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Review

Exosome-Integrated Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering

1
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Gels 2024, 10(12), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10120762
Submission received: 31 October 2024 / Revised: 21 November 2024 / Accepted: 22 November 2024 / Published: 23 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hydrogels for Biomedical Application (2nd Edition))

Abstract

Exosome-integrated hydrogels represent a promising frontier in bone tissue engineering, leveraging the unique biological properties of exosomes to enhance the regenerative capabilities of hydrogels. Exosomes, as naturally occurring extracellular vesicles, carry a diverse array of bioactive molecules that play critical roles in intercellular communication and tissue regeneration. When combined with hydrogels, these exosomes can be spatiotemporally delivered to target sites, offering a controlled and sustained release of therapeutic agents. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the development, engineering, and application of exosome-integrated hydrogels for bone tissue engineering, highlighting their potential to overcome current challenges in tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the review explores the mechanistic pathways by which exosomes embedded within hydrogels facilitate bone repair, encompassing the regulation of inflammatory pathways, enhancement of angiogenic processes, and induction of osteogenic differentiation. Finally, the review addresses the existing challenges, such as scalability, reproducibility, and regulatory considerations, while also suggesting future directions for research in this rapidly evolving field. Thus, we hope this review contributes to advancing the development of next-generation biomaterials that synergistically integrate exosome and hydrogel technologies, thereby enhancing the efficacy of bone tissue regeneration.
Keywords: exosome; hydrogel; nanocomposite; bone tissue engineering; regenerative medicine exosome; hydrogel; nanocomposite; bone tissue engineering; regenerative medicine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hwang, H.S.; Lee, C.-S. Exosome-Integrated Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering. Gels 2024, 10, 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10120762

AMA Style

Hwang HS, Lee C-S. Exosome-Integrated Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering. Gels. 2024; 10(12):762. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10120762

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hwang, Hee Sook, and Chung-Sung Lee. 2024. "Exosome-Integrated Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering" Gels 10, no. 12: 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10120762

APA Style

Hwang, H. S., & Lee, C. -S. (2024). Exosome-Integrated Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering. Gels, 10(12), 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10120762

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