabidopsis, 236 in B. rapa, 247 in B. oleracea, 248 in B. nigra, 425 in B. napus, 422 in B. juncea and 412 in B. carinata. However, the number of R2R3-MYBs in Arabidopsis, B. rapa and B. napus were different from those found in previous studies, namely, 126 in Arabidopsis [18], 256 in B. rapa [22], and 249 in B. napus [23]. The main reason may be that with the development of third-generation sequencing technology, the information has become more complete.
R2R3-MYB TFs have been shown to synthesize hormones, participate in signal transduction, and be involved in physiological and biochemical processes, particularly in reaction to a variety of biotic and abiotic stimuli [16,24,25,26]. In addition, R2R3-MYB also contributes significantly to lignin synthesis [16]. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor PbrMYB169 protein of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) significantly activated the promoters of lignin genes C3H1, CCR1, CCOMT2, CAD, 4CL1, 4CL2, HCT2 and LAC18 by binding with the AC element in the promoter, thus positively regulating the lignification in the cell matrix of pear fruit [27]. The constitutive expression of three members of MYB transcription factor family (PtrMYB92, PtrMYB3 and PtrMYB20) in poplar activated the expression of lignin biosynthesis gene and induced the ectopic deposition of lignin. At the same time, they can also activate the promoter of poplar wood biosynthesis gene [28,29]. The overexpression of TaMYB4 leads to the reduction of the transcription of CAD and CCR genes involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, which has a negative regulatory effect on the lignin biosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) [30]. ZmMYB31 and ZmMYB42 can downregulate the COMT genes of maize (Zea mays L.) and Arabidopsis, and overexpression results in a reduction of lignin content in transgenic plants [31]. The overexpression of MusaMYB31 can downregulate many common phenylpropane genes and lignin biosynthesis pathways, and lignin biosynthesis is negatively regulated in banana (Musa acuminata) [32]. According to these results, we found that the R2R3-MYB transcription factor can bind to the promoter and significantly activate the lignin gene. However, the expression of some R2R3-MYB transcription factors can downregulate the genes in the lignin synthesis pathway, thus negatively regulating the lignin biosynthesis in plants. We have learned that lignin deposition has a great impact on drought responses, so R2R3-MYB is responsive to drought stress while regulating lignin synthesis.
In Arabidopsis, there are about 126 members of the R2R3-MYB subfamily, which is roughly divided into 25 subgroups and distributed across 11 branches [18]. The functions of most members have been identified, and they have been found to be involved in the control of plant-specific processes, including (i) primary and secondary metabolism, (ii) cell fate and identity, (iii) development processes, and (iv) the response to biological and abiotic stresses. We found in the literature that AtMYB26 can control the deposition of secondary walls in the anthers [33]. AtMYB46 is a positive regulator of lignin biosynthesis in fibers and vessels [34]. These two genes may be able to cope with drought stress by regulating the production of lignin. These two genes are not included in the 25 subgroups but are in the same branch as Subgroups 13 and 16. Therefore, we preliminarily selected the Brassica napus homologs to this branch for further analysis.
In this work, 35 BnMYB genes of rapeseed were discovered by comparing the genomic sequences of the S13 and S16 subfamilies of the known R2R3-MYB from Arabidopsis thaliana. Additionally, we used the method of bioinformatic analysis to effectively process, analyze, and visualize a large amount of data from the field of life science. The physical and chemical characteristics of the BnMYB genes’ cis-acting promoter and their gene duplication were clarified, as well as their evolutionary relationships, genomic positions, gene structures, and three-dimensional membrane proteins. We also looked at how the BnaMYB gene family was expressed in various tissues and how they responded to drought treatment. Further research into the functional characterization of BnMYBs may benefit from our findings.

2. Results

2.1. Identification of the R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Family in Rapeseed

To identify R2R3-MYB family genes in rapeseed, 12 AtTCP protein sequences were used as queries for a BlastP search against the rapeseed genome. As a result, 35 BnMYB genes were consistent with the R2R3-MYB domain (Table 1). Hereafter, these genes are named BnMYB1 to BnMYB35. The physical and chemical characteristics of each member were then examined and predicted. The proteins that the BnaMYB genes encoded ranged in size from 239 amino acids (BnaMYB35) to 370 amino acids (BnaMYB17, BnaMYB18); the MW ranged from 77,433.37 kDa (BnaMYB8) to 195,053.44 kDa (BnaMYB23); and the PI ranged from 4.89 (BnaMYB23) to 5.11 (BnaMYB8). The predicted subcellular location of each BnaMYB protein was in the nucleus. Table 1 also contains the length of the coding sequences.

2.2. Location of the Chromosomes and Phylogenetic Analysis

Additionally, the 35 BnaMYB genes were found on the chromosomes (Figure 1). The rapeseed genome had 35 R2R3-MYB genes that were widely distributed throughout 19 chromosomes. On chromosome A10, there was just one gene; on chromosomes A01, A02, C02, C03, C07 and C09, there were two genes; on chromosomes A05, A06, and C01, there were three; and on chromosomes A03, A09 and C05, there were four. Table S1 shows the position of each gene on the chromosomes.
We built a phylogenetic tree using 133 MYB proteins from seven different species, including Arabidopsis, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Capsella rubella, Oryza sativa, Raphanus sativus and Zea mays, to better understand the evolutionary relationships among the MYB genes of the different species. Table S2 shows the protein sequences. These MYB genes were divided into three groups, as seen in Figure 2A. The majority of MYB members were found in the third group, which consisted of seven species, while the second group had the fewest MYB genes. Groups A, B, and C contained 10, 5 and 20 BnaMYB gene members, respectively (marked with asterisks in Figure 2A). Members of BnaMYB that clustered together may have a special connection and carry out similar functions.
The number of R2R3-MYB genes in each subspecies within each group was then tallied (Figure 2B). Although the first group had no examples of ZmMYB, the seven species were distributed throughout the three groups. Each group of species had two to four copies of the R2R3-MYB genes, depending on the quantity of these genes in A. thaliana. We found that the BnaMYB genes in Group A were all homologs of AtMYB46, and the BnaMYB genes in Group C were all homologs of AtMYB86.

2.3. Conserved Motifs and Gene Structure

Because Arabidopsis is a model plant, the research on its genome and gene function is the most complete. Rape and Arabidopsis belong to the same family of Cruciferae, with the closest genetic relationships and the clearest comparisons of genome homology. Therefore, we created an evolutionary tree with 35 BnaMYB protein sequences from B. napus and 12 AtMYB protein sequences from A. thaliana to examine the structural variety of BnaMYB genes. All of the R2R3-MYB genes were divided into Groups I, II and III (Figure 3A). Their conserved protein domains and gene structure were then investigated further.
The full-length protein sequences were examined to identify their conserved motifs (Figure 3B). The R2R3-MYB genes’ conserved motifs ranged from two to five. Ten conserved motifs in all were found; their widths ranged from 26 to 141 amino acids (Table S3). In addition, individuals of the same group had common conserved motifs. For instance, Motifs 7 and 9 were particular to Class I, Motif 8 to Class II and Motifs 4, 5 and 10 to Class III. The quantity and organization of the MYB motifs in the various groups, however, varied slightly. In Group II, BnaMYB9 had fewer conserved motifs than other members, whilst BnaMYB17, BnaMYB18 and AtMYB103 all had conserved motifs that were different from the other members.
To further understand the development of the R2R3-MYB gene family in rape, according to the findings, there were between one and either two or three exons and introns, respectively (Figure 3C). Sixteen genes had two exons and one intron, whereas 31 genes had three exons and two introns. Exon gains and losses were discovered during the evolution of the MYB family of genes. Our findings suggested that over the evolution of the rapeseed genome, the exon–intron architecture of MYB genes remained relatively stable. Additionally, the BnaMYB gene members within a class had gene architectures that were quite similar and consistent with their evolutionary groups. In summary, according to our analysis of the conserved motif composition, gene structures, and phylogenetic interactions, the consistency of the class organization was convincingly sustained, showing that the MYB proteins have extraordinarily well-maintained amino acid residues and that the members within a class may play parallel roles.

2.4. Multi-Sequence Alignment and Predicted 3d Protein Structures

We used 3D structure prediction analysis and multiple sequence alignment to clarify the structural properties of the BnaMYB proteins (Figures S1 and S2). These findings led us to the conclusion that the MYB DNA-binding domains in these proteins are highly conserved. The BnaMYB proteins were split into three groups on the basis of their genetic compatibility.

2.5. Collinearity within B. napus and among Different Species

Analysis of genome-wide replication is crucial for understanding the genesis, evolution, and genome-wide expansion of organisms. To further understand the reasons behind gene replication events in BnaMYB, we therefore examined the replication events of the R2R3-MYB gene family in B. napus. A04, A07, A08, C04, C06 and C08 were the only chromosomes without fragment repeats, along with 48 pairs of genes with large fragment repeats (Figure 4). These findings suggested that the amplification and evolution of the R2R3-MYB genes in the B. napus genome may have been significantly influenced by the replication of large fragments.
The evolution of the R2R3-MYB gene family in Brassica has been tracked in previous research [21]. In order to specifically understand the evolutionary relationship of target genes, we analyzed the homologous relationship among Arabidopsis, B. napus (A and C subgenomes), B. rapa (A genome), and B. oleracea (C genome) (Figure 5). The collinearity analysis of MYB showed that there were a large number of orthologous MYB genes in Arabidopsis, B. rapa, B. oleracea, and B. napus. There were 16 pairs of genes in Arabidopsis and B. rapa that showed collinearity, and 15 B. rapa R2R3-MYB genes had homologous genes in Arabidopsis, 10 of which were multi-copy genes and 5 were single-copy genes. B. rapa lacked AtMYB50 homologs, indicating that gene loss occurred in B. rapa during evolution. Furthermore, 16 B. oleracea R2R3-MYB genes contained similar genes to Arabidopsis. The A and C subgenomes of B. napus mostly overlapped those of the related diploids B. rapa and B. oleracea. Fourteen similar gene pairs were discovered in the A genome of B. napus and B. rapa, and 21 in the C genome of B. napus and B. oleracea. Even if gene loss has occurred, the great majority of R2R3-MYB genes in B. napus are still present and have contributed to the evolution of the MYB gene family.

2.6. Synteny of BnMYB Genes

We compared the CDS sequences (Figure S3), which showed the similarity and identity of these sequences more clearly. We estimated the synonymous (Ks) and nonsynonymous (Ka) replacement rates (Ka/Ks) of 44 segmented repeated pairs (Table S4). The average Ka/Ks ratio of fragmented repeated gene pairs was 0.61. The calculation results showed that the Ka/Ks ratio of all duplicate BnMYB gene pairs was less than 1, which means that they are undergoing a purification selection process.

2.7. Cis-Acting Elements and Functional Annotation

Transcriptional regulators bind to the cis-acting elements, which control gene transcription. We examined the cis-acting elements of the 1500 bp upstream sequence of BnaMYB promoters in order to determine the potential function of the BnaMYB genes, excluding components with uncertain functions and general transcriptional regulatory elements (Table 2, Figure 6). All details of cis elements of each gene are listed in Supplementary Table S5. ABRE, the AuxRR core, a TGA element, a TGA box, a TGACG motif, a CGTCA motif, a P box, a GARE motif, TCA and a TCA element were distinguished as being responsive elements related to four phytohormones (abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), gibberellin (GA), and salicylic acid (SA)). Overall, we focused on and identified eight types. We also found four stress-related (drought, low-temperature, anaerobic, defense, and stress) responsive elements, including MBS, MYB, MYC, LTR, ARE and TC-rich repeats, suggesting their involvement in stress responses. The drought stress-responsive elements MBS, MYC and MYB were primarily found in 13 genes, 31 genes and 35 genes, respectively. These findings revealed that the majority of BnaMYB genes have drought-responsive elements, indicating that BnaMYB genes may be extremely important in responding to the stress caused by drought.

2.8. Tissue-Specific Expression Patterns of BnaMYB Genes

Through the use of RNA-seq data from Brassica napus (ZS11 variant) (BioProject ID: PRJCA001495), the histo-specific expression profiles of BnMYB genes were detected in nine different tissues and organs (i.e., stems, roots, siliques, cotyledons, sepals, seeds, buds, leaves, and petals). The expression patterns of all BnaMYB genes varied in the different tissues, as shown in Figure 7 and Table S6. For instance, the majority of genes displayed greater expression levels in the stems, including BnaMYB3, BnaMYB5, BnaMYB7, BnaMYB11, BnaMYB14, BnaMYB15, BnaMYB16, BnaMYB17, BnaMYB18, BnaMYB19, BnaMYB23, BnaMYB25, BnaMYB26, BnaMYB27, BnaMYB28, BnaMYB30, BnaMYB31, BnaMYB33, BnaMYB34 and BnaMYB35. In the cotyledons, a few genes showed higher expression levels, including BnaMYB2, BnaMYB4, BnaMYB6, BnaMYB7, BnaMYB8, BnaMYB10, BnaMYB14, BnaMYB20, BnaMYB22, BnaMYB24, BnaMYB26, BnaMYB29, BnaMYB31 and BnaMYB32. In the roots, BnaMYB4, BnaMYB11, BnaMYB14, BnaMYB15, BnaMYB16, BnaMYB17, BnaMYB18, BnaMYB27, BnaMYB31 and BnaMYB33 displayed higher expression patterns. In the sepals, BnaMYB1, BnaMYB9, BnaMYB21 and BnaMYB28 exhibited higher expression patterns. In the siliques, BnaMYB5, BnaMYB15 and BnaMYB33 displayed higher expression patterns. Likewise, in the seeds, many genes, including BnaMYB12 and BnaMYB27, showed higher expression patterns. These findings led us to the conclusion that the BnaMYB gene family was essential for rapeseed’s development at all stages, and that other members with similar expression traits might serve related purposes.

2.9. Expression Profiles of BnMYB Genes under Drought Stress

The majority of the BnaMYB genes had drought-responsive elements, which suggests that they may be involved in the response to drought, according to an analysis of the cis-acting elements in the upstream sequence of the BnaMYB promoters we conducted before. We chose 10 lignin-related genes (BnaMYB3, BnaMYB5, BnaMYB7, BnaMYB11, BnaMYB19, BnaMYB23, BnaMYB25, BnaMYB26, BnaMYB30 and BnaMYB35) and submitted the 10 genes to drought treatment for 7 days to further discover their potential function (Figure 8). The primers used for gene expression analysis are shown in Table S7.
The expression patterns of BnaMYB genes under drought stress showed three patterns. First, the expression of BnaMYB3, BnaMYB19, BnaMYB23, BnaMYB25 and BnaMYB35 decreased gradually under the drought treatment and then decreased to the lowest level at 3 d or 4 d, then reached the peak on Day 7, showing a U-shaped curve. However, the expression of BnaMYB5 decreased gradually after 0 h and reached the lowest point at 6 d and 7 d. Lastly, the expression levels of BnaMYB7, BnaMYB11, BnaMYB26, and BnaMYB30 were very low in the first 4 days, significantly increased on Days 5 and 6, and rapidly increased on Day 7 to reach the peak, indicating that drought treatment could activate the expression of these four genes.
The majority of BnaMYB genes generally had various drought expression patterns, indicating that these MYB genes were engaged in the pathway that causes drought stress. Four genes (BnaMYB7, BnaMYB11, BnaMYB26 and BnaMYB30) showed significantly upregulated expression under drought stress.

3. Discussion

The R2R3-MYB gene family of B. napus and related species was biologically analyzed in this work, including their geographic position, phylogenetic analysis, gene structure, homologous protein domains, and predicted 3D protein structure. The findings demonstrated that the 19 rapeseed chromosomes contained an unequal distribution of 35 BnaMYB family members. These individuals were divided into three groups through phylogenetic analysis, and the majority of the genes within each subgroup shared similar gene structures, conserved protein domains, and three-dimensional protein structures, which is indicative of the BnaMYB gene family’s evolutionary stability.

3.1. Characterization and Evolution of the R2R3-MYB Gene Family in Rapeseed

Allotetraploid rapeseed is a crop that has been engaged in extensive genome replication and combination activities [35]. One of the biggest obstacles to agricultural production in the modern world is dry soils. Crop plants have been bred conventionally and genetically to increase tolerance or resistance to drought and salinity in an effort to boost agricultural productivity in impacted areas. Future breeding and genetic engineering plans are likely to be greatly aided by a knowledge of the genomic mechanisms underlying plants’ responses to drought stress [36].
In plants, the MYB family has a significant function. The function of MYBs has been systematically researched in Arabidopsis [16,37], Setaria italica (Muthamilarasan et al., 2014), Vitis vinifera [38], Zea mays [25], Populus trichocarpa [39], Gossypium raimondii [40], and other plants, especially Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa [24]. The largest MYB gene subfamily in plants is the R2R3-MYB subfamily. Genetic methods have been used to characterize a large number of R2R3-MYB proteins, and it has been discovered that these proteins are involved in the regulation of a variety of plant-specific processes, such as (i) primary and secondary metabolism, (ii) cell fate and identity, (iii) developmental processes, and (iv) responses to biotic and abiotic stresses [16]. To the best of our knowledge, the rapeseed genome does not yet have a complete description of the R2R3-MYB gene family. The availability of rapeseed’s genome sequences makes it possible to identify rapeseed genes across the entire genome [35]. Here, we identified 35 BnaMYB genes in the genome of rapeseed.
The BnaMYB gene family may have developed in the rapeseed genome through segmental events and many tandem duplications. A key strategy for gene expansion is tandem duplication. Genes that have been enlarged by tandem duplication are always dispersed throughout chromosomes as a group [41,42]. Exon-intron connections and numbers, in addition to duplication events, can help to explain how the gene family has evolved [43,44,45]. When the gene structures of BnaMYBs and members of the same group were studied, it was shown that MYB genes contributed equally to exon/intron allocation in terms of exon and intron numbers, while BnaMYBs showed similar motif patterns. These findings suggest that these R2R3-MYB members could play similar roles in a range of abiotic stressors.

3.2. Diversity in the Functional Expression of BnaMYB Genes in Brassica napus

We looked at the expression patterns of 35 BnaMYB genes in diverse organs using publicly accessible data. The results showed that they varied in their patterns of expression in different tissues and that they were expressed in different tissues. In stems and cotyledons, 85.7% of BnaMYB genes were primarily expressed, while the primary expression of 10 genes was detected in the roots. BnaMYB12 was only strongly expressed in the seeds and less so in other tissues. BnaMYB1, BnaMYB9, BnaMYB21 and BnaMYB28 displayed higher transcription levels in the sepals. These findings suggest that the BnaMYB gene family might well be important for rapeseed’s development and expansion at all stages. Twenty of the BnaMYB genes were mostly expressed in the stems; therefore, they may play a crucial role in how the stems react to environmental influences. Little research has been conducted on Brassica napus, despite the fact that several R2R3-MYB genes have been linked to drought adaptations and endurance in some species, particularly in rice and Arabidopsis [46,47,48,49]. Hence, our study of BnaMYBs is helpful to analyze the response of R2R3-MYB to drought stress in Brassica napus.
Numerous members of the plant R2R3-MYB family have been identified as transcription factors that are triggered by abiotic stress to date [47,50,51]. Cotton’s resilience to drought can be improved by transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing the R2R3-MYB gene GaMYB85 [52]. Arabidopsis overexpressing LpMYB1 is more tolerant to salt and drought because of this R2R3-MYB factor [53]. Under prolonged drought stress, TaMYBsdu1 increases noticeably in the roots and leaves of wheat [47]. TaMYB33 improves tolerance to salt and drought, partly by restoring the osmotic equilibrium and eliminating superoxide radicals [54,55]. TaMYB30-B and TaMYB19-B can increase the ability of transgenic Arabidopsis plants to withstand drought stress [56,57]. These studies indicate that R2R3-MYB has the function of dealing with drought stress in wheat, cotton, and Arabidopsis and their function during drought stress is affected by the ABA synthesis and signal transduction pathway. For instance, the accumulation of 35S:GaMYB85 resulted in the transcription of RD22, RD29A, ADH1, AB15, and P5CS. The AB15 gene, which codes for a bZIP TF, is known to be an ABA-responsive gene that is important for seed germination under drought stress [58,59]. In light of the previous analysis, we speculated that drought stress in Brassica napus is affected by the lignin content. MYB46 controls not only the signaling molecules but also the genes that produce all three of the primary components of the secondary walls: grain, hemicellulose, and lignin [60]. Additionally, MYB85 controls the production of lignin by regulating the lignin-synthesizing genes and, when overexpressed, results in ectopic lignin deposition [61]. This indicates that the BnaMYB gene family may affect lignin synthesis, and lignin synthesis responds to drought stress. We will pay attention to this in future research to deeply understand the relationship between the BnaMYB gene family and lignin.
The tissue-specific expression patterns reflected which tissues of the plant the gene mainly acts on. We found that 20 genes were highly expressed mainly in the stem, indicating that these genes were probably involved in lignin synthesis. Ten of these genes were selected for drought treatment, and their expression profiles were detected under drought stress. Our RT-qPCR data showed that the BnaMYB gene had significant changes under drought conditions, which proved that 10 genes were responsive to drought stress. The expression of BnaMYB5 decreased significantly under drought stress, indicating that this gene could not cope with drought; BnaMYB3, BnaMYB19, BnaMYB23, BnaMYB25 and BnaMYB35 showed U-shaped curves, indicating that these five genes did not show drought resistance under mild drought stress but showed drought resistance under severe drought. Four genes (BnaMYB7, BnaMYB11, BnaMYB26 and BnaMYB30) were significantly upregulated under drought stress, indicating that they are probably drought-resistant genes. According to our understanding, this is the first evidence indicating that R2R3-MYB genes in B. napus are implicated in the response to drought stress. This work is helpful for understanding the characteristics and functions of R2R3-MYB genes in different species.

4. Methods

4.1. Identification of Rapeseed’s R2R3-MYB Family Members

On the BnPIR website (http://cbi.hzau.edu.cn/bnapus/, accessed on 14 February 2022) [35], the genome sequences, protein sequences, and gene annotation data of rapeseed were downloaded. The Markov model of the conserved domains of R2R3-MYB (Myb_DNA-binding, PF00249) was downloaded from the Pfam database (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 14 February 2022). The cut-off E-value was chosen to 1e-10 when using the Markov model on HMMER software to preliminary screen the protein sequences of rapeseed. In order to exclude possible R2R3-MYB proteins without two conserved MYB DNA-binding domains, all candidate proteins were then uploaded to three online sources, SMART (http://www.omicsclass.com/article/681, accessed on 17 February 2022), NCBICDD (http://www.omicsclass.com/article/310, accessed on 17 February 2022), and PFAM (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 17 February 2022). For the MW and pI prediction analyses, ExPASy (http://web.expasy.org/protparam, accessed on 18 February 2022) received the identified R2R3-MYB candidate genes. Additionally, the subcellular localization was predicted by WoLF PSORT (https://www.genscript.com/wolf-psort.html, accessed on 18 February 2022).

4.2. Chromosome Location and Phylogenetic Analysis

The BnPIR website (http://cbi.hzau.edu.cn/bnapus, accessed on 5 March 2022) provided information on the chromosome location of BnaMYBs. After that, the distribution status of the BnaMYBs discovered on the chromosomes was shown using MapChart software. With the aid of Adobe Illustrator, the outcomes were improved.
We downloaded the protein sequences of the MYB family members of Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Capsella rubella, Oryza sativa, Raphanus sativus and Zea mays. The sequences of the protein on the Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa were collected from the Phytozome website (https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html, accessed on 10 March 2022). The sequences of the protein in Oryza sativa and Zea mays were collected from the Ensembl website (http://plants.ensembl.org/index.html, accessed on 10 March 2022). The protein sequences of Capsella rubella and Raphanus sativus were collected from the NCBI website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 10 March 2022). OrthoMCL software (v2.0.3) [62] was used to search for orthologous, co-orthologous, and paralogous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Capsella rubella, Oryza sativa, Raphanus sativus and Zea mays using entire R2R3-MYB protein sequences. The E-value cut-off of an all-against-all BLASTP alignment process was set at 1 × 10−10, and the alignments with a match cut-off value lower than 50 were eliminated.
These plants’ MYB protein sequences were analyzed using Clustal W after the protein sequences of MYB family members from B. napus, Arabidopsis, B. oleracea, B. rapa, Capsella rubella, Oryza sativa, Raphanus sativus and Zea mays were retrieved. Additionally, MEGA 11.0 software was used to create the evolutionary tree using the neighbor joining method (NJ) once the results of sequence alignment were obtained [63,64]. Finally, we used Evolview (http://www.omicsclass.com/article/671, accessed on 13 March 2022) to visualize the evolutionary tree.

4.3. Distinct Gene Structure and Conserved Protein Domain of R2R3-MYBs

The gene structure of the R2R3-MYB genes contains intron and exon information [65]. MEME Suite (https://meme-suite.org/meme/, accessed on 30 March 2022) was used to examine the homologous domains of the genes using the BnaMYB protein sequences, increasing the maximum motif count to 10, the maximum motif amino acid count to 20, and the minimum motif width to 6, and leaving all other variables at their normal values. Finally, the similar motifs of BnaMYB proteins were viewed using TBtools software.

4.4. Predicted 3D Structure of R2R3-MYB Proteins

Thirty-five BnaMYB protein sequences were entered into the DNAMAN8.0 program for triple sequence comparison. We next predicted the 3D structure of the proteins using the internet tool Phyre2 (http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/html/page.cgi?id=index, accessed on 25 April 2022).

4.5. Analysis of Collinearity within B. napus and Related Species

McScanx analysis was used to analyze the BnaMYB genes’ intra-species collinearity in B. napus and Circos software (v0.69-8) was used to visualize the associations. Additionally, the McScanX software (Python version) was used to visualize the collinearity.

4.6. Analysis of the Synteny of BnMYB Genes

The CDS sequences of 35 BnaMYB genes were input into DNAMAN8.0 for sequence alignment. We selected the CDS sequences of homologous gene pairs, uploaded them to the ALTER website (http://www.sing-group.org/ALTER/, accessed on 28 January 2023), and outputted the results in ALN format. We converted ALN format to AXT format with AXT Converter and used KaKs Calculator 2.0 software to calculate the value of Ka/KS.

4.7. Cis-Acting Elements and Functional Annotation

The publicly available online whole-genome information on B. napus (http://cbi.hzau.edu.cn/bnapus, accessed on 28 April 2022) provided 1500 bp of the upstream sequences of the BnaMYB genes. The cis-acting components were extracted using the online tool Plant CARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html, accessed on 29 April 2022) and then visualized using the online tool DSGS.

4.8. Spatial and Temporal Expression Patterns of R2R3-MYB Genes

The BnTIR: Brassica napus genomic resource is a website (http://yanglab.hzau.edu.cn, accessed on 2 May 2022) [66]. The stems, roots, siliques, cotyledons, sepals, seeds, buds, leaves, and petals were among the tissues for which we obtained RNA-seq data. To create the heat map of expression, the data were entered into the Heatmapper program (http://www.heatmapper.ca, accessed on 2 May 2022).

4.9. Plant Materials and Treatment Methods

In this study, the rapeseed genotype “ZS11”, a typical cultivated variety, was used for the stress treatments. The seeds of the ZS11 genotype were furnished by OCRI, CAAS, China. Before the stress treatments, some seeds were randomly selected from the same batch of seeds to determine the germination rate. The seeds with a 100% germination rate were considered to be vigorous seeds. The vigorous seeds were carefully chosen and sterilized with a 10% hypochlorous acid solution for 5 min. The seeds were grown on water-saturated filter paper in a chamber (25 °C day and night, and a 16 h/8 h light/dark cycle) until the plants grew to the five-leaf stage. When the plants had grown to the five-leaf stage, we stopped watering to impose drought stress. Samples from the stem were collected 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days after the initiation of the drought treatment [67,68]. Moreover, three biological replicates of each sample were collected. The gathered stems were immediately put into liquid nitrogen and kept in a freezer for later use at −80 °C.

4.10. RNA Extraction and RT-PCR Analysis

Using a carbohydrate phenolic total RNA extraction kit, the total RNA was isolated from leaves that had undergone various drought treatments (Tiangen Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.). An ultramicroscopic spectrophotometer was used to measure the quantity and quality of the RNA (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA, Nanodrop One). As samples for subsequent RT-qPCR experiments, we synthesized cDNA using a reverse transcription kit and diluted it 100 times with ddH2O. Specific primers were created using the online qPCR Primer Database (https://biodb.swu.edu.cn/qprimerdb/, accessed on 27 May 2022) based on the coding sequences of the BnaMYB genes. The specific primers were amplified, and the primers with a ct value of no more than 30, a normal amplification curve, and no obvious impurity peak in the dissolution curve were selected for subsequent experiments. The quantitative experiment was conducted in real-time using SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM (TaKaRa). Three separate replicates were collected for this experiment, and the samples that had not been subjected to drought were used as standards. The 2−ΔΔCT technique is often used in investigations of the relative expression of genes [69]. The graphs were developed using GraphPad Prism 9.0.0 software.

5. Conclusions

In total, 35 BnaMYB genes were found in B. napus, dispersed unevenly across 19 chromosomes. We analyzed how the MYB proteins are related, their gene structure, their conserved motifs, and their three-dimensional structures. These genes were divided into three subfamilies, each of which had reasonably traditional gene architectures and patterns. The BnaMYBs promoter regions also contained cis-acting hormones and abiotic stress response components, along with drought-responsive genes. There were 48 pairs of large-segment repetitive genes discovered in B. napus through the analysis of collinearity. The R2R3-MYB genes of B. napus had undergone polyploidization and various degrees of loss and expansion, according to comparative genomic research. We also looked at the gene expression patterns of BnaMYB in various rapeseed tissues, and the results showed that the members of the BnaMYB gene family were crucial at different phases of the development of B. napus. In addition, we examined the expression patterns of 10 BnaMYB genes under drought. Overall, by carefully examining the conservation and divergence of the BnaMYB gene family’s activities, our work lays the biological groundwork for the subsequent functional discovery of R2R3-MYB genes in cruciferous plants.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants12040886/s1, Figure S1: Multiple sequence alignment of BnaMYB proteins; Figure S2: Three-dimensional structure prediction of Myb_DNA-binding domain of BnaMYB proteins. The images are from dark blue to dark red, indicating from the N end to the C end; Figure S3: CDS sequence alignment of 35 BnaMYB genes; Table S1: The position of genes in chromosomes; Table S2: Protein sequence of MYB genes in each species; Table S3: The information of identified 10 motifs in BnMYB proteins; Table S4: Information on Ka, Ks and Ka/Ks ratios of Brassica napus. See the abbreviations at the end of the table [70]; Table S5:Cis-element of genes; Table S6: Absolute gene expression values in thirty-five BnaMYBs; Table S7:Primers used for gene expression analysis.

Author Contributions

D.L., W.W. and J.L. designed the experiments; D.L. performed the experiments; D.L. and J.L. analyzed the data; D.M. provided technical support; D.L. wrote the paper; W.W. and J.L. revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (No. 161017202203 and 1610172020001) and an open project (KF2020007) of the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China. We thank the Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences for computational and experimental support.

Informed Consent Statement

This study’s collection of material and experimental research complied with the relevant institutional national and international guidelines and legislation.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its Supplementary Materials. Zhongshuang11 is an elite conventional variety of rapeseed bred and preserved by OICR-CAAS (Oil Crops Research Institute).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Pandey, V.; Shukla, A. Acclimation and Tolerance Strategies of Rice under Drought Stress. Rice Sci. 2015, 22, 147–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  2. Rizwan, M.; Atta, B.; Bilal, M.; Noushahi, H.A.; Ali, M.Y.; Shabbir, M.A.; Salim, M.A.; Hussain, M.; Liaqat, N.; Ahmar, S. Effect of Abiotic Stresses on Brassica Species and Role of Transgenic Breeding for Adaptation. Asian J. Res. Crop Sci. 2019, 3, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
  3. Sabagh, A.E.; Hossain, A.; Barutçular, C.; Islam, M.S.; Ratnasekera, D.; Kumar, N.; Meena, R.S.; Gharib, H.S.; Saneoka, H.; da Silva, J.A. Drought and salinity stress management for higher and sustainable canola (Brassica napus L.) production: A critical review. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 2019, 13, 88–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Yoshimura, K.; Masuda, A.; Kuwano, M.; Yokota, A.; Akashi, K. Programmed proteome response for drought avoidance/tolerance in the root of a C(3) xerophyte (wild watermelon) under water deficits. Plant Cell Physiol. 2008, 49, 226–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Moura, J.C.; Bonine, C.A.; de Oliveira Fernandes Viana, J.; Dornelas, M.C.; Mazzafera, P. Abiotic and biotic stresses and changes in the lignin content and composition in plants. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2010, 52, 360–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Liu, Q.; Zheng, L.; He, F.; Zhao, F.-J.; Shen, Z.; Zheng, L. Transcriptional and physiological analyses identify a regulatory role for hydrogen peroxide in the lignin biosynthesis of copper-stressed rice roots. Plant Soil 2014, 387, 323–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Liu, W.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, C.; Zhao, L.; Jin, Y.; Xing, Q.; Li, M.; Lv, T.; Qi, H. Lignin synthesized by CmCAD2 and CmCAD3 in oriental melon (Cucumis melo L.) seedlings contributes to drought tolerance. Plant Mol. Biol. 2020, 103, 689–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Tu, M.; Wang, X.; Yin, W.; Wang, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhang, G.; Li, Z.; Song, J.; Wang, X. Grapevine VlbZIP30 improves drought resistance by directly activating VvNAC17 and promoting lignin biosynthesis through the regulation of three peroxidase genes. Hortic. Res. 2020, 7, 150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Zhou, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, X.; Han, X.; An, Y.; Lin, S.; Shen, C.; Wen, J.; Liu, C.; Yin, W.; et al. Root-specific NF-Y family transcription factor, PdNF-YB21, positively regulates root growth and drought resistance by abscisic acid-mediated indoylacetic acid transport in Populus. New Phytol. 2020, 227, 407–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Zhao, D.; Luan, Y.; Shi, W.; Zhang, X.; Meng, J.; Tao, J. A Paeonia ostii caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase confers drought stress tolerance by promoting lignin synthesis and ROS scavenging. Plant Sci. 2021, 303, 110765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Park, S.C.; Kim, Y.H.; Jeong, J.C.; Kim, C.Y.; Lee, H.S.; Bang, J.W.; Kwak, S.S. Sweetpotato late embryogenesis abundant 14 (IbLEA14) gene influences lignification and increases osmotic- and salt stress-tolerance of transgenic calli. Planta 2011, 233, 621–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Bang, S.W.; Lee, D.K.; Jung, H.; Chung, P.J.; Kim, Y.S.; Choi, Y.D.; Suh, J.W.; Kim, J.K. Overexpression of OsTF1L, a rice HD-Zip transcription factor, promotes lignin biosynthesis and stomatal closure that improves drought tolerance. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2019, 17, 118–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Li, L.; Yang, K.; Wang, S.; Lou, Y.; Zhu, C.; Gao, Z. Genome-wide analysis of laccase genes in moso bamboo highlights PeLAC10 involved in lignin biosynthesis and in response to abiotic stresses. Plant Cell Rep. 2020, 39, 751–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Hu, Y.L.W.; Xu, Y.Q.; Li, G.J.; Liao, Y.; Fu, F.L. Differential expression of candidate genes for lignin biosynthesis under drought stress in maize leaves. J. Appl. Genet. 2009, 50, 213–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Lipsick, J.S. One billion years of Myb. Oncogene 1996, 13, 223–235. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  16. Dubos, C.; Stracke, R.; Grotewold, E.; Weisshaar, B.; Martin, C.; Lepiniec, L. MYB transcription factors in Arabidopsis. Trends Plant Sci. 2010, 15, 573–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Ogata, K.; Hojo, H.; Aimoto, S.; Nakai, T.; Nakamura, H.; Sarai, A. Solution structure of a DNA-binding unit of Myb: A helix-turn-helix-related motif with conserved tryptophans forming a hydrophobic core. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89, 6428–6432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Stracke, R.; Werber, M.; Weisshaar, B. The R2R3-MYB gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2001, 4, 447–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Jin, H.; Martin, C. Multifunctionality and diversity within the plant MYB-gene family. Plant Mol. Biol. 1999, 41, 577–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Chen-Kun, J. Insights into the Diversification and Evolution of R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors in Plants. Plant Physiol. 2020, 183, 637–655. [Google Scholar]
  21. Chen, D.; Chen, H.; Dai, G.; Zhang, H.; Liu, Y.; Shen, W.; Zhu, B.; Cui, C.; Tan, C. Genome-wide identification of R2R3-MYB gene family and association with anthocyanin biosynthesis in Brassica species. BMC Genom. 2022, 23, 441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Wang, Z.; Tang, J.; Hu, R.; Wu, P.; Hou, X.L.; Song, X.M.; Xiong, A.S. Genome-wide analysis of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor genes in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) reveals their stress and hormone responsive patterns. BMC Genom. 2015, 16, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  23. Hajiebrahimi, A.; Owji, H.; Hemmati, S. Genome-wide identification, functional prediction, and evolutionary analysis of the R2R3-MYB superfamily in Brassica napus. Genome Biol. 2017, 60, 797–814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Katiyar, A.; Smita, S.; Lenka, S.K.; Rajwanshi, R.; Chinnusamy, V.; Bansal, K.C. Genome-wide classification and expression analysis of MYB transcription factor families in rice and Arabidopsis. BMC Genom. 2012, 13, 544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Du, H.; Feng, B.R.; Yang, S.S.; Huang, Y.B.; Tang, Y.X. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene family in maize. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e37463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Baldoni, E.; Genga, A.; Cominelli, E. Plant MYB Transcription Factors: Their Role in Drought Response Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 15811–15851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Xue, C.; Yao, J.L.; Xue, Y.S.; Su, G.Q.; Wang, L.; Lin, L.K.; Allan, A.C.; Zhang, S.L.; Wu, J. PbrMYB169 positively regulates lignification in fruit stone cells of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri). J. Exp. Bot. 2019, 70, 1801–1814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Li, C.; Wang, X.; Ran, L.; Tian, Q.; Fan, D.; Luo, K. PtoMYB92 is a transcriptional activator of the lignin biosynthetic pathway during secondary cell wall formation in Populus tomentosa. Plant Cell Physiol. 2015, 56, 2436–2446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. McCarthy, R.L.; Zhong, R.; Fowler, S.; Lyskowski, D.; Piyasena, H.; Carleton, K.; Spicer, C.; Ye, Z.H. The Poplar MYB Transcription Factors, PtrMYB3 and PtrMYB20, are Involved in the Regulation of Secondary Wall Biosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2010, 63, 1757–1760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Ma, Q.-H.; Wang, C.; Zhu, H.-H. TaMYB4 cloned from wheat regulates lignin biosynthesis through negatively controlling the transcripts of both cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase genes. Biochimie 2011, 93, 1179–1186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Fornalé, S.; Sonbol, F.M.; Maes, T.; Capellades, M.; Puigdomènech, P.; Rigau, J.; Caparros-Ruiz, D. Down-regulation of the maize and Arabidopsis thaliana caffeic acid O-methyl-transferase genes by two new maize R2R3-MYB transcription factors. Plant Mol. Biol. 2006, 62, 809–823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Tak, H.; Negi, S.; Ganapathi, T.R. Overexpression of MusaMYB31, a R2R3 type MYB transcription factor gene indicate its role as a negative regulator of lignin biosynthesis in banana. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0172695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Yang, C.; Xu, Z.; Song, J.; Conner, K.; Vizcay Barrena, G.; Wilson, Z.A. Arabidopsis MYB26/MALE STERILE35 regulates secondary thickening in the endothecium and is essential for anther dehiscence. Plant Cell 2007, 19, 534–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  34. Zhong, R.; Richardson, E.A.; Ye, Z.H. The MYB46 transcription factor is a direct target of SND1 and regulates secondary wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2007, 19, 2776–2792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. Song, J.M.; Guan, Z.; Hu, J.; Guo, C.; Yang, Z.; Wang, S.; Liu, D.; Wang, B.; Lu, S.; Zhou, R.; et al. Eight high-quality genomes reveal pan-genome architecture and ecotype differentiation of Brassica napus. Nat. Plants 2020, 6, 34–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Oh, J.E.; Kwon, Y.; Kim, J.H.; Noh, H.; Hong, S.W.; Lee, H. A dual role for MYB60 in stomatal regulation and root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana under drought stress. Plant Mol. Biol. 2011, 77, 91–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Mondal, S.K.; Roy, S. Genome-wide sequential, evolutionary, organizational and expression analyses of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis associated MYB domain transcription factors in Arabidopsis. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2018, 36, 1577–1601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Wong, D.C.J.; Schlechter, R.; Vannozzi, A.; Holl, J.; Hmmam, I.; Bogs, J.; Tornielli, G.B.; Castellarin, S.D.; Matus, J.T. A systems-oriented analysis of the grapevine R2R3-MYB transcription factor family uncovers new insights into the regulation of stilbene accumulation. DNA Res. 2016, 23, 451–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Wilkins, O.; Nahal, H.; Foong, J.; Provart, N.J.; Campbell, M.M. Expansion and diversification of the Populus R2R3-MYB family of transcription factors. Plant Physiol. 2009, 149, 981–993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. He, Q.; Jones, D.C.; Li, W.; Xie, F.; Ma, J.; Sun, R.; Wang, Q.; Zhu, S.; Zhang, B. Genome-Wide Identification of R2R3-MYB Genes and Expression Analyses During Abiotic Stress in Gossypium raimondii. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 22980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Sémon, M.; Wolfe, K.H. Consequences of genome duplication. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2007, 17, 505–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Fang, L.; Cheng, F.; Wu, J.; Wang, X. The Impact of Genome Triplication on Tandem Gene Evolution in Brassica rapa. Front. Plant Sci. 2012, 3, 261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Xu, G.; Guo, C.; Shan, H.; Kong, H. Divergence of duplicate genes in exon-intron structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 1187–1192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  44. Raza, A.; Su, W.; Gao, A.; Mehmood, S.S.; Hussain, M.A.; Nie, W.; Lv, Y.; Zou, X.; Zhang, X. Catalase (CAT) Gene Family in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): Genome-Wide Analysis, Identification, and Expression Pattern in Response to Multiple Hormones and Abiotic Stress Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Su, W.; Raza, A.; Gao, A.; Jia, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Hussain, M.A.; Mehmood, S.S.; Cheng, Y.; Lv, Y.; Zou, X. Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profile of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Gene Family in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under Different Hormones and Abiotic Stress Conditions. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Lee, T.G.; Jang, C.S.; Kim, J.Y.; Kim, D.S.; Park, J.H.; Kim, D.Y.; Seo, Y.W. A Myb transcription factor (TaMyb1) from wheat roots is expressed during hypoxia: Roles in response to the oxygen concentration in root environment and abiotic stresses. Physiol. Plant. 2006, 129, 375–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Rahaie, M.; Xue, G.P.; Naghavi, M.R.; Alizadeh, H.; Schenk, P.M. A MYB gene from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is up-regulated during salt and drought stresses and differentially regulated between salt-tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Plant Cell Rep. 2010, 29, 835–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Liu, H.; Zhou, X.; Dong, N.; Liu, X.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Z. Expression of a wheat MYB gene in transgenic tobacco enhances resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum, and to drought and salt stresses. Funct. Integr. Genom. 2011, 11, 431–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Mao, X.; Jia, D.; Li, A.; Zhang, H.; Tian, S.; Zhang, X.; Jia, J.; Jing, R. Transgenic expression of TaMYB2A confers enhanced tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis. Funct. Integr. Genom. 2011, 11, 445–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Prabu, G.; Kawar, P.G.; Pagariya, M.C.; Prasad, D.T. Identification of Water Deficit Stress Upregulated Genes in Sugarcane. Plant Mol. Biol. Report. 2010, 29, 291–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Yang, A.; Dai, X.; Zhang, W.H. A R2R3-type MYB gene, OsMYB2, is involved in salt, cold, and dehydration tolerance in rice. J. Exp. Bot 2012, 63, 2541–2556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Butt, H.I.; Yang, Z.; Gong, Q.; Chen, E.; Wang, X.; Zhao, G.; Ge, X.; Zhang, X.; Li, F. GaMYB85, an R2R3 MYB gene, in transgenic Arabidopsis plays an important role in drought tolerance. BMC Plant Biol. 2017, 17, 142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  53. Yao, L.; Jiang, Y.; Lu, X.; Wang, B.; Zhou, P.; Wu, T. A R2R3-MYB transcription factor from Lablab purpureus induced by drought increases tolerance to abiotic stress in Arabidopsis. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2016, 43, 1089–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Qin, Y.; Wang, M.; Tian, Y.; He, W.; Han, L.; Xia, G. Over-expression of TaMYB33 encoding a novel wheat MYB transcription factor increases salt and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2012, 39, 7183–7192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Zhong, R.; Ye, Z.H. MYB46 and MYB83 bind to the SMRE sites and directly activate a suite of transcription factors and secondary wall biosynthetic genes. Plant Cell Physiol. 2012, 53, 368–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Zhang, Z.; Liu, X.; Wang, X.; Zhou, M.; Zhou, X.; Ye, X.; Wei, X. An R2R3 MYB transcription factor in wheat, TaPIMP1, mediates host resistance to Bipolaris sorokiniana and drought stresses through regulation of defense- and stress-related genes. New Phytol. 2012, 196, 1155–1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Zhang, L.; Liu, G.; Zhao, G.; Xia, C.; Jia, J.; Liu, X.; Kong, X. Characterization of a wheat R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene, TaMYB19, involved in enhanced abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2014, 55, 1802–1812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  58. Lopez-Molina, L.; Mongrand, S.; Chua, N.-H. A postgermination developmental arrest checkpoint is mediated by abscisic acid and requires the ABI5 transcription factor in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 4782–4787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Mittal, A.; Gampala, S.S.; Ritchie, G.L.; Payton, P.; Burke, J.J.; Rock, C.D. Related to ABA-Insensitive3(ABI3)/Viviparous1 and AtABI5 transcription factor coexpression in cotton enhances drought stress adaptation. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2014, 12, 578–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  60. Ko, J.H.; Jeon, H.W.; Kim, W.C.; Kim, J.Y.; Han, K.H. The MYB46/MYB83-mediated transcriptional regulatory programme is a gatekeeper of secondary wall biosynthesis. Ann. Bot. 2014, 114, 1099–1107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  61. Zhong, R.; Lee, C.; Zhou, J.; McCarthy, R.L.; Ye, Z.H. A battery of transcription factors involved in the regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2008, 20, 2763–2782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  62. Li, L.; Stoeckert, C.J., Jr.; Roos, D.S. OrthoMCL: Identification of ortholog groups for eukaryotic genomes. Genome Res. 2003, 13, 2178–2189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  63. Mailund, T.; Brodal, G.S.; Fagerberg, R.; Pedersen, C.N.; Phillips, D. Recrafting the neighbor-joining method. BMC Bioinform. 2006, 7, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  64. Kumar, S.; Stecher, G.; Tamura, K. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2016, 33, 1870–1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  65. Hu, B.; Jin, J.; Guo, A.Y.; Zhang, H.; Luo, J.; Gao, G. GSDS 2.0: An upgraded gene feature visualization server. Bioinformatics 2015, 31, 1296–1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  66. Liu, D.; Yu, L.; Wei, L.; Yu, P.; Wang, J.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Yang, Z.; Chen, G.; et al. BnTIR: An online transcriptome platform for exploring RNA-seq libraries for oil crop Brassica napus. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2021, 19, 1895–1897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Phung, T.H.; Jung, H.I.; Park, J.H.; Kim, J.G.; Back, K.; Jung, S. Porphyrin biosynthesis control under water stress: Sustained porphyrin status correlates with drought tolerance in transgenic rice. Plant Physiol. 2011, 157, 1746–1764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  68. Morabito, C.; Secchi, F.; Schubert, A. Grapevine TPS (trehalose-6-phosphate synthase) family genes are differentially regulated during development, upon sugar treatment and drought stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2021, 164, 54–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Wang, Z.; Chen, Y.; Fang, H.; Shi, H.; Chen, K.; Zhang, Z.; Tan, X. Selection of reference genes for quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction normalization in Brassica napus under various stress conditions. Mol. Genet. Genom. 2014, 289, 1023–1035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Nei, M.; Gojobori, T. Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1986, 3, 418–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Plants 12 00886 g001 550
Figure 1. Chromosomal localization of BnaMYB genes in B. napus. The reference genome used was ZS11. The chromosomes with different sizes are represented by the pink vertical bars with different lengths. The locations of genes are shown from top to bottom.
Figure 1. Chromosomal localization of BnaMYB genes in B. napus. The reference genome used was ZS11. The chromosomes with different sizes are represented by the pink vertical bars with different lengths. The locations of genes are shown from top to bottom.
Plants 12 00886 g001
Plants 12 00886 g002 550
Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis and number of R2R3-MYB homologs in different species. (A) Phylogenetic tree using 133 R2R3-MYB proteins from 7 species, including rice, maize, Arabidopsis, B. napus, B. oleracea, B. rapa and radish. The clades of Groups A, B and C are marked in purple, yellow, and pink, respectively. Among them, BnaMYBs are represented by red five-pointed stars. The abbreviations represent the species as follows: Os, Oryza sativa; Zma, Zea mays; At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Bna, Brassica napus; Bol, Brassica oleracea; Bra, Brassica rapa; Cru, Capsella rubella; Rsa, Raphanus sativus. (B) The number of R2R3-MYB genes in each group. The ordinate is the number of genes, and the abscissa shows the R2R3-MYB genes of each species.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis and number of R2R3-MYB homologs in different species. (A) Phylogenetic tree using 133 R2R3-MYB proteins from 7 species, including rice, maize, Arabidopsis, B. napus, B. oleracea, B. rapa and radish. The clades of Groups A, B and C are marked in purple, yellow, and pink, respectively. Among them, BnaMYBs are represented by red five-pointed stars. The abbreviations represent the species as follows: Os, Oryza sativa; Zma, Zea mays; At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Bna, Brassica napus; Bol, Brassica oleracea; Bra, Brassica rapa; Cru, Capsella rubella; Rsa, Raphanus sativus. (B) The number of R2R3-MYB genes in each group. The ordinate is the number of genes, and the abscissa shows the R2R3-MYB genes of each species.
Plants 12 00886 g002
Plants 12 00886 g003 550
Figure 3. Comparative analysis of conserved domains and gene structure between AtMYB genes and BnaMYB genes. (A) The phylogenetic analysis of 12 AtMYB genes and 35 BnaMYB genes divided them into three groups: I, II and III. (B) The conserved domains of AtMYB and BnaMYB proteins. Ten conserved motifs of the BnaMYB protein were identified through the MEME website (https://meme-suite.org/meme/, accessed on 30 March 2022). Different colored boxes represent different motifs. (C) The gene structure of AtMYB and BnaMYB genes. The green box represents exons, the yellow box represents the UTR, and the black line represents introns. All results were visualized with TBtools software (v1.098769).
Figure 3. Comparative analysis of conserved domains and gene structure between AtMYB genes and BnaMYB genes. (A) The phylogenetic analysis of 12 AtMYB genes and 35 BnaMYB genes divided them into three groups: I, II and III. (B) The conserved domains of AtMYB and BnaMYB proteins. Ten conserved motifs of the BnaMYB protein were identified through the MEME website (https://meme-suite.org/meme/, accessed on 30 March 2022). Different colored boxes represent different motifs. (C) The gene structure of AtMYB and BnaMYB genes. The green box represents exons, the yellow box represents the UTR, and the black line represents introns. All results were visualized with TBtools software (v1.098769).
Plants 12 00886 g003
Plants 12 00886 g004 550
Figure 4. Collinearity analysis of the AC subgenome of R2R3-MYB genes in B. napus. The gray lines represent the replication events of all genes in B. napus and the red lines represent tandem repeat events within the BnaMYB genes.
Figure 4. Collinearity analysis of the AC subgenome of R2R3-MYB genes in B. napus. The gray lines represent the replication events of all genes in B. napus and the red lines represent tandem repeat events within the BnaMYB genes.
Plants 12 00886 g004
Plants 12 00886 g005 550
Figure 5. Syntenic relationships of R2R3-MYB genes in B. napus and three ancestral plant species. The figure shows the collinearity between Arabidopsis (A. thaliana), Brassica rapa (B. rapa), Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea) and Brassica napus (B. napus).
Figure 5. Syntenic relationships of R2R3-MYB genes in B. napus and three ancestral plant species. The figure shows the collinearity between Arabidopsis (A. thaliana), Brassica rapa (B. rapa), Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea) and Brassica napus (B. napus).
Plants 12 00886 g005
Plants 12 00886 g006 550
Figure 6. Cis-acting element analysis of MYB gene subfamily in B. napus. The boxes with different colors on the black line represent different cis-elements.
Figure 6. Cis-acting element analysis of MYB gene subfamily in B. napus. The boxes with different colors on the black line represent different cis-elements.
Plants 12 00886 g006
Plants 12 00886 g007 550
Figure 7. Heat map showing the expression profiles of BnaMYB genes in different tissues. The sampling time for the seeds, leaves, and siliques was the 10th day. The red, pink, and white colors display high to low expression levels. The heat map of expression was created by taking the log10 of transcripts per million (TPM). The transcriptomic data were sourced online from the BnTIR: Brassica napus information resource (http://yanglab.hzau.edu.cn, accessed on 2 May 2022).
Figure 7. Heat map showing the expression profiles of BnaMYB genes in different tissues. The sampling time for the seeds, leaves, and siliques was the 10th day. The red, pink, and white colors display high to low expression levels. The heat map of expression was created by taking the log10 of transcripts per million (TPM). The transcriptomic data were sourced online from the BnTIR: Brassica napus information resource (http://yanglab.hzau.edu.cn, accessed on 2 May 2022).
Plants 12 00886 g007
Plants 12 00886 g008 550
Figure 8. The expression patterns of BnaMYB genes under drought conditions. The 0 h (CK), 2, 4, 6, and 8 d labels indicate the time points (days) when the samples were harvested for studying gene expression after the drought treatment.
Figure 8. The expression patterns of BnaMYB genes under drought conditions. The 0 h (CK), 2, 4, 6, and 8 d labels indicate the time points (days) when the samples were harvested for studying gene expression after the drought treatment.
Plants 12 00886 g008
Table
Table 1. The position and molecular information of MYB gene family in B. napus.
Table 1. The position and molecular information of MYB gene family in B. napus.
Gene NameGene IDChromosomes PositionCDS (bp)Protein
Length (bp)MW (kDa)pI
BnaMYB1BnaA01G0357100ZS32256891-32258168(+)1074358108816.875.01
BnaMYB2BnaA01G0365200ZS32786604-32787938(+)885295112433.865.06
BnaMYB3BnaA02G0045300ZS2546354-2548355(-)840280167892.184.92
BnaMYB4BnaA02G0378200ZS33155658-33156863(-)1011337102768.225.06
BnaMYB5BnaA03G0050300ZS2408564-2410538(-)843281166460.814.9
BnaMYB6BnaA03G0135900ZS6915762-6916844 (-)80426891357.945
BnaMYB7BnaA03G0312000ZS16483091-16484321 (-)1023341104361.564.96
BnaMYB8BnaA03G0487400ZS27023236-27024166 (+)75325177433.375.11
BnaMYB9BnaA05G0412600ZS39809095-39810464 (+)1047349116330.895.01
BnaMYB10BnaA05G0423500ZS40421096-40422152 (+)88529588892.425.08
BnaMYB11BnaA05G0452900ZS41865529-41866766 (+)1008336102341.735.07
BnaMYB12BnaA06G0057600ZS3572905-3574580 (+)996332142233.54.97
BnaMYB13BnaA06G0163800ZS10091574-10092862 (-)777259110035.564.97
BnaMYB14BnaA06G0344100ZS42258187-42259525 (-)1071357112803.965.05
BnaMYB15BnaA09G0021000ZS1330928-1332132 (-)1011337100979.614.97
BnaMYB16BnaA09G0060200ZS3683531-3684746 (+)1008336101112.825.06
BnaMYB17BnaA09G0135900ZS8220775-8222850 (-)1110370175135.254.93
BnaMYB18BnaA09G0147200ZS8944567-8946278 (+)1110370143838.315
BnaMYB19BnaA10G0226500ZS23076072-23078201 (+)8432811792154.96
BnaMYB20BnaC01G0191600ZS14174638-14175619 (+)80726982001.375.1
BnaMYB21BnaC01G0443900ZS50997955-50999227 (+)1074358108353.215.02
BnaMYB22BnaC01G0455800ZS52367618-52368963 (+)885295113600.185.05
BnaMYB23BnaC02G0052100ZS3261244-3263562 (-)837279195053.444.89
BnaMYB24BnaC02G0506000ZS61058311-61059530 (-)1023341103681.145.06
BnaMYB25BnaC03G0058300ZS3046411-3048356 (-)840280163856.164.91
BnaMYB26BnaC03G0373800ZS25163139-25164386 (-)1023341105884.44.96
BnaMYB27BnaC05G0072600ZS4097294-4098491 (+)1005335100976.315.02
BnaMYB28BnaC05G0464600ZS51456439-51457659 (+)987329103719.425.04
BnaMYB29BnaC05G0475500ZS52295048-52296128 (+)88529590920.475.08
BnaMYB30BnaC05G0511100ZS54454866-54456100 (+)1008336102098.475.07
BnaMYB31BnaC07G0351100ZS48234276-48235576 (+)1074358108612.435.04
BnaMYB32BnaC07G0465900ZS56085074-56086043 (+)78626280884.415.09
BnaMYB33BnaC09G0004300ZS266734-267940 (-)1011337101103.744.97
BnaMYB34BnaC09G0048600ZS3138803-3140038 (+)1017339103080.975.06
BnaMYB35BnaC09G0531900ZS62845844-62847979 (+)837239179779.674.96
Table
Table 2. The cis-elements identified in more than three BnaMYB genes.
Table 2. The cis-elements identified in more than three BnaMYB genes.
Site NameSequenceFunction of the Cis-Elements
TGA elementAACGACAuxin-responsive element
TC-rich repeatsGTTTTCTTACCis-acting element involved in defense and stress responses
LTRCCGAAACis-acting element involved in low-temperature responses
TCA elementCCATCTTTTTCis-acting element involved in salicylic acid responses
ABREACGTGCis-acting element involved in abscisic acid responses
AuxRR coreGGTCCATCis-acting regulatory element involved in auxin responses
CGTCA-motifCGTCACis-acting regulatory element involved in the MeJA responses
TGACG motifTGACGCis-acting regulatory element involved in MeJA responses
GARE motifTCTGTTGGibberellin-responsive element
P boxCCTTTTGGibberellin-responsive element
MBSCAACTGMYB binding site involved in drought response
TGA boxTGACGTAAPart of an auxin-responsive element
AREAAACCACis-acting regulatory element essential for anaerobic induction
MYBTAACCADrought response element
MYCCAATTGDrought and MYBd reaction element
TCATCATCTTCATCis-acting element involved in salicylic acid responses
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Luo, D.; Mei, D.; Wei, W.; Liu, J. Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of the R2R3-MYB Subfamily in Brassica napus. Plants 2023, 12, 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040886

AMA Style

Luo D, Mei D, Wei W, Liu J. Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of the R2R3-MYB Subfamily in Brassica napus. Plants. 2023; 12(4):886. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040886

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luo, Dingfan, Desheng Mei, Wenliang Wei, and Jia Liu. 2023. "Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of the R2R3-MYB Subfamily in Brassica napus" Plants 12, no. 4: 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040886

APA Style

Luo, D., Mei, D., Wei, W., & Liu, J. (2023). Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of the R2R3-MYB Subfamily in Brassica napus. Plants, 12(4), 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040886

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop