Characterization of Alternaria alternata and Alternaria scrophulariae Brown Spot in Colombian quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Area and Conditions
2.2. Isolation of Alternaria spp.
2.3. Morphology
2.4. Alternaria Isolates Identification and Phylogeny
DNA Isolation
2.5. Molecular Phylogeny
2.6. Koch’s Postulates and Pathogenicity Test
3. Results
3.1. Isolation of A. alternata and A. scrophulariae
3.2. Molecular Phylogeny
3.3. Pathogenicity Test and Koch´s Postulates
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bazile, D.; Jacobsen, S.; Verniau, A. The global expansion of quinoa: Trends and limits. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vilcacundo, R.; Hernández-Ledesma, B. Nutritional and biological value of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2017, 14, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, K.; Lu, H.X.; Fan, F.J.; Zhang, P.J.; Liu, G.F.; Yu, X.P. Occurrence of Chenopodium quinoa mitovirus 1 in Chenopodium quinoa in China. Plant Dis. 2021, 105, 715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Testen, A.L.; Jiménez-Gasco, M.M.; Ochoa, J.B.; Backman, P.A. Molecular detection of Peronospora variabilis in quinoa seed and phylogeny of the quinoa downy mildew pathogen in South America and the United States. Phytopathology 2014, 104, 379–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, H.; Zhou, J.; Chen, Y.; Ren, L.; Qin, N.; Xing, Y.; Zhao, X. Morphology, phylogeny, and pathogenicity of Trichothecium, alternaria, and Fusarium species associated with panicle rot on Chenopodium quinoa in Shanxi Province, China. Plant Pathol. 2021, 71, 344–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dřímalková, M.; Veverka, K. Seedlings Damping-off of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Plant Protect. Sci. 2004, 40, 5–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colque-Little, C.X.; Lund, O.S.; Andreasen, C.; Amby, D.B. Chenopodium quinoa, a new host for Alternaria section alternata and Alternaria section Infectoriae causing yellow leaf blotch disease. Plant Dis. 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lawrence, D.; Rotondo, F.; Gannibal, P. Biodiversity and taxonomy of the pleomorphic genus Alternaria. Mycol. Prog. 2016, 15, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patriarca, A. Alternaria in Food Products. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2016, 11, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomma, B. Alternaria spp.: From general saprophyte to specific parasite. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2003, 4, 225–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voß, B.; Kirschhöfer, F.; Brenner-Weiß, G.; Fischer, R. Alternaria alternata uses two siderophore systems for iron acquisition. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 3587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kahl, S.M.; Ulrich, A.; Kirichenko, A.A.; Müller, M.E. Phenotypic and phylogenetic segregation of Alternaria infectoria from small-spored Alternaria species isolated from wheat in Germany and Russia. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2015, 119, 1637–1650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pitt, J.; Hocking, A. Fungi and Food Spoilage, 2nd ed.Blackie Academic and Professional: London, UK, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Simmons, E. Alternaria: An Identification Manual; CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre: Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- White, T.; Bruns, T.; Lee, J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications; Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., Thomas, J., Eds.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1990; Available online: http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/09/14/fungus-expert-celebrates-10000th-citation-for-1990-publication/ (accessed on 29 March 2023).
- Rehner, S.; Buckley, E. Beauveria phylogeny inferred from Nuclear ITS and EF1-α Sequences: Evidence for cryptic diversification and links to cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 2005, 97, 84–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perina, F.; de Andrade, C.; Moreira, S.; Nery, E.M.; Ogoshi, C.; Alves, E. Cinnamomun zeylanicum oil and trans-cinnamaldehyde against Alternaria brown spot in tangerine: Direct effects and induced resistance. Phytoparasitica 2019, 47, 575–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, J.; O’Donnell, K.; Mount, L.; Shin, K.; Peacock, K.; Trulock, A.; Spector, T.; Cruse-Sanders, J.; Determann, R. A Novel Fusarium species causes a canker disease of the critically endangered conifer, Torreya taxifolia. Plant Dis. 2011, 95, 633–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, M.; Chen, Q.; Diao, Y.; Duan, W.; Cai, L. Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti complex from China. Persoonia 2019, 43, 70–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-lami, H.; You, M.; Barbetti, M. Incidence, pathogenicity and diversity of Alternaria spp. Associated with Alternaria leaf spot of Canola (Brassica napus) in Australia. Plant Pathol. 2019, 68, 492–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pappier, U.; Fernandez Pinto, V.; Larumbe, G.; Vaamonde, G. Effect of processing for saponin removal on fungal contamination of quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 125, 153–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lourenço, V., Jr.; Da Silva, A. Ocorrência de fungos em sementes de cinco linhagens brasileiras de quinoa. Rev. Campo Digit. 2009, 4. Available online: https://revista.grupointegrado.br/revista/index.php/campodigital/article/view/667 (accessed on 29 March 2023).
- González-Teuber, M.; Vilo, C.; Bascuñán-Godoy, L. Molecular characterization of endophytic fungi associated with the roots of Chenopodium quinoa inhabiting the Atacama Desert, Chile. Genom. Data 2017, 11, 109–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elhadidy, A. Effect of biocontrol agents on damping-off and root-rot diseases of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd) seedling. Egypt. J. Desert Res. 2019, 69, 21–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Czajka, A.; Czubatka, A.; Sobolewski, J. Robak, First Report of Alternaria Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria alternata on Spinach in Poland. J. Plant Dis. 2015, 99, 729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, M.; Haque, M.; Bloomquist, M.; Bhuiyan, M.; Brueggeman, R.; Zhong, S.; Liu, Y. First report of Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria tenuissima on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in Minnesota, USA. Plant Dis. 2020, 104, 580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noelting, M.; Sisterna, M.; Sulyok, M.M.; Abbiati, N.N.; Molina, M.C. Damage caused by Alternaria alternata to the quality and germination of amaranth seeds. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2022, 163, 193–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abbas, M.; Rafiq, M.; Al-Sadi, A.; Alfarraj, S.; Alharbi, S.; Arif, M.; Ansari, M.J. Molecular characterization of leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata on Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus L.) and determination of pathogenicity by a novel disease rating scale. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0251471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saharan, S.; Mehta, N. Meena Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management; Springer: Singapore, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Delgado, P.; Adriana, I.; Palacios, C.; Jaime, H.; Betancourt, C. Evaluación de 16 genotipos de quinua dulce (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) en el municipio de Iles, Nariño (Colombia). Agron. Colomb. 2009, 27, 159–167. [Google Scholar]
- Woldemichael, G.; Wink, M. Identification and biological activities of triterpenoid aaponins from Chenopodium quinoa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 2327–2332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colque-Little, C.; Abondano, M.; Lund, O.; Amby, D.; Piepho, H.; Andreasen, C.; Schmid, K. Genetic variation for tolerance to the downy mildew pathogen Peronospora variabilis in genetic resources of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). BMC Plant Biol. 2021, 21, 41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bottalico, A.; Logrieco, A. Epidemiology of toxigenic fungi and their associated mycotoxins for some mediterranean crops. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 1998, 109, 645–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vásquez-Ocmínm, P.; Marti, G.; Gadea, A.; Cabanac, G.; Vásquez-Briones, J.; Casavilca-Zambrano, S.; Ponts, N.; Jargeat, P.; Haddad, M.; Bertani, S. Metabotyping of Andean pseudocereals and characterization of emerging mycotoxins. Food Chem. 2023, 407, 135134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Town | Location | High m.a.s.l | Average T °C | Sampled Varieties | Plot Extention, Ha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tunja | Porvenir I | 3080 | 14 | Blanca de Jericó | 1.2 |
Porvenir II | 3060 | 11 | Blanca de Jericó | 1 | |
Cómbita | San Onofre | 2764 | 13.5 | Blanca de Jericó | 1.5 |
Cómbita | San Martín | 2762 | 13.5 | Blanca de Jericó | 0.7 |
Siachoque | Tocavita | 2778 | 11.2 | Blanca Jericó | 1.2 |
Guatichá | 2778 | 12 | Piartal | 1.5 | |
Tuta | Hacienda | 2721 | 11 | Blanca de Jericó | 1.2 |
Agua Blanca | 2710 | 13.5 | Blanca de Jericó | 1.5 | |
Soracá | Otro lado | 2710 | 12 | Blanca de Jericó | 0.9 |
Tibasosa | Peña Negra | 2535 | 12.8 | Piartal | 1 |
Chivata | San Francisco | 2657 | 11 | Blanca de Jericó | 1 |
Sotaquirá | Cortadero | 2760 | 11 | Piartal | 0.9 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Fonseca-Guerra, I.R.; Beltrán Pineda, M.E.; Benavides Rozo, M.E. Characterization of Alternaria alternata and Alternaria scrophulariae Brown Spot in Colombian quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). J. Fungi 2023, 9, 947. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090947
Fonseca-Guerra IR, Beltrán Pineda ME, Benavides Rozo ME. Characterization of Alternaria alternata and Alternaria scrophulariae Brown Spot in Colombian quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(9):947. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090947
Chicago/Turabian StyleFonseca-Guerra, Ingrid Rocío, Mayra Eleonora Beltrán Pineda, and Martha Elizabeth Benavides Rozo. 2023. "Characterization of Alternaria alternata and Alternaria scrophulariae Brown Spot in Colombian quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9: 947. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090947
APA StyleFonseca-Guerra, I. R., Beltrán Pineda, M. E., & Benavides Rozo, M. E. (2023). Characterization of Alternaria alternata and Alternaria scrophulariae Brown Spot in Colombian quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Journal of Fungi, 9(9), 947. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090947