Pharmacy

8 pages, 238 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Patient-Guided Talking Points to Address COVID-19 and General Vaccine Hesitancy

by Elaine Nguyen, Melanie Wright, Cathy Oliphant, Kevin Cleveland, John Holmes, Mary Nies and Renee Robinson

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050137 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1643

Abstract

Vaccination remains one of the most effective ways to limit spread of disease. Waning public confidence in COVID-19 vaccines has resulted in reduced vaccination rates. In fact, despite vaccine availability, many individuals choose to delay COVID-19 vaccination resulting in suboptimal herd immunity and [...] Read more.

Vaccination remains one of the most effective ways to limit spread of disease. Waning public confidence in COVID-19 vaccines has resulted in reduced vaccination rates. In fact, despite vaccine availability, many individuals choose to delay COVID-19 vaccination resulting in suboptimal herd immunity and increased viral mutations. A number of qualitative and quantitative studies have been conducted to identify, understand, and address modifiable barriers and factors contributing to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among individuals with access to vaccine. Vaccine confidence may be improved through targeted patient–provider discussion. More patients are turning to pharmacists to receive their vaccinations across the lifespan. The primary goal of this commentary is to share evidence-based, patient talking points, tailored by practicing pharmacists, to better communicate and address factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy and reduced vaccine confidence. Full article

14 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacotherapy Problems in Best Possible Medication History of Hospital Admission in the Elderly

by Ivana Marinović, Ivana Samardžić, Slaven Falamić and Vesna Bačić Vrca

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050136 - 18 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2166

Abstract

Transfer of care is a sensitive process, especially for the elderly. Polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and renal risk drugs (RRDs) are important issues in the elderly. The aim of the study was to expand the use of the Best [...] Read more.

Transfer of care is a sensitive process, especially for the elderly. Polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and renal risk drugs (RRDs) are important issues in the elderly. The aim of the study was to expand the use of the Best Possible Medication History (BPMH) and to evaluate polypharmacy, PIMs, DDIs, and inappropriately prescribed RRDs on hospital admission, as well as to determine their mutual relationship and association with patients’ characteristics. An observational prospective study was conducted at the Internal Medicine Clinic of Clinical Hospital Dubrava. The study included 383 elderly patients. Overall, 49.9% of patients used 5–9 prescription medications and 31.8% used 10 or more medications. EU(7)-PIMs occurred in 80.7% (n = 309) of the participants. In total, 90.6% of participants had ≥1 potential DDI. In total, 43.6% of patients were found to have estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m², of which 64.7% of patients had one or more inappropriately prescribed RRDs. The clinical pharmacist detected a high incidence of polypharmacy, PIMs, DDIs, and inappropriately prescribed RRDs on hospital admission. This study highlights the importance of early detection of pharmacotherapy problems by using the BPMH in order to prevent their circulation during a hospital stay. The positive correlations between polypharmacy, PIMs, DDIs, and inappropriately prescribed RRDs indicate that they are not independent, but rather occur simultaneously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Care Services in Pharmacy Practice)

11 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacist-Managed Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Programs within Australian Hospital and Health Services—A National Survey of Current Practice

by Paul Firman, Ken-Soon Tan, Alexandra Clavarino, Meng-Wong Taing and Karen Whitfield

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050135 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2720

Abstract

Pharmacist-managed therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) services have demonstrated positive outcomes in the literature, including reduced duration of therapy and decreased incidence of the adverse effects of drug therapy. Although the evidence has demonstrated the benefits of these TDM services, this has predominately been [...] Read more.

Pharmacist-managed therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) services have demonstrated positive outcomes in the literature, including reduced duration of therapy and decreased incidence of the adverse effects of drug therapy. Although the evidence has demonstrated the benefits of these TDM services, this has predominately been within international healthcare systems. The extent to which pharmacist-managed TDM services exist within Australia, and the roles and responsibilities of the pharmacists involved compared to their counterparts in other countries, remains largely unknown. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted evaluating pharmacist-managed TDM programs within Australian hospital and healthcare settings. Pharmacist perceptions were also explored about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and barriers associated with implementing a pharmacist-managed TDM service. A total of 92 surveys were returned, which represents a response rate of 38%. Pharmacist-managed TDM programs were present in 15% of respondents. It is only in the minority of hospitals where there is a pharmacist-managed service, with pharmacists involved in recommending pathology and medication doses. The programs highlighted improved patient outcomes but had difficulty maintaining the educational packages and training. For hospitals without a service, a lack of funding and time were highlighted as barriers. Based on the findings of this survey, there is minimal evidence of pharmacist-managed TDM models within Australian hospital and health services. A standardized national approach to pharmacist-managed TDM services and recognition of this specialist area for pharmacists could be a potential solution to this. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Care Services in Pharmacy Practice)

11 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessReview

The U.S. Travel Health Pharmacists’ Role in a Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Era

by Keri Hurley-Kim, Karina Babish, Eva Chen, Alexis Diaz, Nathan Hahn, Derek Evans, Sheila M. Seed and Karl M. Hess

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050134 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3929

Abstract

Background: Many countries have enforced strict regulations on travel since the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in December 2019. However, with the development of several vaccines and tests to help identify it, international travel has mostly resumed in the United States (US). [...] Read more.

Background: Many countries have enforced strict regulations on travel since the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in December 2019. However, with the development of several vaccines and tests to help identify it, international travel has mostly resumed in the United States (US). Community pharmacists have long been highly accessible to the public and are capable of providing travel health services and are in an optimal position to provide COVID-19 patient care services to those who are now starting to travel again. Objectives: (1) To discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the practice of travel health and pharmacist provided travel health services in the US and (2) to discuss the incorporation COVID-19 prevention measures, as well as telehealth and other technologies, into travel health care services. Methods: A literature review was undertaken utilizing the following search engines and internet websites: PubMed, Google Scholar, Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), and the United States Department of Health and Human Services to identify published articles on pharmacist and pharmacy-based travel health services and patient care in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed many country’s entry requirements which may now include COVID-19 vaccination, testing, and/or masking requirements in country. Telehealth and other technological advancements may further aid the practice of travel health by increasing patient access to care. Conclusions: Community pharmacists should consider incorporating COVID-19 vaccination and testing services in their travel health practices in order to meet country-specific COVID-19 entry requirements. Further, pharmacists should consider utilizing telehealth and other technologies to increase access to care while further limiting the potential spread and impact of COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Public Health Through Community Pharmacy Practice)

10 pages, 1188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Real and Virtual Laboratories for Pharmacy Teaching

by Jennifer Schneider, Chelsea Felkai and Irene Munro

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050133 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1967

Abstract

New approaches to teaching and learning in the tertiary setting offer students flexibility for learning and, in a pandemic, suggests ways to provide learning when face-to-face delivery cannot be conducted. Courses that contain a hands-on laboratory component can be resource intensive in terms [...] Read more.

New approaches to teaching and learning in the tertiary setting offer students flexibility for learning and, in a pandemic, suggests ways to provide learning when face-to-face delivery cannot be conducted. Courses that contain a hands-on laboratory component can be resource intensive in terms of equipment, staff, and facilities, thus more difficult to deliver when hands-on laboratory work is precluded. This study developed two virtual laboratories that could be completed online and, using a crossover design, evaluated student learning outcomes from virtual and real laboratory activities for 57 students. It also gained student feedback on their learning experiences. Overall, student knowledge increased significantly for each topic after completing either the virtual or real laboratory activities. However, no significant difference in learning was observed when outcomes from virtual or real laboratories were compared. Feedback from students indicated that most students found online modules easier to follow, they provided better background information, and would be revisited, but real laboratories were more interesting. Reinforcing learning, understanding, and remembering processes were reportedly similar for both, indicating no negative impact when a virtual laboratory was used. This study provides supporting evidence for the use of virtual laboratories where the focus is on learning concepts and not on student proficiency at operating laboratory equipment. Full article

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15 pages, 2327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Illegible Prescriptions on Dispensing Practice: A Pilot Study of South African Pharmacy Personnel

by Tasneem Modi, Ntandoyenkosi Khumalo, Rubina Shaikh, Zelna Booth, Stephanie Leigh-de Rapper and Gillian Dumsile Mahumane

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050132 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5788

Abstract

Illegible prescriptions are an illegal, frequent, and longstanding problem for pharmacy personnel engaged in dispensing. These contribute to patient safety issues and negatively impact safe dispensing in pharmaceutical delivery. To date, little is documented on measures taken to assess the negative impact posed [...] Read more.

Illegible prescriptions are an illegal, frequent, and longstanding problem for pharmacy personnel engaged in dispensing. These contribute to patient safety issues and negatively impact safe dispensing in pharmaceutical delivery. To date, little is documented on measures taken to assess the negative impact posed by illegible prescriptions on South African pharmacy dispensing personnel. Therefore, this pilot study was performed to evaluate the ability of pharmacy personnel to read and interpret illegible prescriptions correctly; and to report on their perceived challenges, views and concerns when presented with an illegible prescription to dispense. A cross-sectional, three-tiered self-administered survey was conducted among pharmacy personnel. A total of 885 measurements were recorded. The ability to read an illegible prescription is not an indicator of competency, as all (100%) participants (novice and experienced) made errors and experienced difficulty evaluating and deciphering the illegible prescription. The medication names and dosages were correctly identified by only 20% and 18% of all participants. The use of digital prescriptions was indicated by 70% of the participants as a probable solution to the problem. Overall, improving the quality of written prescriptions and instructions can potentially assist dispensing pharmacy personnel in reducing illegible prescription-related patient safety issues and dispensing errors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community-Based Pharmacy Practice Quality Improvement and Research)

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8 pages, 232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Assessment of Student Pharmacists’ Knowledge of Electronic Cigarettes or Vapes—A Cross Sectional Study at One College of Pharmacy

by Ibrahim Alfayoumi, Osama Aqel and David R. Axon

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050131 - 11 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2974

Abstract

This study assessed the knowledge of e-cigarettes/vapes among a sample of student pharmacists. A 22-item cross-sectional electronic questionnaire was administered to all third- and fourth-year student pharmacists enrolled at one college of pharmacy in the United States (N = 256). Data were collected [...] Read more.

This study assessed the knowledge of e-cigarettes/vapes among a sample of student pharmacists. A 22-item cross-sectional electronic questionnaire was administered to all third- and fourth-year student pharmacists enrolled at one college of pharmacy in the United States (N = 256). Data were collected over six weeks in March/April 2022. One point was assigned for each correct knowledge item; points were then summed to create a total knowledge score for each person. Differences in the proportion of students who correctly answered each knowledge item were compared between year groups using a chi-square test, while differences between year groups for total knowledge score were compared using a two-sample t-test. The a priori alpha level was 0.05. Fifty students (third year = 30, fourth year = 20; female = 60%) completed the survey. Students’ e-cigarettes/vapes knowledge varied depending on the item. There was no statistically significant difference between third- and fourth-year students for total mean knowledge scores (third year = 12.5 ± 3.3, fourth year = 11.2 ± 3.1, p = 0.1780) or for each knowledge item, except for items 10 and 20. In conclusion, the findings from this survey of student pharmacists at one college of pharmacy in the United States indicate a need for more education around e-cigarettes/vapes for student pharmacists so that they are better able to counsel patients on their use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacy: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives in USA)

8 pages, 207 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Pharmacist Knowledge and Perceptions of Homeopathy: A Survey of Recent Pharmacy Graduates in Practice

by Jordin Millward, Kasidy McKay, John T. Holmes and Christopher T. Owens

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050130 - 9 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2325

Abstract

Homeopathic products are available over the counter in many pharmacies in the United States and are popular among consumers, although there is no conclusive evidence of their therapeutic effects. Pharmacists are obligated to provide well-informed, evidence-based information on these products, but many graduates [...] Read more.

Homeopathic products are available over the counter in many pharmacies in the United States and are popular among consumers, although there is no conclusive evidence of their therapeutic effects. Pharmacists are obligated to provide well-informed, evidence-based information on these products, but many graduates may not be receiving adequate training in this area. This report outlines the results of a survey assessing whether taking a focused elective course in complementary and integrative health (CIH) affects knowledge and perceptions regarding homeopathy. A 22-question survey was developed and distributed to graduates of Idaho State University College of Pharmacy. Responses on survey items were compared between those who had reported taking the CIH elective course and those who had not. Of the 475 pharmacists, 89 completed the survey (response rate of 18.7%). Pharmacists who had taken the CIH elective course reported being more comfortable answering patient questions (82% vs. 44%, p < 0.001), felt more able to make recommendations (75% vs. 36%, p < 0.001), and felt they could explain the proposed mechanism of action of homeopathic remedies to their patients (87% vs. 61%, p = 0.002). Those who took the elective course were also more likely to say that any benefits of homeopathy were due to the placebo effect (82% vs. 64%, p = 0.007). A significantly higher portion of respondents who had not taken the elective course indicated that they could benefit from further training on CIH topics when compared with those who had taken the elective course (85% vs. 51%, p = 0.02). There was no significant difference between groups with respect to their use of reliable resources (e.g., PubMed and Natural Medicines) vs. unreliable sources (other internet searches or personal anecdotes) when addressing CIH-related questions. These findings indicate that pharmacists with more focused training in CIH are more comfortable, confident, and knowledgeable when discussing homeopathy. Such education should be provided more broadly to students in colleges of pharmacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology-Enhanced Pharmacy Teaching and Learning Strategies III)

14 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Success of International Pharmacists in a Distance-Based US Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) Program: Results from a 5-Year Cohort

by Paul M. Reynolds, Ralph J. Altiere, Kari L. Franson, Tina P. Brock, Jodie V. Malhotra, Rachel Wagmaister and Shaun Ellen Gleason

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050129 - 8 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1783

Abstract

Background: To establish the predictors of success in an international-trained PharmD (ITPD) program between admission criteria and academic performance. Methods: The primary outcome of this study was the correlation of admission criteria with didactic and experiential grade point averages (GPA) for the first [...] Read more.

Background: To establish the predictors of success in an international-trained PharmD (ITPD) program between admission criteria and academic performance. Methods: The primary outcome of this study was the correlation of admission criteria with didactic and experiential grade point averages (GPA) for the first 5 years. Candidates meeting the minimum criteria completed a competency exam or the US-Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Equivalency Exam (US-FPGEE). Tests of English language proficiency (TOEFL(R) and ACTFL’s Oral Proficiency Interview) plus interview with faculty, students, and alumni were also required. Scores were correlated with both didactic and experiential GPAs. Results: The 23 students admitted to the ITPD program had a cumulative GPA of 3.72. There was a significant correlation between total admissions score and the median pharmacy and healthcare course category GPA (ρ 0.53), but not other categories. The composite TOEFL did not predict any performance but TOEFL writing and speaking did correlate with advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) performance. The OPI scores were associated with higher GPAs overall, in advanced integrated clinical sciences, and APPEs. The admission interview scores consistently and significantly correlated with preceptor-rated APPE GPA, practitioner skills, and professionalism (ρ > 0.5; p < 0.05). Performance in early courses significantly predicted the performance in advanced courses and experiential performance (ρ 0.48–0.61). Conclusion: The correlations between early and late course performance demonstrated the cohesiveness of this program. Further study is needed between the predictors of success using non-cognitive admission criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

7 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Guidelines for Assessing and Enhancing the Organizational Vitality of Pharmacy Educational Programs: A Call to Action!

by Ashim Malhotra, Jeremy Hughes and David G. Fuentes

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050128 - 8 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2087

Abstract

Organizational vitality encompasses organizational mission and identity, organizational purpose and values, and employee engagement, cohesiveness, anxiety, and information sharing. Using the organizational vitality framework consisting of the following five pillars: (1) human, (2) knowledge, (3) intellectual, (4) financial capital, and (5) market value, [...] Read more.

Organizational vitality encompasses organizational mission and identity, organizational purpose and values, and employee engagement, cohesiveness, anxiety, and information sharing. Using the organizational vitality framework consisting of the following five pillars: (1) human, (2) knowledge, (3) intellectual, (4) financial capital, and (5) market value, we propose a reflection guide and specific calls to action for academic leaders including deans, department chairs, assistant/associate deans, and others within pharmacy and healthcare education systems. Our overall aim is to provide a blueprint for academic leaders to assess and enhance the organizational health, vitality, resiliency, and sustainability of their pharmacy educational programs using an established organizational vitality framework. This guide can help academic leaders at all levels to reflect on their organization’s vitality and use the steps outlined here to renew conversations about faculty life, identities as leaders, the global pharmacy Academy’s core mission and values, and the pursuit of work-life harmony in the context of their pharmacy schools’ organizational vitality. All leaders within pharmacy educational programs should identify and embrace a holistic and guided framework that emphasizes organizational vitality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 10th Anniversary of Pharmacy—Advances in Pharmacy Education and Practice)

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11 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impacts of Clinical Pharmacists’ Interventions on Clinical Significance and Cost Avoidance in a Tertiary Care University Hospital in Oman: A Retrospective Analysis

by Juhaina Salim Al-Maqbali, Aqila Taqi, Samyia Al-Ajmi, Buthaina Al-Hamadani, Farhat Al-Hamadani, Fatima Bahram, Kifah Al-Balushi, Sarah Gamal, Esra Al-Lawati, Bushra Al Siyabi, Ekram Al Siyabi, Nashwa Al-Sharji and Ibrahim Al-Zakwani

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050127 - 3 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3037

Abstract

Objectives: Pharmaceutical interventions are implicit components of the enhanced role that clinical pharmacists provide in clinical settings. We aimed to study the clinical significance and analyze the presumed cost avoidance achieved by clinical pharmacists’ interventions. Methods: A retrospective study of documented clinical pharmacists’ [...] Read more.

Objectives: Pharmaceutical interventions are implicit components of the enhanced role that clinical pharmacists provide in clinical settings. We aimed to study the clinical significance and analyze the presumed cost avoidance achieved by clinical pharmacists’ interventions. Methods: A retrospective study of documented clinical pharmacists’ interventions at a tertiary care hospital in Oman was conducted between January and March 2022. The interventions were electronically recorded in the patients’ medical records as routine practice by clinical pharmacists. Data on clinical outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Cost implications were cross checked by another clinical pharmacist, and then, cost avoidance was calculated using the Rx Medi-Trend system values. Results: A total of 2032 interventions were analyzed, and 97% of them were accepted by the treating physicians. Around 30% of the accepted interventions were for antimicrobials, and the most common type was dosage adjustment (30%). Treatment efficacy was enhanced in 60% and toxicity was avoided in 22% of the interventions. The presumed cost avoided during the study period was USD 110,000 with a projected annual cost avoidance of approximately USD 440,000. Conclusion: There was an overall positive clinical and financial impact of clinical pharmacists’ interventions. Most interventions have prevented moderate or major harm with a high physician acceptance rate. Optimal documentation of the interventions is crucial for emphasizing clinical pharmacists’ value in multi-specialty hospitals. Full article

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9 pages, 217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Perceptions of FDA Approval Standards and the Breakthrough Therapy Designation

by Megan C. Herink, Kirbee Johnston, Kristin Breninger, Erin Wu and Adriane N. Irwin

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050126 - 30 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1796

Abstract

The “breakthrough therapy” designation (BTD) is a recent mechanism implemented by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to expedite access to drugs that address unmet needs. The purpose of this study is to describe pharmacists’ knowledge of FDA drug-approval standards and [...] Read more.

The “breakthrough therapy” designation (BTD) is a recent mechanism implemented by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to expedite access to drugs that address unmet needs. The purpose of this study is to describe pharmacists’ knowledge of FDA drug-approval standards and knowledge and perceptions of the BTD. Pharmacists engaged in advanced clinical practice were identified through membership profiles of a professional pharmacy organization. Eligible participants were then sent a questionnaire to assess knowledge of FDA approval standards and the BTD. A total of 226 pharmacists responded. The majority of respondents were women (70.2%) and had completed post-graduate training (85.8%). Over half correctly answered at least two of three questions on FDA approval standards (58.1%) and the BTD (78.1%). Only 24.1% of respondents identified as being familiar with the BTD. The majority of pharmacists (62.8%) were certain that FDA-approved “breakthrough” drugs represented a major advance over currently approved therapies and most (88.5%) preferred the drug designated as “breakthrough” in a hypothetical scenario. In conclusion, pharmacists were able to correctly answer questions about FDA approval standards and the BTD. However, they were unfamiliar with the implications of a BTD and may overestimate the benefit demonstrated by these drugs. Future research should identify knowledge gaps in pharmacist understanding of regulatory mechanisms designed to expedite drug approval. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

12 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Pharmacy Practice: A Look towards the Future

by Jeffrey Atkinson

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050125 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5404

Abstract

This review looks at the factors that may influence practice in the future. Transformation could occur at 3 levels. Firstly, the traditional profession of the pharmacist as a dispenser of medicines is expanding. Secondly, the pharmacist’s activities are progressing into new healthcare fields. [...] Read more.

This review looks at the factors that may influence practice in the future. Transformation could occur at 3 levels. Firstly, the traditional profession of the pharmacist as a dispenser of medicines is expanding. Secondly, the pharmacist’s activities are progressing into new healthcare fields. Thirdly, other changes are stimulated by global developments. This review may be helpful for pharmacy and healthcare leaders looking at the future configuration and aims of their pharmacy services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacy Reviews in 2022)

11 pages, 669 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of Independent and Chain Pharmacies Effects on Medication Adherence

by James Nind, Alesha Smith, Shane Scahill and Carlo A. Marra

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050124 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4091

Abstract

As the last step in the care pathway, pharmacies can significantly impact a patient’s medication adherence and the success of treatment. The potential impact of patient’s pharmacy choice on their medication adherence has yet to be established. This study aims to review the [...] Read more.

As the last step in the care pathway, pharmacies can significantly impact a patient’s medication adherence and the success of treatment. The potential impact of patient’s pharmacy choice on their medication adherence has yet to be established. This study aims to review the impact a pharmacies ownership model, either independent or chain, has on its users’ medication adherence. As a generalisation, independent pharmacies offer a more personal service and chain pharmacies offer medications at lower prices. A keyword search of EMBASE and MEDLINE databases in March 2022 identified 410 studies, of which 5 were deemed to meet our inclusion criteria. The studies mostly took place in North America, measured medication adherence using pharmacy records over a 12-month period. This review was unable to substantiate a difference in the rate of medication adherence between the users of independent and chain pharmacies. However, those with a lower income, greater medication burden, and increased age appeared to use an independent pharmacy more than a chain pharmacy and to have greater medication adherence when doing so. Establishing the differences in service provision between types of pharmacies and why people choose a pharmacy to frequent should be a focus of future research. Full article

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19 pages, 964 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Sickle-Cell Disease Therapies: A Review of Voxelotor, Crizanlizumab, and L-glutamine

by Michael Migotsky, Molly Beestrum and Sherif M. Badawy

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050123 - 26 Sep 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5985

Abstract

Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobinopathy, causing lifelong complications such as painful vaso-occlusive episodes, acute chest syndrome, stroke, chronic anemia, and end-organ damage, with negative effects on quality of life and life expectancy. Within the last five years, three new treatments have [...] Read more.

Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobinopathy, causing lifelong complications such as painful vaso-occlusive episodes, acute chest syndrome, stroke, chronic anemia, and end-organ damage, with negative effects on quality of life and life expectancy. Within the last five years, three new treatments have been approved: L-glutamine in 2017 and crizanlizumab and voxelotor in 2019. We conducted a literature search of these three medications, and of the 31 articles meeting inclusion criteria, 6 studied L-glutamine, 9 crizanlizumab, and 16 voxelotor. Treatment with L-glutamine was associated with decrease in pain crises, hospitalizations, and time to first and second crises, with a decrease in RBC transfusion rate. Barriers to filling and taking L-glutamine included insurance denial, high deductible, and intolerability, especially abdominal pain. Crizanlizumab was associated with a reduction in pain crises and time to first crisis, with reduction in need for opioid use. Adverse effects of crizanlizumab include headache, nausea, insurance difficulty, and infusion reactions. Voxelotor was associated with increased hemoglobin and decreased markers of hemolysis. Barriers for voxelotor use included insurance denial and side effects such as headache, rash, and diarrhea. These three medications represent exciting new therapies and are generally well-tolerated though price and insurance approval remain potential barriers to access. Other studies are ongoing, particularly in the pediatric population, and more real-world studies are needed. The objective of this article is to evaluate post-approval studies of crizanlizumab, voxelotor, and L-glutamine in SCD, with a focus on real-world efficacy, side effects, and prescribing data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicine Use in Chronic Disease)

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7 pages, 203 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Important Factors in Remote Experiential Education

by Jennifer L. Prisco, Jennifer D. Goldman, Tewodros Eguale and Nicole Carace

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050122 - 24 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2308

Abstract

Onsite and in-person experiential education has been well established to prepare practice-ready healthcare professionals, such as pharmacists. From COVID-19, the integration of remote educational delivery has occurred. As healthcare disciplines adjust to new experiential styles and innovate traditional methods, this paper highlights key [...] Read more.

Onsite and in-person experiential education has been well established to prepare practice-ready healthcare professionals, such as pharmacists. From COVID-19, the integration of remote educational delivery has occurred. As healthcare disciplines adjust to new experiential styles and innovate traditional methods, this paper highlights key areas for remote experiential education that can influence student experiences. Factors that are of importance to continuous quality improvement are described. A survey, utilizing the cloud-based software platform Qualtrics^® headquartered in the United States, was developed to evaluate whether remote rotation delivery was comparable to traditional onsite experiential education, to assist with quality improvement for virtual experiential education, and to ensure the redesigned educational model meets accreditation standards for two schools of pharmacy. Numerous factors including work, time zone, Office of Experiential Education and preceptor responsiveness, and technology, were examined. Chi-Square test, t-test for proportions and odds ratios were utilized to evaluate results. Students with technology concerns throughout a remote rotation had a more than two-fold increase in identifying the virtual experience as worse than most/all other in-person rotations (p = 0.01). Preceptor responsiveness to questions and concerns significantly impact student perceptions of educational quality (p < 0.05). The majority of students perceived remote experiential education is equal to onsite experiences. Since continuous quality improvement is required by pharmacy accreditors and many other healthcare programs offering clinical opportunities, identifying factors is of importance to make future interventions in the remote experiential education delivery. This type of experiential learning became essential with COVID-19 impacting onsite clinical placements, and information can be used across health science disciplines at large. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection New Insights into Pharmacy Teaching and Learning during COVID-19)

11 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Snapshot of Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions upon Pediatric Discharge in Oman

by Alaa M. Soliman, Ibrahim Al-Zakwani, Ibrahim H. Younos, Shireen Al Zadjali and Mohammed Al Za’abi

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050121 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1873

Abstract

Background: Identifying and quantifying potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) practices remains a time-consuming and challenging task, particularly among the pediatric population. In recent years, several valuable tools have been developed and validated for assessing PIP. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PIP [...] Read more.

Background: Identifying and quantifying potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) practices remains a time-consuming and challenging task, particularly among the pediatric population. In recent years, several valuable tools have been developed and validated for assessing PIP. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PIP and related risk factors in pediatric patients at a tertiary care hospital in Oman. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of pediatric patients (<18 years) from 1 October to 31 December 2019. Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) and potential prescribing omission (PPO) were assessed using an internationally validated pediatric omission of prescriptions and inappropriate prescriptions (POPI) tool. Results: A total of 685 patients were included; 57.5% were male, and 30.5% had at least one comorbidity. Polypharmacy was identified in 70.2% of these patients, with a median of 2 (1–3) medications. PIM was observed in 20.4% of the cohort, with the highest in ENT-pulmonary disease (30.5%), followed by dermatological disorders (28.6%). PPO was identified in 6.9% of the patients with digestive and neuropsychiatric disorders, with the highest rate of 54% and 24%, respectively. Age (p = 0.006), number of medications (p = 0.034), and prescriber rank (p = 0.006) were identified as significant predictors of PIM, whereas age (p = 0.044) was the only significant predictor for PPO. Conclusions: The rates of PIM and PPO were high in this study population. In light of these findings, educational and interventional activities and programs are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

12 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Need for Benzodiazepine Deprescribing in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cohort Study

by Iva Bužančić, Tajana Iva Pejaković and Maja Ortner Hadžiabdić

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050120 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2878

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on patients’ mental health. The aim of this study was to explore whether the pandemic influenced the use and prescription of benzodiazepines and increased the need for community pharmacist involvement in counselling on deprescribing. Electronic [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on patients’ mental health. The aim of this study was to explore whether the pandemic influenced the use and prescription of benzodiazepines and increased the need for community pharmacist involvement in counselling on deprescribing. Electronic prescription-related data from one pharmacy in Croatia were retrospectively collected for the COVID-19 period (April 2020 to March 2021) and compared with pre-COVID-19 (April 2019 to March 2020) data. Data were collected for patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders who filled out more than one prescription for benzodiazepines, and included age, sex, number of medicines, benzodiazepines, and comorbidities. A total of 1290 benzodiazepine users were identified; of these, 32.87% started using benzodiazepines during the COVID-19 period, while 35.2% continued with benzodiazepine use. More than half of all benzodiazepine users were identified as potential deprescribing candidates (dispensed more than three prescriptions). Women, older patients, multimorbid individuals, and patients with polypharmacy were more likely to use benzodiazepines for a prolonged period. The results show a negative trend of benzodiazepine usage among community-dwelling patients during the pandemic. Community pharmacists can identify potential candidates for deprescribing and initiate a process that ensures more rational use of benzodiazepines and increases the safety of treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addiction and Mental Health in Pharmacy)

7 pages, 499 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Development and Implementation of a Healthcare Database Analysis Course for Graduate Students

by David R. Axon

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050119 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1809

Abstract

There emerged a need to develop and implement a new healthcare database analysis course for Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) graduate students, which would allow students to apply their biostatistics and study design skills to answer healthcare-related research questions using large datasets. [...] Read more.

There emerged a need to develop and implement a new healthcare database analysis course for Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) graduate students, which would allow students to apply their biostatistics and study design skills to answer healthcare-related research questions using large datasets. This communication establishes the need for this course, describes how the course was conceptualized, provides an overview of the course content, course cohort, and course outcomes, and discusses lessons learned from this process. This course was developed to meet the need of HEOR graduates to perform real-world data studies. The course required students to conceptualize a study, apply their data analysis skills to analyze the data, and develop their scientific writing skills by preparing a conference abstract and research report that should be submitted for publication. Lessons learned include focusing more on developing advanced research methodologies and less time on preparing dissemination materials, which can instead be done in subsequent courses or for independent study credit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacy: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives in USA)

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13 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Effect of Virtual Education on Student Pharmacists’ Confidence toward APPE Readiness

by Edith Mirzaian, Samara Jasmine White, Mona Karim, Kari L. Franson, Maryann Wu and Ying Wang

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050118 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2566

Abstract

A drop in confidence in Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) readiness was observed in students in the Class of 2022 prior to starting APPEs. We aim to investigate potential causes of students’ low confidence in APPE preparedness to provide solutions and to prevent [...] Read more.

A drop in confidence in Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) readiness was observed in students in the Class of 2022 prior to starting APPEs. We aim to investigate potential causes of students’ low confidence in APPE preparedness to provide solutions and to prevent this outcome with future students. We evaluated students’ perceived confidence to start APPEs and compared this to curricular changes, employment obligations, and the impact of COVID-19 on delivery of the pre-APPE and APPE curriculum. Students’ low confidence with APPE readiness was not indicative of the following factors: (1) delivery of the didactic curriculum, (2) students’ performance in the didactic curriculum, or (3) number of summative assessments in key didactic courses. Rather, the low confidence perception may have been due to differences such as a fully remote didactic experience in the P3 year, more virtual Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences (IPPEs), a reduced course load in the P3 spring semester, and changes to a pre-APPE preparatory course compared to other class years. The students’ self-reported midpoint scores during their first APPE block and preceptor’s evaluations on their performance contrasted their pre-APPE perceptions. Frequent in-person and on-site skills assessments throughout the didactic curriculum seem to reinforce confidence before APPEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection New Insights into Pharmacy Teaching and Learning during COVID-19)

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13 pages, 2148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Community Pharmacist Consultation Service: A Survey Exploring Factors Facilitating or Hindering Community Pharmacists’ Ability to Apply Learnt Skills in Practice

by Elizabeth M. Seston, Chiamaka Julia Anoliefo, Jinghua Guo, Joanne Lane, Chikwado Okoro Aroh, Samantha White and Ellen I. Schafheutle

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050117 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2868

Abstract

Background: The NHS Community Pharmacist Consultation Service (CPCS) offers patients requiring urgent care a consultation with a community pharmacist, following referral from general practice or urgent care. The study explored the impact of undertaking a Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education (CPPE) CPCS learning [...] Read more.

Background: The NHS Community Pharmacist Consultation Service (CPCS) offers patients requiring urgent care a consultation with a community pharmacist, following referral from general practice or urgent care. The study explored the impact of undertaking a Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education (CPPE) CPCS learning programme, and barriers and enablers to CPCS delivery. Methods: CPPE distributed an online survey to those who had undertaken their CPCS learning. The survey explored participants’ knowledge, confidence and application of taught skills/tools, including clinical history-taking, clinical assessment, record keeping, transfer of care, and Calgary-Cambridge, L(ICE)F and SBARD communication tools. Details on barriers and enablers to CPCS delivery were also included. Results: One-hundred-and-fifty-nine responses were received (response rate 5.6%). Knowledge of, and confidence in, taught skills were high and respondents reported applying skills in CPCS consultations and wider practice. Barriers to CPCS included a lack of general practice referrals, staffing levels, workload, and GP attitudes. Enablers included a clear understanding of what was expected, minimal concerns over indemnity cover and privacy, and positive patient attitudes towards pharmacy. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that community pharmacists can extend their practice and contribute to the enhanced provision of urgent care in England. This study identified barriers, both interpersonal and infrastructural, that may hinder service implementation. Full article

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9 pages, 6243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Cultural Humility by Integrating Health Equity Literature into the Pharmacy Curriculum

by Vincent J. Venditto and Kristie Colón

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050116 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2097

Abstract

Strategies that introduce students to unconscious bias and social determinants of health (SDOH) are critical to develop them as effective health care providers. We developed a semester-long activity that utilizes disease-relevant scientific literature to implement cultural humility training in a second-year rheumatology pharmacy [...] Read more.

Strategies that introduce students to unconscious bias and social determinants of health (SDOH) are critical to develop them as effective health care providers. We developed a semester-long activity that utilizes disease-relevant scientific literature to implement cultural humility training in a second-year rheumatology pharmacy course. Students were first re-introduced to implicit bias and then completed an anonymous survey at the beginning and conclusion of the course using a 5-point Likert scale to assess their perceptions of the role of biases and SDOH in patient care. Throughout the semester, five journal articles were assigned that relate to course material and focus on one characteristic (e.g., gout—gender). Students’ evolved perceptions of SDOH were compared to baseline data and characteristics of assigned articles indicate an improved understanding of SDOH including race/ethnicity (3.0 to 4.4, p < 0.0001); gender (2.8 to 4.0, p < 0.0001); and religion (2.3 to 2.9, p < 0.01). Among characteristics that were not directly discussed in the assignments, only education showed a significant increase (3.0 to 3.6, p < 0.01). Scientific articles that focus on health inequities relevant to course-specific diseases provide a strategy to integrate discussions that help students evaluate their biases and SDOH with the goal of improving patient care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 10th Anniversary of Pharmacy—Advances in Pharmacy Education and Practice)

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10 pages, 871 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

The Influence of Health Behavior Theory on Implementation Practice and Science: Brief Review and Commentary

by Anne E. Sales, Stacy L. Farr and John A. Spertus

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050115 - 18 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2701

Abstract

As research defines new treatments and policies to improve the health of patients, an increasing challenge has been to translate these insights into routine clinical practice to benefit patients and society. An important exploration is how theories of human behavior change fit into [...] Read more.

As research defines new treatments and policies to improve the health of patients, an increasing challenge has been to translate these insights into routine clinical practice to benefit patients and society. An important exploration is how theories of human behavior change fit into the science of implementation and quality improvement. In this paper, we begin with a brief review of the intellectual roots of implementation science and quality improvement, followed by a discussion of how theories and principles of behavior change can inform both goals and challenges in using behavior change theories. The insights offered through health behavior change theory have led to changes in how we plan for implementation and select, develop, design and tailor implementation interventions and strategies. While the degree to which organizational and external contexts influence the behavior of providers in these organizations varies widely, some degree of context external to the individual is important and needs adequate consideration. In short, health behavior change theory is essential but not sufficient to integrate in most implementation efforts, where priority must be given to both individual factors and contexts in which individuals operate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advancing the Knowledge and Application of Health Behavior Theories)
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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6 pages, 478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Perceived Stress of Pharmacy Students Pre- and Mid-COVID-19 Pandemic

by Dylan M. Pham, Jia X. Yang and Kelly C. Lee

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050114 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2078

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine (1) the difference in perceived stress in first-year pharmacy students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) the difference in perceived stress among pharmacy students working different numbers of hours. Methods: Perceived [...] Read more.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine (1) the difference in perceived stress in first-year pharmacy students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) the difference in perceived stress among pharmacy students working different numbers of hours. Methods: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), via an electronic survey, was administered throughout 2016–2021 using Qualtrics. End-of-year PSS scores were compared between the pre-pandemic group (2016–2018) and mid-pandemic group (2019–2021) using independent t-test and ANCOVA. All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistic Version 28.0. Results: A total of 209 first-year pharmacy students participated (response rate of 88%). No significant difference in mean PSS score was detected in the mid-pandemic cohort when compared to pre-pandemic. The mean PSS score was greater in those who worked greater than 10 h weekly compared to those who worked less. Those who did not work had an even greater mean PSS score than those who worked. Conclusions: No significant difference was observed in perceived stress between the pre-pandemic and mid-pandemic cohorts, and an increased perceived stress score was observed in pharmacy students who did not work in comparison to students who worked 1–9 h and 10–29 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

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9 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Designing an Inclusive Learning Training Series for Pharmacy Educators

by Jacqueline E. McLaughlin, Kathryn A. Morbitzer, Bethany Volkmar, Suzanne C. Harris, Charlene R. Williams, Michael D. Wolcott, Michael B. Jarstfer and Carla Y. White

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050113 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2738

Abstract

This article describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of five faculty development sessions focused on inclusive teaching strategies in pharmacy education. Inclusive strategies ensure that every student can clearly understand and engage in meaningful learning opportunities. Three sessions were implemented in fall 2020 [...] Read more.

This article describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of five faculty development sessions focused on inclusive teaching strategies in pharmacy education. Inclusive strategies ensure that every student can clearly understand and engage in meaningful learning opportunities. Three sessions were implemented in fall 2020 and two in spring 2021. Sessions focused on experiential, didactic, and graduate education. A convergent parallel mixed methods evaluation was conducted using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Sessions were highly rated, and participants provided suggestions for curriculum improvement (e.g., creating resources, surveying students, and peer auditing syllabi for aspects of inclusiveness). Given the increasing emphasis on inclusion in pharmacy education, this work is timely for sharing strategies aimed at faculty development and teaching practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

8 pages, 236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of an Electronic Prescribing Template with Decision Support upon the Prescribing of Subcutaneous Infusions at the End of Life in a Community Setting: A Future Vision for Community Palliative Care

by Y. K. Au, L. Baker and J. Hindmarsh

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050112 - 9 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2386

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the impact of an electronic prescribing template with decision support upon the frequency of prescription errors, guideline adherence (relating to dose ranges), and prescription legality when prescribing continuous subcutaneous infusions (CSCI) in a palliative demographic. Design, setting, and participants: [...] Read more.

Objectives: To assess the impact of an electronic prescribing template with decision support upon the frequency of prescription errors, guideline adherence (relating to dose ranges), and prescription legality when prescribing continuous subcutaneous infusions (CSCI) in a palliative demographic. Design, setting, and participants: Before-and-after study across a large UK city utilizing local prescribing data taken from patients receiving end-of-life care. Intervention: An electronic prescribing template with decision support. Main outcome measures: The following were assessed: (1) the rate of prescription errors; (2) the proportion of prescriptions specifying a dose range and if the specified range complied with local recommendations; and (3) the proportion of prescriptions specifying legal mixing directions. Results: The intervention was associated with a significant reduction in errors of omission, with all prescriptions clearly stating drug indication, route of administration, drug dose, and infusion duration. The numbers of continuous subcutaneous infusion prescriptions that specified dose ranges were similar at baseline and post-intervention, at 71% (n = 122) and 72% (n = 179), respectively. At baseline, 69% (n = 84) of CSCI prescriptions specifying a dose range were deemed safe, and post-intervention, 97% (n = 173) were determined to be safe. At baseline, mixing directions were not specified correctly on any continuous subcutaneous infusion prescriptions, while post-intervention, such directions were correct on 75% (n = 157; p < 0.05) of the prescriptions. Conclusions: The intervention eliminated errors of omission, ensured the safety of prescribed dose ranges, and improved compliance with legislation surrounding the mixing of multicomponent infusions. Overall, the intervention has the potential to improve patient safety at the end of life and to increase the efficiency of community services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Pharmacists in Palliative and End of Life Care)

8 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Laura E. Knockel, Yury Kim, Kelly Kent and William R. Doucette

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050111 - 4 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2868

Abstract

Pharmacists identify, resolve, and document medication-related problems (MRPs) in community pharmacies. Enhanced medication therapy management (eMTM) targets specific situations, such as high-risk medications, while continuous medication monitoring (CoMM) occurs for every patient and is integrated into the dispensing process. This study describes types [...] Read more.

Pharmacists identify, resolve, and document medication-related problems (MRPs) in community pharmacies. Enhanced medication therapy management (eMTM) targets specific situations, such as high-risk medications, while continuous medication monitoring (CoMM) occurs for every patient and is integrated into the dispensing process. This study describes types and frequencies of MRPs and interventions for health plan-directed eMTM and pharmacist-identified CoMM for a cohort of Medicare Part D patients. Pharmacy dispensing and clinical records from one independent community pharmacy in the Midwest were reviewed for patients eligible for eMTM in 2019. Data were coded for medication-related problems and interventions; descriptive statistics were calculated. Forty-seven patients were included in the study, resulting in 439 health plan-directed and 775 pharmacist-identified MRPs and corresponding interventions for a total of 1214 over 12 months. The average age of the patients was 77; they received an average of about 14 medications dispensed over 25 dates. Nonadherence was the most common MRP overall, as well as for the two categories separately. Patient Counseling and Lab Values Needed MRPs were found more often by pharmacists. Continue to Monitor was the most common intervention flagged overall. Medication Discontinued was found more often in health plan-directed interventions; Patient Counseling occurred more frequently in pharmacist-identified interventions. Using pharmacists to identify MRPs can complement health plan-driven eMTM, which can provide more complete medication management. Future work is needed to determine if this approach is reproducible in other pharmacies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community-Based Pharmacy Practice Quality Improvement and Research)

12 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Experiences of Pharmacy Students and Their Transition to Online Learning during COVID-19

by Aleisha C Morling, Shou-Yu Wang and M. Joy Spark

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050110 - 2 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3342

Abstract

Due to the heavy focus on development of communication skills, compounding laboratories and many practical workshops, undertaking a registerable pharmacist qualification in an online format is typically not an option for students. COVID-19 presented on-campus pharmacy students with the opportunity to experience online [...] Read more.

Due to the heavy focus on development of communication skills, compounding laboratories and many practical workshops, undertaking a registerable pharmacist qualification in an online format is typically not an option for students. COVID-19 presented on-campus pharmacy students with the opportunity to experience online learning. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of on-campus pharmacy students who were required to move their studies to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. An interpretive phenomenological methodology was adopted, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with pharmacy students who were originally enrolled in on-campus learning and had to transition to online learning. Data were analyzed using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach whereby themes were identified to aid in the development of the phenomena guided by ‘lived experience’. Seven interviews were conducted with pharmacy students. Four emergent themes resulted from the interviews: (1) life as an on-campus pharmacy student, (2) preconceived ideas of online learning, (3) learning differences as an online pharmacy student and (4) the future of online pharmacy programs. Students were initially hesitant to transition to online learning due to preconceived ideas and expectations that may have tainted their overall experience. Pharmacy students preferred face-to-face learning due to their sociable personality and heavy dependence on peer and teacher support. All participants reported that they preferred face-to-face learning and acknowledged that fully online programs were not suited to their learning style or to the discipline of pharmacy. After their experience of online learning, participants believed that there was a place for online learning components in pharmacy courses. Lectures and some discussion workshops could be delivered online, but some aspects, such as compounding; dispensing; counselling; and demonstration of medication delivery devices, such as asthma inhalers and injectable diabetes products, should be delivered on campus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 10th Anniversary of Pharmacy—Advances in Pharmacy Education and Practice)

8 pages, 229 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Suicide Prevention in Nigeria: Can Community Pharmacists Have a Role?

by Somto Chike-Obuekwe, Nicola J. Gray and Hayley C. Gorton

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050109 - 2 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2696

Abstract

Suicide is a global public health problem and is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Over 700,000 people die by suicide globally each year, affecting all ages, genders, and regions. Community pharmacists are easily accessible and trusted frontline healthcare professionals. They provide [...] Read more.

Suicide is a global public health problem and is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Over 700,000 people die by suicide globally each year, affecting all ages, genders, and regions. Community pharmacists are easily accessible and trusted frontline healthcare professionals. They provide pharmaceutical care to the community, yet their role is still yet to be fully optimised. With the expanding role of community pharmacists and their constant accessibility to the local population, they could have a potential role in suicide prevention and awareness in Nigeria through restriction of means, signposting to services, and conversations with patients built on trusting relationships. In this commentary, we review the literature on the involvement of community pharmacists in suicide prevention. In addition, we discuss the potential role of community pharmacists in Nigeria through establishing trusting relationships with patients, clinical counselling, and medication gatekeeping, given the existing gaps in knowledge and awareness of suicide prevention within community settings. This commentary also outlines potential barriers and solutions, making suggestions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Expanding Pharmacists’ Role in Primary Care Setting among Rural and Low-Income Communities)

7 pages, 457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Clinical Pharmacist Intervention on Clinical Outcomes in the Critical Care Unit, Taif City, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study

by Abdullah Althomali, Ahmed Altowairqi, Afnan Alghamdi, Musim Alotaibi, Abdulrahman Althubaiti, Abdulaziz Alqurashi, Adnan Al Harbi, Majed Ahmed Algarni, Abdul Haseeb, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Faisal Alsenani and Mahmoud E. Elrggal

Pharmacy 2022, 10(5), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050108 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5052

Abstract

(1) Objectives: Clinical pharmacists are now playing a significant role in hospitals aiming to reduce medication errors, adverse drug reactions, and healthcare costs. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the interventions provided by a clinical pharmacist in the intensive [...] Read more.

(1) Objectives: Clinical pharmacists are now playing a significant role in hospitals aiming to reduce medication errors, adverse drug reactions, and healthcare costs. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the interventions provided by a clinical pharmacist in the intensive care unit at the King Faisal Hospital in Taif city. (2) Methods: For this single-center retrospective study, patients were included from December 2021 to May 2022. In the present study, all the interventions of clinical pharmacists made over six months were included. The Intensive care unit (ICU) ward was covered by three clinical pharmacists, and the interventions made were categorized into four groups: (1) interventions related to indications; (2) interventions regarding safety; (3) interventions regarding dosing, and (4) miscellaneous. Descriptive statistics was applied to evaluate the results in the form of frequencies and percentages. Analysis was performed using the statistical package SPSS 20.0. (3) Results: Overall, a total of 404 interventions were recommended for 165 patients during the six- month period of study. Among them, 370 interventions (91.5%) were accepted by physicians. Among all the interventions, the majority were suggested regarding ‘indication’ (45.7%), including the addition of drugs, drugs with no indications, and duplication. The acceptance rate of clinical pharmacist intervention was 98.5%. (4) Conclusions: This retrospective study shows that clinical pharmacists played a critical role in optimizing drug therapy which could subsequently help to prevent drug-related issues and lower drug costs. More research is needed to do a thorough cost-benefit analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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