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Article

Simultaneous Determination of Fenchone and Trans-Anethole in Essential Oils and Methanolic Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Fruits Obtained from Different Geographical Regions Using GC-MS Approach

by
Wasim Ahmad
1,*,
Mohd Amir
2,
Syed Rizwan Ahamad
3,
Prawez Alam
4,
Sultan Alshehri
5,
Mohammed M. Ghoneim
6,
Shadma Wahab
7 and
Faiyaz Shakeel
5,*
1
Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safa, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
3
Central Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Separations 2022, 9(5), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9050132
Submission received: 5 April 2022 / Revised: 11 April 2022 / Accepted: 13 April 2022 / Published: 23 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comprehensive Separations of Complex Mixtures by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry)
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Abstract

:
The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach is established for the simultaneous determination of fenchone (FCO) and trans-anethole (TOH) in the essential oils and methanolic extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) fruits obtained from India (IND), Pakistan (PAK), and Saudi Arabia (SA). The simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH was performed via Agilent 190914S HP–5MS fused-silica capillary column (30 m × 250 µm ID, 0.25 µm film thickness). The proposed GC-MS approach was linear in the range of 0.10–50 µg/g for FCO and TOH. FCO’s detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits were calculated to be 0.04 and 0.12 µg/g, respectively. The LOD and LOQ values for TOH, on the other hand, were calculated to be 0.05 and 0.15 µg/g, respectively. In addition, the proposed GC-MS approach was accurate and precise for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH. The amount of FCO in essential oils of F. vulgare was computed as 0.021, 0.034, and 0.029 mg/g in the samples obtained from IND, PAK, and SA, respectively. The amount of TOH in the essential oils of F. vulgare was computed as 7.40, 14.8, and 10.2 mg/g in the samples obtained from IND, PAK, and SA, respectively. However, the amount of FCO in the methanolic extract of F. vulgare was estimated as 0.031, 0.021, and 0.057 mg/g in the samples obtained from IND, PAK, and SA, respectively. On the other hand, the amount of TOH in the methanolic extract of F. vulgare was estimated as 0.440, 0.498, and 1.74 mg/g in the samples obtained from IND, PAK, and SA, respectively. These findings suggested that the proposed GC-MS approach might be used to simultaneously determine the FCO and TOH in a variety of essential oils and plant extracts.

1. Introduction

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (commonly known as fennel; family: Apiaceae) is a biennial or perennial medicinal crop [1]. The main phytoconstituents of fennel fruits are essential oils, which are used in several industries as the flavoring agents [1,2,3]. The phytoconstituents of essential oils of fennel fruits have been reported extensively using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach [1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Fenchone (FCO; chemical structure: Figure 1A) is one of the biomarker compounds of essential oils of fennel fruits [1]. The Chiral GC approach was applied for the determination of FCO in the essential oils of fennel [12]. FCO in fennel extract and eight different commercial formulations of FCO were also determined using the GC-MS approach [13].
Trans-anethole (TOH; chemical structure: Figure 1B) is a monoterpene present in the essential oils of a variety of plants, including fennel fruits [14]. The most prevalent component in the essential oils of fennel fruits, according to a GC-MS analysis [13], is TOH. For the determination of TOH in various plant extracts, essential oils, and biological samples, various analytical approaches such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [15,16,17,18,19], GC-MS [20,21,22,23,24,25,26], nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [23], liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [27], differential pulse voltammetry [28], and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) [29] have been used. Recently, a more environmentally friendly HPTLC method was used to determine the TOH in methanolic extract, essential oils, and several commercial fennel formulations [30].
FCO and TOH are present in several commercially available polyherbal formulations. As a results, their qualitative and quantitative standardization is essential to evaluate the quality of the products. Simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH is poorly reported in the literature. As a result, the goal of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive GC-MS method for determining FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from different geographical regions, including India (IND), Pakistan (PAK), and Saudi Arabia (SA). Following “The International Council for Harmonization (ICH)” Q2 (R1) recommendations, the proposed GC-MS approach for the simultaneous assessment of FCO and TOH was validated for linearity range, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity [31].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

The standard FCO and TOH were obtained from “Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)”. HPLC grade methanol and other analytical grade reagents were procured from “E-Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)”. F. vulgare fruits were collected from three separate geographical regions: IND, PAK, and SA. The fruits were checked against a voucher specimen at the “Medicinal, Aromatic, and Poisonous Plants Research Center (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia”.

2.2. GC-MS Analysis

2.2.1. SCAN Method

The GC-MS analysis was performed using an “Agilent 7890 system (Santa Clara, CA, USA)” gas chromatograph equipped with a split–splitless injector (split ratio of 20:1) and a 5975 TAD mass detector running in the emission ionization (EI) mode (70 eV) with a 3 min filament delay. The GC column was Agilent 190914 S HP–5MS fused-silica capillary column (30 m × 250 µm ID, 0.25 µm film thickness) consisting of Crossbond (5% diphenyl, 95% dimethyl polysiloxane). At a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, helium (He) was used as the carrier gas. To separate the phytocomponents, a linear temperature program was used: initial 50 °C (hold time: 1 min), then ramped to 100 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min (hold time: 1 min), and then increased to 300 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min (hold time: 1 min). The injector base, transfer line, and ionization source were all kept at 280 °C, 230 °C, and 150 °C, respectively. The mass range was set at 40 to 600 amu, and the entire run time was 15.5 min.

2.2.2. Single Ion Current (SIM) Method

In SIM method, most of the chromatographic conditions were similar to SCAN method. The total run time was 12 min in this case. For the subsequent selective and more sensitive analysis of TOH (calibration graphs and sample assay), the chromatograms were reconstructed at the SIM mode (at 148.1 amu, the base and molecular peak of TOH) (Figure 2). For FCO analysis, 152.2 amu was selected (Figure 3).

2.3. Calibration Curves of FCO and TOH

FCO and TOH stock solutions were prepared separately by dissolving the prescribed amounts of FCO and TOH in the requisite volume of methanol to provide a final solution of 100 µg/g for both compounds. After that, serial dilutions of this solution were created by diluting with methanol with different volumes of FCO or TOH solution to obtain concentrations in the range of 0.10–50 µg/g for both substances. Approximately 2 μL of each concentration of FCO and TOH was injected into GC-MS system, and GC-MS response for each concentration of FCO and TOH was recorded. The calibration curve for FCO and TOH was constructed by plotting the concentrations of each compound against measured GC-MS response in three replicates (n = 3).

2.4. Extraction Procedure for F. vulgare Obtained from IND, PAK, and SA

Approximately 10 g F. vulgare fruits obtained from IND, PAK, and SA were taken and triturated using a pestle and mortar to make the fine powder. The powder of F. vulagre obtained from different geographical regions was refluxed in a water bath for one hour with 100 mL of methanol. The resulting extracts were filtered, and the remaining marc was refluxed for roughly an hour in 70 mL of methanol before being filtered again. A rotary vacuum evaporator was used to evaporate the solvent. The residue was then reconstituted in 50 mL methanol, and the operation was repeated three times (n = 3) [30]. This solution was utilized as a test for solution for simultaneously determining FCO and TOH in methanolic extracts of F. vulgare obtained from IND, PAK, and SA using the proposed GC-MS approach.

2.5. Isolation of the Essential Oil from F. vulgare Fruits Obtained from IND, PAK, and SA

The essential oils of F. vulgare fruits obtained from IND, PAK, and SA were isolated using hydro-distillation approach, as per the protocol summarized in Egyptian Pharmacopoeia. In brief, approximately 200 g fruits of F. vulgare from IND, PAK, and SA regions were placed into Clevenger trap apparatus separately for the isolation of essential oils. F. vulgare fruits from IND, PAK, and SA were combined with 1000 mL of water and distilled separately for around eight hours. The oily layer and water separation from each sample were strapped using dichloromethane (3 × 50 mL). Finally, using a rotating vacuum evaporator, the organic layer was condensed to obtain pure essential oil from each sample. [30]. This essential oil from different geographical regions was used as a test material for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH using the proposed GC-MS approach.

2.6. Method Validation

Following the ICH-Q2-R1 recommendations, the proposed GC-MS approach for the simultaneous assessment of FCO and TOH was validated for linearity range, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity [31]. The linearity range for FCO and TOH was assessed by plotting the concentrations of FCO and TOH against measured GC-MS response. The linearity for FCO and TOH was assessed using seven different concentrations, including 0.1, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 µg/g (range 0.10–50 µg/g) for both of the compounds in triplicates (n = 3). The accuracy for the proposed GC-MS approach for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH was determined as the percent recovery. For FCO and TOH, the accuracy was tested using low-quantity control (LQC; 5 µg/g), middle-quantity control (MQC; 10 µg/g), and high-quantity control (HQC; 50 µg/g) samples. The accuracy was determined in standard compounds without spiking with essential oils. The percent recovery was calculated for each FCO and TOH quality level (n = 3).
Intra/inter-assay precision was used to test the precision of the suggested GC-MS approach for the simultaneous measurement of FCO and TOH. Quantitation of freshly created FCO and TOH solutions at LQC, MQC, and HQC on the same day was used to determine intraday precision for FCO and TOH in triplicates (n = 3). However, the quantification of newly generated solutions at LQC, MQC, and HQC on three consecutive days was used to examine the interday precision for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH in triplicates (n = 3).
Using a standard deviation technique, the sensitivity of the proposed GC-MS approach for the simultaneous assessment of FCO and TOH was evaluated in terms of “detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits”. FCO and TOH “LOD and LOQ” values were determined using established equations as stated in literature (n = 3) [31].

2.7. Application of Proposed GC-MS Approach in the Simultaneous Determination of FCO and TOH in Methanolic Extracts and Essential Oils of F. vulgare Obtained from IND, PAK, and SA

The obtained solutions of methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from IND, PAK, and SA were injected in GC-MS, and their GC-MS responses were recorded using the same experimental procedures utilized for the simultaneous determination of standard FCO and EOH (n = 3). The amounts of FCO and TOH in all investigated solutions were computed utilizing the calibration curves of FCO and TOH.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. GC-MS Method Validation

Various parameters for the validation of the proposed GC-MS approach for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH were computed by following the ICH-Q2-R1 recommendations [31]. Table 1 summarizes the findings of the linear regression analysis of calibration curves of FCO and TOH.
The FCO and TOH calibration curves were found to be linear in the range of 0.10–50 µg/g for both substances. The representative calibration curves for FCO and TOH are presented in Figure 4. The representative GC-MS chromatogram for FCO and TOH is shown in Figure 5. The retention time (Rt) for FCO and TOH was recorded as 6.091 and 7.889 min, respectively, with a total run time of 12 min. The GC-MS chromatographic parameters were reliable for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH. Figure 6 shows the superimposed GC-MS spectra of different calibration concentrations of FCO and TOH, which exhibited identical Rt for all the concentrations investigated. The results of the linear regression analysis revealed a strong linear association between the FCO and TOH concentrations and the measured GC-MS responses. For FHO and TOH, the determination coefficient (R2) was calculated to be 0.9938 and 0.9957, respectively. In addition, the values of regression coefficient (R) for FHO and TOH were computed as 0.9968 and 0.9978, respectively. For FCO and TOH, the R2 and R values were extremely significant (p < 0.05). These findings showed that the suggested GC-MS approach was suitable for the simultaneous detection of FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from various geographical regions.
The accuracy of the proposed GC-MS approach for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH was computed as the percent of recovery, and findings are summarized in Table 2.
The percent recoveries of FCO and TOH at LQC, MQC, and HQC were computed as 98.76–101.40 and 99.40–101.80 percent, respectively, utilizing the proposed GC-MS approach. The obtained values of the percent recoveries for FCO and TOH showed the accuracy of the suggested GC-MS approach for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from different geographical regions.
The suggested GC-MS approach for determining the FCO and TOH simultaneously was evaluated in terms of intra/inter-assay precision, with results expressed as a percentage of the coefficient of variation. Table 3 summarizes the results of the precision analysis for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH using the suggested GC-MS approach.
For intra-assay variation, the percent CVs of FCO and TOH were calculated as 0.54–1.40 and 0.43–1.01 percent, respectively. For inter-assay variance, the percent CVs of FCO and TOH were calculated as 0.88–1.76 and 1.02–1.59 percent, respectively. These results revealed that the proposed GC-MS approach for determining FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare collected from various geographical regions was precise.
The suggested GC-MS approach’s sensitivity for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH was evaluated as “LOD and LOQ”, and the results are given in Table 1. FCO’s “LOD and “LOQ” values were calculated as 0.04 ± 0.00 and 0.12 ± 0.00 µg/g, respectively. The “LOD and LOQ” values for TOH, on the other hand, were calculated as 0.05 ± 0.00 and 0.15 ± 0.00 µg/g, respectively. These findings demonstrated the sensitivity of the proposed GC-MS approach for the simultaneous measurement of FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from various geographical regions.

3.2. Application of Proposed GC-MS Approach in the Simultaneous Determination of FCO and TOH in Methanolic Extracts and Essential Oils of F. vulgare Obtained from IND, PAK, and SA

The utility of the proposed GC-MS approach was verified in the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from different geographical regions. The GC-MS chromatograms of FCO and TOH from the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare were identified by comparing the Rt values of FCO and TOH with those of standard FCO and TOH. The representative GC-MS chromatograms of FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts of F. vulgare obtained from IND, PAK, and SA are presented in Figure 7. The representative GC-MS chromatograms of FCO and TOH in the essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from IND, PAK, and SA are presented in Figure 8. The Rt values of FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from IND, PAK, and SA were found to be identical with those of standard FCO and TOH. These findings suggested the specificity of the proposed GC-MS approach for the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from different geographical regions.
Using the FCO and EOH calibration curves, the quantities of FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare derived from IND, PAK, and SA were calculated, and the results are given in Table 4.
The amounts of FCO in the essential oils of F. vulgare were computed as the maximum in the PAK sample (0.034 ± 0.004 mg/g) followed by the SA (0.029 ± 0.005 mg/g) and IND samples (0.021 ± 0.002 mg/g). However, the amounts of FCO in the methanolic extracts of F. vulgare were computed as the maximum in the SA sample (0.057 ± 0.008 mg/g) followed by the IND (0.031 ± 0.002 mg/g) and PAK samples (0.021 ± 0.001 mg/g). The amounts of TOH in the essential oils of F. vulgare were computed as the maximum in the PAK sample (14.8 ± 0.621 mg/g) followed by the SA (10.2 ± 0.464 mg/g) and IND samples (7.40 ± 0.342 mg/g). On the other hand, the amounts of TOH in the methanolic extracts of F. vulgare were computed as the maximum in the SA sample (1.74 ± 0.018 mg/g) followed by the PAK (0.498 ± 0.012 mg/g) and IND samples (0.440 ± 0.010 mg/g). Using a GC-MS approach, the amount of FCO in the commercial extract of F. vulgare and various commercial formulations containing F. vulgare was recorded in the range of 0.002–9.78 mg/g in previous studies [13]. Using an HPTLC approach, the amount of TOH in the essential oils of F. vulgare was recorded as 8.82 mg/g, which was lower than the PAK and SA samples but higher than the IND sample [30]. Using an HPTLC approach, the amount of TOH in the traditional methanolic extract of F. vulgare was recorded as 6.44 mg/g, which was much higher than the amount recorded in the present case [30]. The amounts of active constituents in plants may vary from time to time. These contents may vary due to various factors, such as temperature, humidity, seasonal variations, and environmental factors. The amounts of TOH were significantly higher in the essential oils of F. vulagre compared to its methanolic extracts (p < 0.05). The same observation was also seen in previous studies using an HPTLC approach [30]. Hence, the contents of the TOH in F. vulgare were in accordance with the literature [30]. These findings suggested the reliability of the proposed GC-MS approach in the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare.

4. Conclusions

The simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH in the essential oils and methanolic extracts of F. vulgare derived from IND, PAK, and SA is accomplished using a GC-MS approach that has been established and validated. For the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH, the suggested GC-MS approach is simple, rapid, accurate, precise, and very sensitive. The quantities of TOH and EOH in the essential oils of F. vulgare were found to be substantially greater than in the methanolic extracts. For the simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH in the methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare collected from IND, PAK, and SA, the proposed GC-MS approach has been confirmed to be reliable. These findings show that the proposed GC-MS approach can be used to simultaneously determine the FCO and TOH in a variety of materials, including plant-based pharmaceuticals and commercial formulations containing FCO and TOH as active medicinal components.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, supervision—F.S. and W.A.; methodology—W.A., M.A., S.R.A. and P.A.; validation—S.A., S.W. and M.M.G.; data curation—S.W. and P.A.; funding acquisition—S.A. and M.M.G.; project administration—F.S.; software—P.A. and F.S.; writing, original draft—F.S.; writing, review and editing—W.A., S.A. and S.R.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project (number RSP-2021/146) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia”, and the APC was funded by RSP.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to the Researchers Supporting Project (number RSP-2021/146) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Separations 09 00132 g001 550
Figure 1. Molecular structures of (A) fenchone (FCO) and (B) trans-anethole (TOH).
Figure 1. Molecular structures of (A) fenchone (FCO) and (B) trans-anethole (TOH).
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Separations 09 00132 g002 550
Figure 2. Mass spectra (m/z) of standard TOH.
Figure 2. Mass spectra (m/z) of standard TOH.
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Separations 09 00132 g003 550
Figure 3. Mass spectra (m/z) of standard FCO.
Figure 3. Mass spectra (m/z) of standard FCO.
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Separations 09 00132 g004 550
Figure 4. Calibration curves of (A) FCO and (B) TOH.
Figure 4. Calibration curves of (A) FCO and (B) TOH.
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Figure 5. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) peaks of standard FCO (Rt = 6.091 min) and TOH (Rt = 7.889 min).
Figure 5. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) peaks of standard FCO (Rt = 6.091 min) and TOH (Rt = 7.889 min).
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Separations 09 00132 g006 550
Figure 6. Overlaid GC-MS spectra of standard FCO and TOH at different concentrations.
Figure 6. Overlaid GC-MS spectra of standard FCO and TOH at different concentrations.
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Figure 7. Representative GC-MS peaks of FCO and TOH in methanolic extracts of F. vulgare obtained from (A) IND, (B) PAK, and (C) SA.
Figure 7. Representative GC-MS peaks of FCO and TOH in methanolic extracts of F. vulgare obtained from (A) IND, (B) PAK, and (C) SA.
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Figure 8. Representative GC-MS peaks of FCO and TOH in essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from (A) IND, (B) PAK, and (C) SA.
Figure 8. Representative GC-MS peaks of FCO and TOH in essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from (A) IND, (B) PAK, and (C) SA.
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Table
Table 1. Results for linear regression analysis for the simultaneous determination of fenchone (FCO) and trans-anethole (TOH) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach (mean ± SD; n = 3).
Table 1. Results for linear regression analysis for the simultaneous determination of fenchone (FCO) and trans-anethole (TOH) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach (mean ± SD; n = 3).
ParametersFCOTOH
Linearity range (µg/g)0.1–500.1–50
R20.99380.9957
R0.99680.9978
Slope ± SD96,653 ± 11513,574 ± 38
Intercept ± SD115,884 ± 98520,084 ± 442
Standard error of slope66.6921.93
Standard error of intercept568.70255.19
95% confidence interval of slope96,367–96,93813,479–13,668
95% confidence interval of intercept113,436–118,33118,958–21,182
LOD ± SD (µg/g)0.04 ± 0.000.05 ± 0.00
LOQ ± SD (µg/g)0.12 ± 0.00.15 ± 0.00
Table
Table 2. Determination of the accuracy of FCO and TOH for GC-MS approach (mean ± SD; n = 3).
Table 2. Determination of the accuracy of FCO and TOH for GC-MS approach (mean ± SD; n = 3).
Conc. (µg/g)Conc. Found (µg/g) ± SDRecovery (%)CV (%)
FCO
55.07 ± 0.10101.401.97
109.84 ± 0.1498.401.42
5049.38 ± 0.3298.760.64
TOH
54.97 ± 0.0699.401.20
1010.18 ± 0.10101.800.98
5049.92 ± 0.1899.840.36
Table
Table 3. Determination of intra/interday precision of FCO and TOH for GC-MS approach (mean ± SD; n = 3).
Table 3. Determination of intra/interday precision of FCO and TOH for GC-MS approach (mean ± SD; n = 3).
Conc.
(µg/g)		Intraday PrecisionInterday Precision
Conc.
(µg/g) ± SD		Standard ErrorCV (%)Conc.
(µg/g) ± SD		Standard ErrorCV (%)
FCO
54.97 ± 0.070.041.405.09 ± 0.090.051.76
1010.12 ± 0.120.061.189.63 ± 0.140.081.45
5051.08 ± 0.280.160.5448.86 ± 0.430.240.88
TOH
54.92 ± 0.050.051.015.03 ± 0.080.041.59
1010.14 ± 0.090.090.8810.13 ± 0.120.061.18
5050.78 ± 0.220.220.4349.76 ± 0.510.291.02
Table
Table 4. Application of the proposed GC-MS approach in simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH in methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from different geographical regions (mean ± SD; n = 3).
Table 4. Application of the proposed GC-MS approach in simultaneous determination of FCO and TOH in methanolic extracts and essential oils of F. vulgare obtained from different geographical regions (mean ± SD; n = 3).
SamplesAmount of FCO (mg/g)Amount of TOH (mg/g)
F. vulgare extract (IND)0.031 ± 0.0020.440 ± 0.010
F. vulgare extract (PAK)0.021 ± 0.0010.498 ± 0.012
F. vulgare extract (SA)0.057 ± 0.0081.74 ± 0.018
F. vulgare oil (IND)0.021 ± 0.0027.40 ± 0.342
F. vulgare oil (PAK)0.034 ± 0.00414.8 ± 0.621
F. vulgare oil (SA)0.029 ± 0.00510.2 ± 0.464
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Ahmad, W.; Amir, M.; Ahamad, S.R.; Alam, P.; Alshehri, S.; Ghoneim, M.M.; Wahab, S.; Shakeel, F. Simultaneous Determination of Fenchone and Trans-Anethole in Essential Oils and Methanolic Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Fruits Obtained from Different Geographical Regions Using GC-MS Approach. Separations 2022, 9, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9050132

AMA Style

Ahmad W, Amir M, Ahamad SR, Alam P, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Wahab S, Shakeel F. Simultaneous Determination of Fenchone and Trans-Anethole in Essential Oils and Methanolic Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Fruits Obtained from Different Geographical Regions Using GC-MS Approach. Separations. 2022; 9(5):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9050132

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad, Wasim, Mohd Amir, Syed Rizwan Ahamad, Prawez Alam, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Shadma Wahab, and Faiyaz Shakeel. 2022. "Simultaneous Determination of Fenchone and Trans-Anethole in Essential Oils and Methanolic Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Fruits Obtained from Different Geographical Regions Using GC-MS Approach" Separations 9, no. 5: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9050132

APA Style

Ahmad, W., Amir, M., Ahamad, S. R., Alam, P., Alshehri, S., Ghoneim, M. M., Wahab, S., & Shakeel, F. (2022). Simultaneous Determination of Fenchone and Trans-Anethole in Essential Oils and Methanolic Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Fruits Obtained from Different Geographical Regions Using GC-MS Approach. Separations, 9(5), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9050132

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