Factors Associated with Controlled Glycemic Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Study from a Large Medical Center and Its Satellite Clinics in Southeast Region in the USA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Population and Sample
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Sample N = 206 (100%) | Controlled Diabetes N = 110 (100%) | Uncontrolled Diabetes N = 96 (100%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male Female | 105 (51.0%) 101 (49.0%) | 47 (42.7%) 63 (57.3%) | 58 (60.4%) 38 (39.6%) |
Age | <34 years 35–44 years 45–54 years 55–64 years ≥65 years | 10 (4.9%) 17 (8.3%) 31 (15.0%) 64 (31.1%) 84 (40.8%) | 4 (3.6%) 9 (8.2%) 14 (12.7%) 32 (29.1%) 51 (46.4%) | 6 (6.3%) 8 (8.3%) 17 (17.7%) 32 (33.3%) 33 (34.4%) |
Race | White Black Hispanic Asian Others | 102 (49.5%) 99 (48.0%) 2 (1.0%) 2 (1.0%) 1 (0.5%) | 57 (51.8%) 50 (45.5%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (1.8%) 1 (0.9%) | 45 (46.9%) 49 (51.0%) 2 (2.1%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) |
Insurance Type | Private Medicare Government Assisted No Insurance | 81 (39.3%) 72 (35.0%) 35 (17.0%) 18 (8.7%) | 41 (37.3%) 43 (39.1%) 16 (14.5%) 10 (9.1%) | 40 (41.7%) 29 (31.2%) 19 (19.8%) 8 (8.3%) |
Area | Metro Nonmetro | 191 (92.7%) 15 (7.3%) | 105 (95.5%) 5 (4.5%) | 86 (89.6%) 10 (10.4%) |
Obesity | Normal Overweight Obese | 33 (16.0%) 50 (24.3%) 123 (59.7%) | 18 (16.4%) 31 (28.2%) 61 (55.5%) | 15 (15.6%) 19 (19.8%) 62 64.6%) |
Hypertension | No Yes | 36 (17.5%) 170 (82.5%) | 21 (19.1%) 89 (80.9%) | 15 (15.6%) 81 (84.4%) |
Cardiovascular | No Yes | 131 (63.6%) 75 (36.4%) | 73 (66.4%) 37 (33.6%) | 58 (60.4%) 38 (50.7%) |
Dyslipidemia | No Yes | 128 (62.1%) 78 (37.9%) | 76 (69.1%) 34 (30.9%) | 52 (54.2%) 44 (45.8%) |
Kidney Disease | No Yes | 167 (81.1%) 39 (18.9%) | 90 (81.8%) 20 (18.2%) | 77 (80.2%) 19 (19.8%) |
Cancer | No Yes | 169 (82.0%) 37 (18.0%) | 88 (80.0%) 22 (20.2%) | 81 (84.4%) 15 (15.6%) |
Alcohol Use | No Yes | 196 (95.1%) 10 (4.9%) | 105 (95.5%) 5 (4.5%) | 91 (94.8%) 5 (5.2%) |
Substance Use | No Yes | 197 (95.6%) 9 (4.4%) | 106 (96.4%) 4 (3.6%) | 91 (94.8%) 5 (5.2%) |
Smoking | No Yes | 180 (87.4%) 26 (12.6%) | 100 (90.9%) 10 (9.1%) | 80 (83.3%) 16 (16.7%) |
Total Comorbidity | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 | 10 (4.9%) 28 (13.6%) 29 (28.6%) 68 (33.0%) 34 (16.5%) 6 (2.9%) 1 (0.5%) | 5 (5.2%) 10 (10.4%) 24 (25.0%) 34 (35.4%) 17 (17.7%) 5 (5.2%) 1 (1%) | 5 (4.5%) 18 (16.4%) 35 (31.8%) 34 (30.9%) 17 (15.5%) 1 (0.9%) 0 (0.0%) |
Concordant Comorbidity | 0 1 2 3 4 | 14 (6.8%) 41 (19.9%) 68 (33.0%) 63 (30.6%) 20 (9.7%) | 9 (8.2%) 25 (22.7%) 39 (35.5%) 30 (27.3%) 7 (6.4%) | 5 (5.5%) 16 (16.7%) 29 (3.2%) 33 34.4%) 13 (13.5%) |
Discordant Comorbidity | 0 1 2 | 139 (67.5%) 58 (28.2%) 9 (4.4%) | 73 (66.4%) 32 (29.1%) 5 (4.5%) | 66 (68.8%) 26 (27.1%) 4 (4.2%) |
Variable | Categories | AOR | p-Value | 95% C.I. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Sex | Male | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Female | 2.673 | 0.004 * | 1.363 | 5.239 | |
Insurance Type | Private | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Medicare | 1.017 | 0.974 | 0.371 | 2.789 | |
Government Assisted | 0.870 | 0.776 | 0.335 | 2.262 | |
No Insurance | 1.617 | 0.418 | 0.505 | 5.179 | |
Location | Metro | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Non-metro | 0.404 | 0.141 | 0.121 | 1.349 | |
Race | White | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Non-white | 0.613 | 0.138 | 0.322 | 1.170 | |
Age Groups | <34 years | -- | -- | -- | -- |
35–44 years | 2.027 | 0.420 | 0.364 | 11.271 | |
45–54 years | 1.556 | 0.590 | 0.312 | 7.763 | |
55–64 years | 1.942 | 0.392 | 0.424 | 8.874 | |
>=65 years | 2.773 | 0.239 | 0.507 | 15.156 | |
Alcohol Use | No | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Yes | 1.472 | 0.591 | 0.359 | 6.028 | |
Substance Use | No | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Yes | 1.081 | 0.920 | 0.238 | 4.901 | |
Smoking | No | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Yes | 0.570 | 0.263 | 0.213 | 1.524 | |
Cardiology | No | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Yes | 0.989 | 0.976 | 0.510 | 1.921 | |
Hypertension | No | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Yes | 1.071 | 0.873 | 0.459 | 2.499 | |
Dyslipidemia | No | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Yes | 0.495 | 0.041 * | 0.252 | 0.972 | |
Obese | No | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Yes | 0.657 | 0.216 | 0.338 | 1.278 | |
Renal Disease | No | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Yes | 0.968 | 0.935 | 0.446 | 2.100 | |
Cancer | No | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Yes | 0.975 | 0.952 | 0.423 | 2.244 |
Variable | AOR | p-Value | 95% C.I. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Concordant comorbidity (0–4) | 0.741 | 0.027 * | 0.569 | 0.967 |
Discordant comorbidity (0–2) | 1.050 | 0.845 | 0.642 | 1.719 |
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Nguyen, T.H.; De Leo, G.; Barefield, A. Factors Associated with Controlled Glycemic Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Study from a Large Medical Center and Its Satellite Clinics in Southeast Region in the USA. Healthcare 2024, 12, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010026
Nguyen TH, De Leo G, Barefield A. Factors Associated with Controlled Glycemic Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Study from a Large Medical Center and Its Satellite Clinics in Southeast Region in the USA. Healthcare. 2024; 12(1):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010026
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Tran Ha, Gianluca De Leo, and Amanda Barefield. 2024. "Factors Associated with Controlled Glycemic Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Study from a Large Medical Center and Its Satellite Clinics in Southeast Region in the USA" Healthcare 12, no. 1: 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010026
APA StyleNguyen, T. H., De Leo, G., & Barefield, A. (2024). Factors Associated with Controlled Glycemic Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Study from a Large Medical Center and Its Satellite Clinics in Southeast Region in the USA. Healthcare, 12(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010026