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Volume 13
Issue 2
10.3390/cli13020030
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Assessing Green Strategies for Urban Cooling in the Development of Nusantara Capital City, Indonesia

by
Radyan Putra Pradana
1,2,*,
Vinayak Bhanage
1,
Faiz Rohman Fajary
1,3,
Wahidullah Hussainzada
1,
Mochamad Riam Badriana
4,
Han Soo Lee
1,5,*,
Tetsu Kubota
1,
Hideyo Nimiya
6 and
I Dewa Gede Arya Putra
6,7
1
Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8592, Hiroshima, Japan
2
Center for Standardization Instruments of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics, Indonesian Agency for Meteorology Climatology andGeophysics (BMKG), Jakarta 10720, Indonesia
3
Atmospheric Science Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa No.10, Lb. Siliwangi, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
4
Korea-Indonesia Marine Technology Cooperation Research Center (MTCRC), Cirebon 45161, Indonesia
5
Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Hiroshima, Japan
6
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1 Chome-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
7
Center for Applied Climate Information Services, Indonesian Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Jakarta 10720, Indonesia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Climate 2025, 13(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13020030
Submission received: 21 December 2024 / Revised: 24 January 2025 / Accepted: 28 January 2025 / Published: 31 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Smart Technologies in Climate Risk and Adaptation)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The relocation of Indonesia’s capital to Nusantara in East Kalimantan has raised concerns about microclimatic impacts resulting from proposed land use and land cover (LULC) changes. This study explored strategies to mitigate these impacts by using dynamical downscaling with the Weather Research and Forecasting model integrated with the urban canopy model (WRF-UCM). Numerical experiments at a 1 km spatial resolution were used to evaluate the impacts of green and mitigation strategies on the proposed master plan. In this process, five scenarios were analyzed, incorporating varying proportions of blue–green spaces and modifications to building walls and roof albedos. Among them, scenario 5, with 65% blue‒green spaces, exhibited the highest cooling potential, reducing average urban surface temperatures by approximately 2 °C. In contrast, scenario 4, which allocated equal shares of built-up areas and mixed forests (50% each), achieved a more modest reduction of approximately 1 °C. The adoption of nature-based solutions and sustainable urban planning in Nusantara underscores the feasibility of climate-resilient urban development. This framework could inspire other cities worldwide, showcasing how urban growth can align with environmental sustainability.
Keywords: land use and land cover; microclimatic changes; masterplan; blue and green infrastructure land use and land cover; microclimatic changes; masterplan; blue and green infrastructure

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pradana, R.P.; Bhanage, V.; Fajary, F.R.; Hussainzada, W.; Badriana, M.R.; Lee, H.S.; Kubota, T.; Nimiya, H.; Putra, I.D.G.A. Assessing Green Strategies for Urban Cooling in the Development of Nusantara Capital City, Indonesia. Climate 2025, 13, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13020030

AMA Style

Pradana RP, Bhanage V, Fajary FR, Hussainzada W, Badriana MR, Lee HS, Kubota T, Nimiya H, Putra IDGA. Assessing Green Strategies for Urban Cooling in the Development of Nusantara Capital City, Indonesia. Climate. 2025; 13(2):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13020030

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pradana, Radyan Putra, Vinayak Bhanage, Faiz Rohman Fajary, Wahidullah Hussainzada, Mochamad Riam Badriana, Han Soo Lee, Tetsu Kubota, Hideyo Nimiya, and I Dewa Gede Arya Putra. 2025. "Assessing Green Strategies for Urban Cooling in the Development of Nusantara Capital City, Indonesia" Climate 13, no. 2: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13020030

APA Style

Pradana, R. P., Bhanage, V., Fajary, F. R., Hussainzada, W., Badriana, M. R., Lee, H. S., Kubota, T., Nimiya, H., & Putra, I. D. G. A. (2025). Assessing Green Strategies for Urban Cooling in the Development of Nusantara Capital City, Indonesia. Climate, 13(2), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13020030

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